³⁵⁴ In the furore that followed the revelations concerning the pact, Hoare resigned on 18 December 1935.

³⁵⁵ Maurice Drummond Peterson (1889–1952): entered dip. service 1913; Mm. in Sofia 1936–8, in Tehran 1938–9; Amb. in Madrid 1939–40; Ministry of Info. & FO 1940–4; Amb. in Ankara 1944–6, in Moscow 1946–9; kt. 1938. See his Both Sides of the Curtain (1950).Google Scholar

³⁵⁶ Haile Selassie (1872–1975): elected Regent of Ethiopia 1916; crowned Emperor 1930; exiled after Italian invasion 1936; returned to Addis Ababa 1941; deposed 1974.

³⁵⁷ The famous leader by Dawson denounced the Hoare-Laval Plan on 16 December 1935.

³⁵⁸ Pierre Comert (1880–1964): Corrspdt Le Temps in Vienna & Berlin 1907–14; Press Bureau MdAE 1916–1917Google Scholar; editorial staff Le Temps 1918–1919Google Scholar; Dir. LoN secretariat 1919–33; Dir. of Press Services MdAE 1933–1938Google Scholar, Asst Dir. US section 1938 40; emigrated to Britain 1940; Ed. France newspaper in London 1944–8.

³⁵⁹ Carol II (1893–1953): King of Rumania 1930–40; abdicated Sept. 1940.

³⁶⁰ On 9 February Dawson noted in his diary that Kennedy had ‘turned up again to work’ (Dawson Mss. 40, f. 28) but by the 12th was noting that ‘At 5.30 I went out to see L^d Dawson about Kennedy & had more talks w the latter on my return. I can see that we are going to lose both him & Graves for some time to come.’ ibid., f. 30, Bodleian Library.

³⁶¹ Bertrand Dawson (1864–1965): physician; physician extraordinary to Edward VII 1907–10, to George V 1907–36, to Edward, Prince of Wales 1923–37; also served successive prime ministers; Pres. Royal College of Physicians 1931; cr. Baron Dawson of Penn 1920.

³⁶² Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg (1887–1974): Mil. Attaché in London 1933–7, in Brussels & the Hague 1937–9; commander of Panzer troops in Russia and Normandy 1939–45. See his Ennnerungen eines Militärattachés: London 1933–7 (1949).

³⁶³ ‘When Germany conquered them all!’ has been added to this entry in pencil, so it may have been entered much later; on the other hand, the following entry of 19 February continues in pencil, so it is difficult to be certain.

³⁶⁴ Kennedy later noted that this was Göring's box & that he took advantage of the opportunity once, when he found only two other guests using it.

³⁶⁵ Timothy Florence Breen (1885–1966): Press Attaché, embassy in Berlin 1919–37.

³⁶⁶ Basil Cochrane Newton (1889–1965): entered FO 1912; Counsellor in Berlin 1930–5, Min. 1935–7; in Prague 1937–9; Amb. in Baghdad 1939–41; FO 1942–6; kt. 1939.

³⁶⁷ Edward Albert (1894–1972): Prince of Wales 1910–36; suc. King George VI Jan. 1936; abdicated Dec. 1936; Duke of Windsor 1936–72.

³⁶⁸ Hans Heinrich Dieckhoff (1884–1952): German diplomat; entered dip. service 1912; Counsellor in Washington 1922–6, in London 1927–30; Chief of Anglo-Saxon Dept, Auswärtige Amt 1930–1935Google Scholar, of Political Dept 1935–6, actg U-Sec. 1935–6; Amb. in Washington 1937–41, in Madrid 1943–5.

³⁶⁹ Ernst Wilhelm Bohle (1903–60): b. Bradford raised in South Africa; brother-in-law to Rudolf Hess; apptd Gauleiter 1933Google Scholar; head of Amlandorganizations (Nazi organization for Germans abroad) 1937–44; sentenced to five years' imprisonment for war crimes in 1949; served 9 months.

³⁷⁰ A question-mark has been inserted (in ink) between ‘most’ and ‘Germans’.

³⁷¹ Rudolf Hess (1894–1987): Politicai Sec. to Hitler from 1920; Deputy Führer 1932–41; flew to Britain on peace mission, captured and interned; sentenced to life imprisonment at Nuremberg: committed suicide in prison 1987.

