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INTRODUCTION

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 November 2009

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Extract

Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, fourth Earl of Carnarvon (1831–1890), had the distinction of serving in all the Conservative ministries between 1858 and 1886, and was a member of Cabinets in three of them, under the fourteenth Earl of Derby, Disraeli, and Salisbury. What is equally remarkable is the fact that, although he resigned on two occasions, he was appointed a third time, in 1885. Throughout this time he kept a journal, in which he provided keen observations of his colleagues and comments on political happenings.

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Research Article
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Royal Historical Society Camden Fifth Series , Volume 35 , December 2009 , pp. 1 - 88
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Copyright © Royal Historical Society 2009

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References

1 Carnarvon wrote, ‘I have been engaged during the last few days in reading over my Father's Greek Journals. They are very interesting and written with all the care and grace and love of the imaginative and picturesque which he possessed in so full a measure’ (Diary, 23 August 1867).

2 Carter, H., Tutankhamun: the politics of discovery (London, 1998)Google Scholar.

3 H.H.M. Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon, The Herberts of Highclere (London, 1907), p. 67.

4 A local paper reported on 30 December 1837, ‘On the health of Lord Porchester being given (a fine and noble boy of about six years of age, who had been brought into the room) he was put on the table, and returned thanks in a maiden speech, such as it is hoped may be the forerunner of many hereafter in the Senate’: CP, BL 60994A, fo. 13.

5 Hardinge, I, p. 25.

6 Carnarvon to H.W. Acland, 12 December 1852: H.W. Acland Papers, MS Acland, d. 77, fos 41–42.

7 Carnarvon to Aberdeen, 13 January 1854: Aberdeen Papers, BL MS 43252, fos 56–57.

8 Aberdeen to Carnarvon, 16 January 1854: ibid., fo. 64.

9 Carnarvon to Kent, 1 February 1854: CP, BL 61063, fo. 1.

10 Quoted in Bentley, M., Lord Salisbury's World: conservative environments in late-Victorian Britain (Cambridge, 2001), p. 128CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

11 Ponsonby to his wife, Mary Elizabeth, 15 September 1875: Royal Archives, Add A/36.

12 Carnarvon to Sir William Heathcote, 18 September 1878: CP, BL 61074, fo. 153.

13 Hansard, CXXX, 31 January 1854, cols 13–16.

14 E.W. Howard, Baron Howard of Penrith, Theatre of Life: life seen from the pit, 1863–1905 (London, 1935), p. 62.

15 ‘The present condition of the Turkish Empire in Asia: address to the Newbury Literary and Scientific Institution’, in H.H.M. Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon, ed. Herbert, R.H., Essays, Addresses and Translations, 2 vols (London, 1896), I, pp. 175–6Google Scholar.

16 ‘Memorandum of the Session 1857’, 16 September 1857: CP, BL 60892, fo. 17.

17 Mitchell, L., Bulwer Lytton: the rise and fall of a Victorian man of letters (London, 2003), p. 219Google Scholar.

18 Lytton to Carnarvon, 17 April 1859: CP, BL 60780, fo. 81. Lytton wrote to one of his officials at this time, naming Carnarvon as ‘by far the first young man of his rank in public life’: Lytton, V.A.G.R.B., Earl of Lytton, The Life of Edward Bulwer, First Lord Lytton, 2 vols (London: 1913), II, p. 281Google Scholar.

19 Memorandum for 1858: CP, BL 60892, fos 42–45.

20 A. West, Recollections, 1832–1886, 2 vols (London, 1899), I, p. 239.

21 ‘In this period Colonial Secretaries were for the first time required to cultivate personal relations with prominent colonists. Canadian ministers from 1857 and Australians from 1866 onwards began to make the long journey across the oceans to deal direct with London. The earlier Canadian visits did not achieve much; the later ones successfully begot Confederation. Carnarvon, who was Under-Secretary or Secretary of State during most of them, put the visits to imaginative use. He would not allow the delegates to confine themselves to business but had them to stay with him at Highclere. The result was that they commonly returned home contented’ (E.A. Benians, J. Butler, and C.E. Carrington (eds), The Cambridge History of the British Empire, vol. 3: the Empire-Commonwealth, 1870–1919 (Cambridge, 1959), p. 735).

22 Girouard, M., The Victorian Country House (New Haven, CT and London, 1979), p. 133Google Scholar.

23 Nevill, Lady D., Reminiscences (London, 1906), p. 141Google Scholar.

24 Quoted in Priestley, P., Victorian Prison Lives: English prison biography, 1830–1914 (London, 1985), p. 31Google Scholar.

25 McConville, S., English Local Prisons, 1860–1900: next only to death (London, 1995), p. 38Google Scholar.

26 The senior Under-Secretary, Frederick Rogers, contrasted Carnarvon with his predecessor, Cardwell: ‘He had more of generous desire to effect worthy objects, and also more, I think, of a wish to shine before the public and to distinguish himself in the ordinary sense of the word. His failing was rather too much self-consciousness, and a disposition to be caught by showy schemes.’ Rogers also observed that his chief, ‘though he was fully aware of his own abilities and desirous of receiving credit for them particularly in his measures and public appearances, he was given to take a second part in conversation, always wishing to draw others out than to speak himself’: G.E. Marindin (ed.), Letters of Frederick, Lord Blachford, Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1860–1871 (London, 1896), p. 263.

27 Hardinge, I, p. 301.

28 Carnarvon to Monck, 15 January 1868: Monck Papers, 27021 (3).

29 All three were members of the ‘Bath clique’, named after their leader, Lord Bath, who had attempted to remove Disraeli in 1860. See J. Ramsden, An Appetite for Power: a history of the Conservative Party since 1830 (London, 1998), pp. 94–95. See also Carnarvon's correspondence with Bath in the Longleat Papers.

30 Diary, 2 March 1867.

31 Carnarvon to Richmond, 11 March 1867: Goodwood Papers, 822.97.

32 Carnarvon to Heathcote, 28 March 1867: CP, BL 61070, fo. 209a. It had been on Heathcote's advice that Carnarvon had taken an interest in prison reform: see F. Awdry, A Country Gentleman of the Nineteenth Century: being a short memoir of the Right Honourable Sir William Heathcote, Bart., of Hursley, 1801–1881 (Winchester, 1906), pp. 123–125.

33 Carnarvon to Sandon, 7 March 1867: Harrowby Papers, 1st series, xxix, fos 28–29.

34 Heathcote to Carnarvon, 13 May 1867: CP, BL 61070, fo. 222.

35 Carnarvon to Heathcote, 6 April 1867: CP, BL 61078, fo. 212.

36 Carnarvon to 3rd Earl Grey, 27 November 1867: Grey Papers, 80/13.

37 Carnarvon to 15th Earl of Derby, 18 April 1879: Derby Papers, 920 DER (15).

38 Carnarvon to Harrowby, 22 February 1886: Harrowby Papers, 2nd series, lii, fo. 161.

39 See C. Franklin, Lord Chesterfield: his character and characters (Aldershot, 1993), p. 49.

40 A.M. Deveson, Highclere Library Catalogue (Highclere, Hampshire, 1992), p. 1.

41 Carnarvon to Salisbury, 3 June 1874: Hatfield House Papers, 3M/E.

42 H.H.M. Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon, Catalogue of the Principal Pictures at Highclere Castle (Newbury, 1880, rev. 1939).

43 Carnarvon was a trustee of the London Library for many years and acted as chairman of its annual general meetings. See, for example, 31 May 1888, Minutes of Committee Meeting, London Library Papers.

44 Thomas, D., Robert Browning: a life within life (London, 1982), p. 236Google Scholar.

45 R. Lowell to Lady Carnarvon, 26 July 1887: CP, BL 60865, fo. 38.

46 James to Lady Carnarvon, 6 May 1894: CP, BL 60865, fo. 129.

47 Kingsley to Carnarvon, 8 February 1860: CP, BL 60865, fo. 59.

48 Bagehot, a frequent guest at Highclere, received a reply from Carnarvon, stating, ‘How I pity any one who has to undertake the Colonial Office with no previous knowledge of it. Chaos would be a trifle compared to what he would pass through’ (Barrington, R., Life of Walter Bagehot (London, 1914), p. 433)Google Scholar.