³⁷² Bertrand de Jouvenel (1903–1987): Ed-in-Chief La Voix 1928–1930Google Scholar; econ. specialist, La République 1930 4Google Scholar; Special Corrspdt Le Petit Journal & Paris Soir 1934–1939Google Scholar. See his La dernière année: choses vaes de Munich à la guerre (1947).Google Scholar

³⁷³ ALK began the letter by telling Dawson that the work in Berlin suited him very well, that the climate was extremely bracing and that he was feeling much better.

³⁷⁴ Arthur Balfour (1873–1957): industrialist; Chin. Industry and Trade Commission 1924–9, Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 1937–46; kt. 1923; cr. Baron Riverdale of Sheffield 1935.

³⁷⁵ There are two separate entries for 8 March, which are rendered here as they appear in the journal.

³⁷⁶ On 7 March German troops re-entered the Rhineland. The pretext for this action was the Franco-Soviet Pact and its alleged incompatibility with the Locarno agreements, which Germany now declared nullified.

³⁷⁷ August von Mackensen (1849–1945): entered army 1869; Field-Marshal 1915; rtd 1920.

³⁷⁸ Werner von Blomberg (1878–1946): German army officer; headed German delegation to Geneva Disarmament Conference 1932; Min. of Defence 1933–8; supreme commander of Wehrmacht 1935Google Scholar, first General Field Marshal 1936; scandal led to his resignation 1938; died in American detention camp March 1946.

³⁷⁹ Jozef Pilsudski (1867–1935): Polish army officer & politician; staged coup d'état 1926Google Scholar; ruled as dictator 1926–35.

³⁸⁰ Gottfried Aschmann (b. 1884): entered dip. service 1923; Counsellor in Ankara 1928 32; Deputy Dir. Presse Abteilung, Auswärtige Amt 1932–1933Google Scholar, Dir. 1933–9; on special duties (political warfare) at the Hague & in Brussels 1939–40.

³⁸¹ Kennedy went on to express his hope that Ncurath might be posted to London, as he thought his understanding of the British viewpoint was better than Ribbentrop's. Neurath had admitted to him that it was wrong and unnecessary to destroy Locarno altogether, and that he was willing to say that Locarno stands, minus the demilitarization clauses.

³⁸² William Eliot Peyton (1866–1931): army officer; Maj.-Gen. 1914, Lt-Gen. 1921, Gen. 1927; C-in-C, Scottish command 1926–30; kt. 1917.

³⁸³ Frederick Elliot Hotblack (1887–1979): army officer; Mil. Attaché in Berlin 1935–7; Gen. Staff Officer, WO 1937–9; Gen. Staff, BEF 1939–40.

³⁸⁴ On the same day Geoffrey Dawson wrote to Kennedy to say that he was welcome to stay on in Berlin as his presence there was of great importance at the moment. He assured him that he shared his lack of confidence in the Na i regime, & that the occupation of the demilitarized zone had been a stupid blunde On the other hand, Britain should now try to get the most out of the professions that had accompanied the German move – whether these were sincere or not.

³⁸⁵ Heinrich Himmler (1900–45): Nazi politician; participated in beer hall Putsch 1923Google Scholar; head, Hitler's SS bodyguard 1929; Reichstag Deputy 1930Google Scholar; head, Prussian police & Gestapo 1934Google Scholar; head, unified political police forces 1936; as Min. of the Interior 1944–5 he ordered systematic genocide in the concentration camps; committed suicide after arrest by British 1945. See Reichsführer! (1968).Google Scholar

³⁸⁶ George Ward Price (1886–1961): journalist & author; For. Corrspdt Daily Mail 1912–1944Google Scholar. See his Extra-Special Correspondent (1957).Google Scholar

³⁸⁷ Josef ‘Sepp’ Dietrich (1892 1966): army officer & Nazi politician; commander of SS bodyguard 1928–31; Deputy, Reichstag 1930Google Scholar; Lt-Gen. SS 1931Google Scholar; Gen., Waffen SS 1934Google Scholar; head of Leibstandarte-SS Adolf Hitler Regiment; Cmdr, Sixth SS Panzer Army 1939–45; sentenced to life imprisonment for war crimes 1946; released 1955, re-arrested and sentenced to an additional 18 months as accessory in the Rohm purge.

³⁸⁸ Also on this date - 23 March - Geoffrey Dawson wrote to Kennedy that he was ‘delighted to think that you feel strong enough to fly about Germany with the Führer. The messages from Berlin in this evening's papers seem to be reasonably hopeful. It is too early yet, of course, to hear from you. What matters at the moment is not that Germany should accept this or that clause of some rather broad proposals, but that the negotiations should be kept in being. I tried to impress this upon your friend, Ribbentrop, in the early house of Saturday morning, when I had a pleasant conversation with him on my way back from the Office. Anthony Eden is doing very well, but he must have a little help from Berlin.

For the moment I feel that you can be of the greatest use where you are.’

³⁸⁹ ‘A British Policy’: 27 03 1936, p. 15.Google Scholar

³⁹⁰ George Arthur D. Ogilvie-Forbes (1891–1954): entered dip. service 1919; Counsellor in Madrid; Chargé d'Affaires in Madrid & Valencia 1935–7, in Berlin 1937–9, in Oslo 1939; Min. in Havana 1940–4; Amb. to Colombo 1944 8; kt. 1937.

³⁹¹ When Hitler announced that German troops were in the process of re-entering the Rhineland he simultaneously offered a ‘western’ non-aggression pact for twenty-five years, the conclusion of the proposed air pact, bilateral pacts with Germany's eastern neighbours, and the willingness of Germany - under certain conditions - to rejoin the League of Nations.

³⁹² Louis P. Lochner (b. 1887): US journalist; staff, Associated Press of America in Berlin 1924–8, Chief of Bureau 1928–42; Pulitzer Prize 1939. See his What about Germany? (1943).Google Scholar

³⁹³ Albert Dufour von Feronce (1868–1945); entered for. service 1919; Counsellor in London 1920–4, Min. 1924–6; U-Sec.-Gen. and Dir. of the Intl Bureaux section, LoN. secretariat 1926–32; Amb. in Belgrade 1932–3.

³⁹⁴ Tilo Wilmowsky (b. 1894): brother-in-law to Gustav Krupp; arrested following 20 July 1944 attempt to assasinatc Hitler; sent to concentration camp. See his Warum wurde Krupp verurteilt? (1950).Google Scholar

³⁹⁵ Albert Hahn (b. 1889): managing Dir. Deutsche Effektenund Wechsel-Bank; Hon. Prof. of Economics, Frankfurt Univ. 1928.Google Scholar

³⁹⁶ Heinrich Stahmer: one of the ‘advisers’ in the Dienstelle Ribbentrop outside of the Auswartige Amt; negotiated the military alliance with Japan in 1940; Amb. in Nanking 1940–3; to Tokyo 1943–5; captured 1945.

³⁹⁷ Gerald Charles Muirhead-Gould (1889–1945): naval officer; Capt. 1931; naval Attaché 1933–6; commanded HMS Devonshire 1936–1937Google Scholar; Flag-Officer-in-Command Sydney 1941–4; actg Rear-Adm. 1944; Flag-Officer-in-Charge Western Germany 1944–5.

³⁹⁸ Christopher Theodore Jellicoe (1903–1977): naval officer; Lieut. 1930–1, Commander 1939, Capt. 1943, Rear-Adm. 1953; s. of 1st Earl Jellicoe.

³⁹⁹ Friedrich Wilhelm Gaus (b. 1881): German diplomat; mb. of delegation to Brest-Litovsk 1918, Versailles 1919, Genoa 1922, Locarno 1925; Deptuy Dir. legal dept Auswärtige Amt 1921–3, Dir. 1923–43.

⁴⁰⁰ (Herbert) William Malkin (1883–1945): lawyer & civil servant; entered FO 1911; Asst Legal Adviser FO 1914–25, 2nd Legal Adviser 1925–9, Legal Adviser 1929–45.

⁴⁰¹ Gerald Hume S. Pinsent (1886–1976): Asst See. Treasury 1931; Financial Adviser in Berlin 1932–9; in Washington 1939–41; British Food Mission, Ottawa 1942–3; Principal Asst See. Treasury 1944–6; Comptroller-Gen. Nat. Debt Office 1946–51.

⁴⁰² Hjalmar Schacht (1887–1970): Pres. Reichsbank 1933–1939Google Scholar; Min. of Economies 1934–7; Plenipotentiary-Gen, for War Economy 1935–7; Min. without Portfolio 1939–43; arrested on suspicion of complicity in plot to assassinate Hitler, July 1944; interned in concentration camps until end of WWII; judged not guilty of war crimes at Nuremberg. See his My First Seventy-Six Years (1955).Google Scholar

⁴⁰³ Pierre Albert Arnal (b. 1892): entered MdAE 1920Google Scholar; U-Sec. Commercial Relations 1925–32; Counsellor in Berlin 1932–7; Head, LoN section MdAE 1937–1940Google Scholar; Dir. Econ. Affairs 1940–4.