49 Carlyle to Carnarvon, 11 July 1875: CP, BL 60865, fo. 82.

50 Hughes to Carnarvon, 25 January 1878: CP, BL 60865, fo. 74.

51 Arnold to Carnarvon, 17 June 1887: CP, BL 60865, fo. 110.

52 Diary, 8 March 1877.

53 Diary, 28 March 1879.

54 M. Thorn, Tennyson, (London, 1993), p. 502. See also Diary, 18 July 1888.

55 Diary, 18 May 1876.

56 CP, BL 60842, fos 1–9.

57 Diary, 22 January 1874.

58 B. Thomas (ed.), Repton 1557 to 1957 (London, 1957), p. 63.

59 Diary, 30 January 1882; G.R. Parkin, Edward Thring, Headmaster of Uppingham, 2 vols (London, 1898), II, p. 120.

60 Hardinge, III, p. 372.

61 See Willesden School Board, TNA, PRO Ed. 16/217; Diary, 13 June 1882.

62 Gordon, P., Selection for Secondary Education (London, 1980), p. 73Google Scholar.

63 Wood, A.C., A History of the University College, Nottingham, 1881–1948 (Oxford, 1953), p. 18Google Scholar.

64 See, e.g., Diary, 11 October 1889.

65 Diary, 24 June 1881.

66 Letters Patent appointing him as Constable: Highclere Castle Archives, A/A12.

67 Correspondence concerning Carnarvon Castle, 1870–1873: Highclere Castle Archives, 3/20.

68 Diary, 5 June 1869.

69 See McDowell, R.B., The Church of Ireland 1869–1969 (London, 1975), p. 46Google Scholar.

70 Diary, 29 June 1869.

71 Carnarvon to Derby, 18 June 1869: Derby Papers, DER (14) 163/5A.

72 The Daily News had earlier spoken out with what it described as ‘a [. . .] contribution to the worst understanding of the Irish Land Question’ (E.D. Steele, Irish Land and British Politics: tenant-right and nationality, 1865–70 (London, 1974), p. 170).

73 Diary, 22 February 1870.

74 Hardy to Cairns, 22 February 1870, quoted in Feuchtwanger, E., Disraeli, Democracy and the Tory Party (Oxford, 1968), p. 7Google Scholar.

75 Richmond was reluctant to take on the position. He wrote to his mother the night before the meeting, ‘I cannot bear the party to break up, and if the Peers who meet tomorrow at the Carlton wish me to lead I will do so, though very much against my wishes, habits, &c. I do not think I am up to it but I must do my best.’ 25 February 1870, Goodwood Papers, 862.12.

76 Diary, 28 February 1870.

77 Carnarvon to Henrietta, 3rd Countess of Carnarvon, 15 April 1870: Herbert Papers, Hampshire Record Office, 75M 91/L21/49.

78 Carnarvon to Cranbrook, 20 April 1870: Cranbrook Papers, T501/262.

79 E. Herbert to Carnarvon, 19 April 1870: Highclere Castle Archives, A/41.

80 Clarendon to Carnarvon, 8 May 1870: Clarendon Papers, dep. c. 496.

81 Carnarvon to Lady Vincent, 25 April 1870: Vincent Papers.

82 J. Thorp, ‘Murder near Marathon’, Hampshire Archives Trust Newsletter, Autumn 1988, p. 12.

83 Carnarvon to Lytton, 25 May 1870: Lytton Papers, Hertfordshire Archives and Local Studies Office, D/EK C36/47.

84 The Freemason, 5 July 1890.

85 Hardinge, I, pp. 222–226.

86 Calvert, A.F., The Grand Lodge of England, 1717–1917: being an account of 200 years of English Freemasonry (London, 1917), p. 292Google Scholar.

87 Carnarvon, Memorandum, ‘Proposed arrangement for the future division of Masonic work between His Royal Highness, Lord Carnarvon and Lord Skelmersdale, 16 Feb. 1877’: CP, TNA, PRO 30/6/4, fos 23–24.

88 Diary, 30 November 1870.

89 The Library and Museum of Freemasonry, London, Carnarvon file, p. 228. Carnarvon also attended Masonic functions in Melbourne: Melbourne Argos, 9 November 1887, p. 2.