⁴⁰⁴ James Holburn (1900–1988): journalist, Glasgow Herald 1921–1934Google Scholar; Asst Corrspdt & actg Corrspdt The Times in Berlin 1935–9, in Moscow 1939–40, in Ankara 1940–1, War Corrspdt for Middle East 1941–2, Corrspdt in New Delhi 1942–6, at UN headquarters 1946–8, Dip. Corrspdt 1948–5, Chief Corrspdt, Middle East 1952–5; Ed. Glasgow Herald 1955–1965.Google Scholar

⁴⁰⁵ L.S. von Strempel: German diplomat; Sec. Press Dept Auswärtige Amt in 1930s, responsible for Great Britain, the British Empire and Commonwealth, the Americas, Portugal and Spain.

⁴⁰⁶ (George) Gilbert Murray (1866–1957): Regius Prof, of Greek, Oxford U. from 1908; Chin. LoN Union 1923–38; Pres. Intl Committee of Intellectual Co-operation 1928–40. See his From the League to the U.N. (1948).Google Scholar

⁴⁰⁷ Elizabeth Wiskemann (1901–71): free-lance writer in Europe 1932–7; sponsored by Royal Institute of International Affairs to write book on Czechoslovakia (Czechs & Germans, 1938Google Scholar); Asst Press Attaché Berne 1941–5. See her The Europe I Saw (1968).Google Scholar

⁴⁰⁸ Bronislaw Dembinski (1858–1939): historian & politician; mb. Polish Diet 1919–22; U-Sec. of St., Ministry of Culture 1919–30; Prof, of History, Poznan U. 1923; Pres., Polish Fed. of LoN Societies.

⁴⁰⁹ Dr Hilger von Scherpenberg of the Auswartige Amt Economic Policy Department married Inge Schacht in 1930.

⁴¹⁰ Jozef Lipski (1894–1958): entered dip. service 1922; 1st Sec. in Paris 1925; Dir. Ministry of For. Affairs 1925–34; Amb. in Berlin 1934–9. See his Diplomat in Berlin (1968).Google Scholar

⁴¹¹ Vojtech Mastny (1874–1954): Min. in London 1920–5, in Rome 1925–32, in Berlin 1932–8. See his Vzpomínky diplomata (1997).Google Scholar

⁴¹² Werner von Fritsch (1880–1939): German army officer; Lt-Col. 1922, Maj-Gen. 1930, Lt-Gen. 1932; C-in-C Wehrmacht 1935–8; forced to resign in February 1934 after being framed for homosexual acts; cleared by a military court; Col.-in-Chief, Twelfth Artillery Regiment 1939; killed in action on Polish front September 1939.

⁴¹³ John Segrue (1883–1942): Corrspdt in Berlin, Daily News 1920–26, in Paris 1926–30, News-Chronick in Berlin 1930–6, in Vienna 1936–8; died as prisoner of war in Upper Silesia 1942. See his Farewell Austria (1938).Google Scholar

⁴¹⁴ At the British Legation.

⁴¹⁵ Theodor Hornbostel: Dir. Political Dept, For. Ministry 1936–8; arrested 1938.

⁴¹⁶ Eduard Michel Ludwig (b. 1883): head, Austrian Press Service 1920–36; interned at Dachau 1938–43; Deputy, National Assembly, 1946–58. See his Österreichs Sendung im Donauraum (1954).Google Scholar

⁴¹⁷ Ernest Rudiger Starhemberg (1899–1956): Idr, Christian Socialist Party & paramilitary Heimwehr, Vice-Chanc. & Min. of Security, & Idr of Fatherland Front until May 1936. See his Between Hitler & Mussolini (1942).Google Scholar

⁴¹⁸ Otto von Habsburg (b. 1912): deposed and exiled to Switzerland 1919; exiled to Spain, Belgium and U.S.

⁴¹⁹ On this date Reginald Leeper recorded this conversation:

‘Mr. Kennedy of ‘The Times’ lunched with me to-day on his return from Germany. Amongst many interesting things he told me, he laid chief emphasis on the following.

He regarded it as vitally important that the Secretary of State should seize the first available opportunity to state in the House of Commons in very firm and unmistakable language that we regard it as essential that the German Government should return an answer to the questionnaire we had sent at the earliest possible date; that we have shown from the very beginning a desire to enter upon those wider negotiations which had been foreshadowed in Herr Hitler's declaration of March 7th; but that until the German Government responded to the attempts which we had made, it was impossible to make the progress so desired.

Mr. Kennedy emphasised that the Germans were simply delaying and prevaricating, and he suspected that in September, at the Nuremberg party Congress, Herr Hitler would make a flaming speech announcing that he had put forward proposals for a 25 years' peace last March, but that the Governments of Europe had shown little desire to respond and had ignored the wider aspects of those proposals.