90 Diary, 13 June 1887.

91 Disraeli to Carnarvon, 28 July 1873: CP, BL 60763, fos 14–15.

92 Heathcote to Carnarvon, 11 February 1874: CP, BL 81078, fo. 116.

93 Sir Stafford Northcote reported to Disraeli in 1872 that Carnarvon, like other Liberal-minded Tory peers, was ‘very much alarmed at the possibility of a great attack on the land, suspicious of Gladstone and of an attempt to set tenants against landlords’: Northcote to Disraeli, 23 September 1872, quoted in D. Southgate, The Passing of the Whigs, 1832–1886 (London, 1962), p. 353.

94 Cecil, II, pp. 43–44.

95 Carnarvon to Duke of Northumberland, 13 February 1874 (copy): CP, BL 60774, fo. 108.

96 Carnarvon to Salisbury, 5 August 1874: Hatfield House Papers, 3M/E.

97 Herbert to Carnarvon, 9 February 1874: CP, BL 60791, fos 39–40.

98 Carnarvon to Henrietta, 3rd Countess of Carnarvon, 26 September 1874: CP, BL 61044, fo. 157.

99 Ponsonby to Mary Elizabeth Ponsonby, 15 September 1875: Royal Archives, Add A/36.

100 See C. Eldridge, Disraeli and the Rise of a New Imperialism (Cardiff, 1996), p. 46.

101 B.L. Blakeley, The Colonial Office, 1868–1892 (Durham, NC, 1972), p. 71.

102 Buckle, Disraeli, V, p. 475.

103 Minute, Carnarvon: TNA, CO 179/118.

104 Disraeli to Queen Victoria, 25 January 1875: Royal Archives, J 53/142.

105 But Shannon has pointed out that the new ‘forward’ policy in action, involving Britain in places such as the Gold Coast, the Malay States, and the Fiji Islands had in fact been recommended by Carnarvon's Liberal predecessor, Kimberley, and accepted by Gladstone's Cabinet: Shannon, R., The Crisis of Imperialism, 1865–1915 (London, 1974), p. 107Google Scholar.

106 For example, the refusal of Portugal to sell Delagoa Bay to Britain in 1875 upset Carnarvon's plan for securing strategic points on the route to India (Swartz, M., The Politics of British Foreign Policy in the Era of Disraeli and Gladstone (London, 1985), p. 21CrossRefGoogle Scholar).

107 Cope, R.L., ‘Local imperatives and imperial policy: the sources of Lord Carnarvon's South African Confederation policy’, International Journal of African Historical Studies, 20, 4 (1987), pp. 602–603CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

108 Derby to Carnarvon, 20 November 1874: Derby Papers, 920 DER (15) 17/2/5.

109 Carnarvon to Cairns, n.d. but October 1874: Cairns Papers, TNA, PRO 30/51/8, fo. 74.

110 Bell, K.N. and Morell, W.P. (eds), Select Documents on British Colonial Policy, 1830–1860 (Oxford, 1928), pp. 191–194Google Scholar.

111 Paul, H., The Life of Froude (London, 1905), p. 208Google Scholar.

112 Carnarvon to Derby, 27 October 1875: Derby Papers, 920 DER (15).

113 Carnarvon to Maj.-Gen. Sir Garnet Wolseley, 24 Sept 1876: Wolseley Papers; see also Carnarvon to Cranbrook, 20 September 1876: Cranbrook Papers, T 501/262.

114 Carnarvon to Heathcote, 13 September 1876: CP, BL 61074, fo. 47.

115 SirButler, William, An Autobiography (London, 1911), p. 195Google Scholar. On 3 July 1878, Sir Michael Hicks Beach, Carnarvon's successor as Colonial Secretary, gave a gloomy account of disaffection in the Transvaal to the Cabinet: ‘all lamented and blamed Carnarvon's annexation of it. Rising of Boers feared in a few months’: C. Howard and P. Gordon, The Cabinet Journal of Dudley Ryder, Viscount Sandon, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, Special Supplement no. 10 (London, 1974), p. 37. For a summary of Carnarvon's legacy in South Africa, see C.F. Goodfellow, Great Britain and South African Confederation, 1870–1881 (Cape Town, 1966), pp. 148–150.

116 Knox, B., ‘The Earl of Carnarvon, empire, and imperialism, 1855–90’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 26, 2 (1998), pp. 57–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

117 Carnarvon to Queen Victoria, 14 December 1875: Royal Archives, P25/1. Jervois's insubordination infuriated Carnarvon. He described one of Jervois's despatches, which ‘unquestionably had the merit of cleverness’, as ‘unscrupulous in argument, overbearing in tone and disingenuous in character’. Carnarvon filled the margins with exclamation marks and expressions such as ‘Monstrous’, ‘Absurd’, and ‘An outrageous doctrine’: C.D. Cowan, Nineteenth-century Malaya: the origins of British political control (London, 1961), p. 241.

118 Hall, H.L., The Colonial Office: a history (London, 1937), p. 242Google Scholar.

119 Gower, R., My Reminiscences (London, 1883), p. 107Google Scholar.

120 Vincent, Derby, II, p. 252. Lady Derby reported to Carnarvon after his wife's death that the Queen had spoken ‘very warmly and feelingly and seemed deeply interested. She feared you were ill and heard you were very thin, and wishes you would not do too much’: W.A.H.C. Gardner, Baroness Burghclere (ed.), A Great Man's Friendship: letters of the Duke of Wellington to Mary, Marchioness of Salisbury, 1850–1852 (London, 1927), pp. 26–27.

121 Diary, 11 February 1875.

122 Carnarvon to Disraeli, 5 November 1875: CP, BL 60763, fos 111–113.

123 Zetland, I, p. 304.

124 Diary, 18 November 1875.

125 Williamson, L., Power and Protest: Frances Power Cobbe and Victorian society (London, 2005), p. 127Google Scholar.

126 Hansard, CCXXV, 22 May 1876, col. 1002.

127 Turner, J., Reckoning with the Beast: animals, pain, and humanity in the Victorian mind (Baltimore, MD, 1980), p. 91Google Scholar.

128 Carnarvon to Northbrook, 12 January 1877: CP, TNA, PRO 30/6/15, fo. 76.

129 Carnarvon to Heathcote, 18 January 1877: CP, BL 61074, fo. 68.

130 Buckle, Disraeli, V, p. 489.

131 Sandon, ‘Memorandum: confidential for self’, 18 January 1876: Harrowby Papers, 2nd series, lv, fo. 55.

132 For a discussion of the deep suspicion of Disraeli's Jewish sentiments at the time, see E. Feuchtwanger, ‘“Jew feelings” and realpolitik: Disraeli and the making of foreign imperial policy’, in Edelman, T.M. and Kushner, T. (eds), Disraeli's Jewishness (London, 2002), pp. 193–195Google Scholar.

133 ‘Memorandum on the circumstances which led to my resignation in January 1878’, September 1879: CP, BL 60817, fo. 29.

134 Carnarvon to Derby, 24 September 1876 (copy): CP, BL 60765, fo. 115.

135 Carnarvon to Bath, 27 November 1876: Longleat Papers.

136 ‘Memorandum on the circumstances which led to my resignation in January 1878’, fo. 39.

137 Diary, 3 August 1877; Vincent, Derby, II, p. 425.

138 Memorandum, ‘Note on the Cabinet of 15 August 1877’, Disraeli to Queen Victoria, 15 August 1877: Royal Archives, B52/24.

139 Mary, Lady Derby to Carnarvon, 26 October 1877, CP: BL 60765, fo. 137.

140 Vincent, Derby, II, p. 442.

141 Buckle, Disraeli, VI, p. 206.

142 Ibid., p. 207.

143 Gladstone to Chamberlain, 3 January 1878: Gladstone Papers, BL 44125, fo. 2.

144 Disraeli to Queen Victoria, 3 January 1878: Royal Archives, H 18/T6.

145 Ponsonby to Queen Victoria, 3 January 1878: Royal Archives, B 54/40.

146 Fulford, R., Darling Child: private correspondence of Queen Victoria and the Crown Princess of Prussia, 1871–1878 (London, 1976), p. 275Google Scholar.

147 Buckle, Letters, III, p. 588.

148 Carnarvon to Salisbury, 3 January 1878: Hatfield House Papers, 3M/E.

149 Although Carnarvon added in his memorandum on the crisis, ‘the report was immediately set in circulation in the Carlton, and thence carefully disseminated through every Conservative drawing room in London that he was suffering from drink’: ‘Memorandum on the circumstances which led to my resignation in January 1878’, fo. 76.