Mr. Kennedy has returned from Berlin with an entirely different outlook from what he had before he went. He criticised strongly the ‘soft’ policy of ‘The Times’ towards Germany, saying that it has created an entirely wrong impression amongst the Germans who are living, breathing and thinking only of German aggrandisement and are laughing at us as mere weaklings. He urged me to put forward this view as strongly as I could as coming from him who had seen with his own eyes what was happening in Germany; that it was of the greatest importance that the British Government should tell the Germans off as firmly and as sharply as possible at the earliest possible opportunity.’

On 4 July Vansittart minuted on this memorandum: ‘According to the Times this morning, it seems to be in contemplation that the Germans shd be invited to a conference whether they reply [to the questionnaire] or not. I do not yet know whether this is authentic or not, but if it is, it will not be possible to meet Mr. Kennedy's advice, which is otherwise very good.

I cannot let this paper pass without drawing attention to the completeness with which, out of the very mouth of the strongest of our adversaries & critics in the Times itself, it bears out the F.O. against the Times, which has been a minor national disaster for years in the hands of poor Mr. Dawson. This is the conclusion of a long chapter, & I register it without surprise; for in any divergence of views on foreign policies between the Times and the F.O., one might always lay 100 to 1 on the F.O. and make money.' Public. Record Office, FO 371/19907–C4593/4/18.

⁴²⁰ Francis Paul Walters (1888–1976): secretariat of LoN 1919–39, Deputy Sec-Gen. 1939–40. See his History of the League of Nations (1960).Google Scholar

⁴²¹ Lawrence Roger Lumley (1896–1969): Con. MP Kingston-upon-Hull E. 1922–9, York 1931–7; Gov. of Bombay 1937–43; PUS India & Burma; suc. 11th Earl of Scarborough 1945; kt. 1948.

⁴²² ALK noted in the margin: ‘One thing AE said was — ‘I don't know why the French didn't mobilize on March 7’ — showing that it was not he who dissuaded them. Later, in pencil he added: ‘But I think E's remark was to mislead lead me.’

⁴²³ George Lowther Steer (1909–1944): Special War Corrspdt The Times, Addis Ababa 1935–6, Spain 1936–7; Special Africa Correspondent Daily Telegraph 1938Google Scholar 9. See his Caesar in Abyssinia (1936).Google Scholar

⁴²⁴ Sydney Barton (1876–1946): Consul-Gen., Shanghai, 1922–9; Min. in Addis Ababa 1929–37; kt. 1926.

⁴²⁵ Yvon Delbos (1885–1956): French politician & journalist; Ed. Radical 1914Google Scholar; Min. of Justice & V.P. 1936; For. Min. 1936–8; Min. of Educ. 1939–40.

⁴²⁶ Paul van Zeeland (1893 1973): Belgian economist, financier & politician; PM 1935–7; escaped to England 1940; Commissaire aux Repatries 1944; For. Min. 1949–55. See his A View of Europe (1933).Google Scholar

⁴²⁷ Copy deposited in The Times Archive.

⁴²⁸ Kennedy felt he could not ask for another long sick leave and therefore must resign. He offered to take leave without pay but Dawson replied that resignation would be better; they agreed that he would stay on until the end of October. The two of them appear to have had an increasing difference of opinion on Germany since Kennedy's return. On 12 July Dawson noted in his diary that ‘The papers were all agog with a sudden (but not wholly unexpected) German pact w. Austria. I went to see Leo Kennedy about it … A good business for what it is worth & certainly to be welcomed in public as I had some difficulty in convincing L.K.’ Dawson Mss. 40, f. 105; and, on 22 July: ‘Kennedy wrote rather a feeble leader about the Locarno meeting tomorrow…’ ibid., f. 110.

⁴²⁹ John du Cane (1865–1947): army officer; Lt-Gen. 1919, Gen. 1926; Gen. Officer Commanding-in-Chief, British Army of the Rhine 1924–7; A.D.C. General to King Geo. V. 1926–30; Gov. & Cmdr-in-Chief, Malta 1927–31; retd, 1931.

⁴³⁰ José Castilliejo (1877–1945): Spanish jurist; Prof, of Law, U. of Madrid 1920–37; mb Intl Commiss, on Intellectual Co-Operation, LoN 1932–38.

⁴³¹ ‘No Intervention’: 30 10 1936, p.17.Google Scholar

⁴³² Recorded in pencil.