150 Carnarvon to Eveline, Countess of Portsmouth, 27 January 1878: CP, BL 61049, fo. 149. Carnarvon commented to Derby's wife, ‘Different circumstances allow for different action and I will not say that Derby has decided otherwise than right. I have, as you know, never said a word to induce anyone to follow my example’ (Carnarvon to Mary, Lady Derby, 27 January 1878: CP, BL 60765, fo. 161).

151 Quoted in R. Harcourt Williams (ed.), The Salisbury–Balfour Correspondence, 1869–1892 (Ware, Hertfordshire, 1988), p. 45.

152 R.A. Cross, A Political History (Broughton-in-Furness, 1903), p. 50.

153 ‘Memorandum on the circumstances which led to my resignation in 1878’, fo. 78.

154 Vincent, Derby, II, p. 492.

155 Carnarvon to Heathcote, 30 January 1878: CP, BL 61074, fo. 112.

156 Carnarvon to Eveline, Countess of Portsmouth, 30 January 1878: CP, BL 61049, fo. 150.

157 Diary of Charlotte, Lady Phillimore, 14 February 1878: Phillimore Papers, 75 M 91/514/2.

158 W.E. Gladstone, Memorandum, 26 May 1878: Gladstone Papers, BL 44763, fo. 130.

159 Diary, 17 May 1878.

160 Carnarvon to Heathcote, 1 June 1878: CP, BL 61074, fo. 126.

161 Carnarvon to Bath, 20 August 1878 (copy): CP, BL 60771, fo. 91.

162 Paul, H., Letters of Lord Acton to Mary, Daughter of the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone (London, 1904), p. 16Google Scholar.

163 For Carnarvon's criticism of the treaty, see R.W. Seton-Watson, Disraeli, Gladstone and the Eastern Question (London, 1935), p. 499.

164 See his lengthy ‘Memorandum on the circumstances which led to my resignation in January 1878’, in which he justified his actions.

165 Vincent, Derby, II, p. 515.

166 The Archaeology of Berkshire: an address delivered to the Archaeological Association at Newbury, 12 Sept. 1859 (London, 1859). Carnarvon's correspondence on the matter is in Yale University Library, headed ‘Berkshire Archaeological Society’.

167 Evans, J., A History of the Society of Antiquaries (London, 1956), p. 349Google Scholar.

168 Society of Antiquaries, Council Minute Book, 25 November 1878, vol. 8, fo. 173; P. Perriday, Lord Grimthorpe, 1816–1905 (London, 1957), pp. 95–102.

169 Society of Antiquaries, The Presidents of the Society of Antiquaries of London, Occasional Paper, 1945, p. 14. Carnarvon was an early member of the Commission.

170 Diary, 31 May 1877.

171 Fitzherbert, M., The Man who was Greenmantle: a biography of Aubrey Herbert (London, 1983), pp. 6–7Google Scholar.

172 Diary, 31 December 1878.

173 J. Bateman, The Great Landowners of Great Britain and Ireland, 3rd edn (London, 1883), pp. 79, 495–496.

174 The Molyneux estates remained in the Carnarvon family until her death in 1929, when they were sold at auction. See Molyneux of Teversal Papers, University of Nottingham, Department of Manuscripts and Special Collections.

175 Royal Commission on Historic Monuments, Principal Family and Estate Collections: family names A–K (London, 1996), p. 80.

176 Diary, 3 September 1888.

177 Diary, 14 September 1888. Others built were at Woodcote and Kneeton. See Carnarvon, ‘Memorandum as to my stewardship of the property and my dispositions in regard to it’, 18 October 1889: CP, BL 61054, fos 88–89.

178 Diary, 1 September 1888.

179 Carnarvon to Bath, 29 January 1879: Longleat Papers.

180 Carnarvon to Eveline, Countess of Portsmouth, 17 March 1879: CP, BL 61050, fo. 96.

181 Carnarvon to Heathcote, 3 July 1879: CP, BL 61075, fo. 40.

182 Carnarvon to Bath, 28 April 1879: Longleat Papers.

183 Diary, 20 September 1879.

184 Diary, 27 October 1879.

185 Carnarvon to H.W. Acland, 13 June 1880: H.W. Acland Papers, MS Acland, d. 77, fo. 50.

186 Diary, 6 September 1888.

187 Herbert, Essays, Addresses and Translations, II, p. 80.

188 The National Agricultural Labourers’ Union, formed in May 1870, was inspired by Arch. At a meeting held at Newbury, near Highclere, in July 1873, he told a large gathering, ‘Whether for good or evil, he has probably a greater influence over an outdoor assembly than any other man in England’ (quoted in P. Horn, Joseph Arch (1826–1919): the farm workers’ leader (Kineton, 1971), p. 83). Advising a cousin against attending one of Arch's meetings, Carnarvon stated, ‘Arch is apparently fast becoming more and more of a political demagogue and agitator, and those who sympathise with him will naturally lose influence and power of usefulness with the more moderate part of the country’ (Carnarvon to H.W. Acland, 22 October 1872: MS Acland, d. 77, fo. 39).

189 Herbert, Essays, Addresses and Translations, II, p. 51.

190 Ibid., p. 81.

191 Carnarvon to S. Lucas, 13 February 1879: CP, BL 60856, fo. 67.

192 Carnarvon to Derby, 27 November 1879: Derby Papers, 920 DER (15).

193 Diary, 29 December 1879.

194 Carnarvon to Herbert, 13 December 1878: CP, BL 60794, fo. 133.

195 Diary, 29 December 1879.

196 Carnarvon to Derby, 29 January 1880: Derby Papers, 920 DER (15).

197 Carnarvon to Granville, 26 January 1880 (copy), 15 May 1880: CP, BL 60773, fos 131, 129.

198 Carnarvon to Bath, 5 April 1880 (copy): CP, BL 60772, fo. 98.

199 Diary, 3 February 1889; Edward Hamilton Papers, BL 48633, fo. 43.

200 Carnarvon to Heathcote, 5 May 1880: CP, BL 61076, fo. 2.

201 Diary, 21 May 1879.

202 Carnarvon to Lady Derby, 15 May 1880 (copy): CP, BL 60766, fo. 89.

203 Diary, 24 August 1880.

204 Corry to Carnarvon, 19 August 1880: CP, BL 60853, fos 38–39.

205 Carnarvon to Cairns, 1 May 1881: Cairns Papers, TNA, PRO 30/51/8, fo. 12.

206 Heathcote to Carnarvon, 7 May 1881: CP, BL 61076, fo. 159.

207 Carnarvon to Heathcote, 6 May 1881: CP, BL 61076, fo. 156.

208 Carnarvon to Cranbrook, 27 May 1884: Cranbrook Papers, HA3 T501/262.

209 Diary, 14 July 1879.

210 Carnarvon to Granville, 1 August 1879 (copy): CP, BL 60773, fo. 119.

211 Hardinge, III, p. 36.

212 Sir R. Herbert to Carnarvon, 25 September 1874: CP, BL 60791, fos 125–127. Carnarvon also discussed the idea with Disraeli at Highclere four days later.

213 Childers to Kimberley, 10 May 1880, Kimberley Papers, MS Eng. c. 4197, fo. 9.

214 Kimberley to Gladstone, 16 May 1880: Kimberley Papers, MS Eng. c. 4197, fo. 17.

215 Kimberley to Gladstone, 23 May 1880: Kimberley Papers, MS Eng. c. 4197, fos 34–35.

216 Gladstone to Kimberley, 12 June 1880: Kimberley Papers, MS Eng. c. 4197, fo. 56.

217 Carnarvon to Kimberley, 26 October 1880 (copy): CP, BL 60813, fo. 5.

218 Carnarvon noted in his final report ‘that many individual opinions were expressed to us in evidence on the understanding that they would not be published’: Royal Commission into the Defence of British Possessions and Commerce Abroad, 1880–1882, third report (Ministry of Defence, War Office Library, 1976), p. 29.

219 Milne to Carnarvon, 2 May 1881: CP, BL 60813, fo. 12.

220 Carnarvon to Kimberley, 18 September 1881: Kimberley Papers, MS Eng. c. 4113, fo. 127. See also J. F. Beeler, British Naval Policy in the Gladstone–Disraeli Era, 1866–1880 (Stanford, CA, 1997), p. 253.

221 Royal Commission into the Defence of British Possessions and Commerce Abroad, 1880–1882, third report, p. 30.

222 H. Jekyll to Carnarvon, 16 November 1882: CP, BL 60796, fo. 176.

223 Carnarvon to Kimberley, 29 November 1882: Kimberley Papers, MS Eng. c. 4238, fo. 123.

224 Hansard, CCLXXVIII, 4 May 1883, cols 1831–1835.

225 Shannon, The Crisis of Imperialism, p. 256.

226 Hansard, CCXC, 8 July 1884, col. 378.

227 Diary, 10 July 1884.

228 Diary, 18 July 1884.

229 Diary, 22 October 1884.

230 See The Times, 22 October 1884, p. 7.

231 Marsh, P.T., Joseph Chamberlain: entrepreneur in politics (New Haven, CT, and London, 1994), pp. 174–176Google Scholar.

232 Steele, E.D., Lord Salisbury: a political biography (London, 1999), p. 163Google Scholar.

233 Diary, 22 October 1884.

234 Diary, 24 October 1884.

235 See Childe-Pemberton, W.S., Life of Lord Norton (London, 1900), p. 260Google Scholar.

236 Gladstone, through Lord Richard Grosvenor, the Liberal Chief Whip, nevertheless expressed himself as anxious that Carnarvon was not disposed to abandon his scheme: Erskine May to Carnarvon, 28 October 1884: Erskine May Papers, ERM/8/249.

237 Ponsonby to Spencer, 1 November 1884: Spencer Papers. The same day, the Cabinet appointed Hartington and Dilke as official plenipotentiaries in the negotiations: Nicholls, D., The Lost Prime Minister: a life of Sir Charles Dilke (London, 1995), p. 147Google Scholar. Furthermore, some Conservatives were buoyed in their opposition to the Franchise Bill by the overwhelming by-election victory in South Warwickshire two days later: see Diary, 9 November 1884.

238 Diary, 7 November 1884.

239 Jones, A., The Politics of Reform, 1884 (London, 1972), p. 194Google Scholar.

240 Diary, 16 November 1884.

241 Diary, 18 November 1884.

242 Hansard, CCXC, 8 July 1884, col. 381.

243 Becker to Carnarvon, 21 July 1884: CP, BL 60832, fo. 102.

244 Hansard, CCXCIV, 4 December 1884, cols 578–579.

245 Diary, 4 December 1884.

246 Carnarvon to Salisbury, 15 and 20 December 1884: Hatfield House Papers, 3M/E.

247 Diary, 8 November 1884.

248 Diary, 8 December 1884.

249 Diary, 10 December 1884.

250 Spencer to E.G. Jenkinson, 18 September 1884 (copy): Spencer Papers.

251 Carnarvon to Derby, 26 October 1879: Derby Papers, 920 DER (15).

252 Carnarvon to Heathcote, 20 March 1880: CP, BL 61075, fo. 157.

253 Carnarvon to Salisbury, 5 February 1885: Hatfield House Papers, 3M/E.

254 Salisbury to Carnarvon, 15 February 1885: CP, BL 60760, fos 22–23.

255 Diary, 11 June 1885.

256 Queen Victoria, Memorandum, 12 June 1885: Royal Archives, C36/ 420.

257 Diary, 17 June 1885.

258 Carnarvon to Salisbury, 16 June 1885: Hatfield House Papers, 3M/E.

259 M. Townsend to Carnarvon, 18 June 1885: CP, BL 60770, fo. 228.

260 Diary, 27 June 1885.

261 Diary, 24 August 1883.

262 Carnarvon, Memorandum, ‘Lord Carnarvon's memoirs relating to his Lord-Lieutenancy’, March–April 1886: CP, BL 60826, fo. 1.

263 J. Caulfield to Spencer, 17 July 1885: Spencer Papers.

264 Grabham to Carnarvon, 12 August 1885: CP, BL 60868, fo. 157.

265 P. Gordon, The Red Earl: the papers of the fifth Earl Spencer 1835–1910, 2 vols (Northamptonshire Record Society, 1981 and 1986), I, p. 9.

266 Carnarvon to Harrowby, 21 July 1885: Harrowby Papers, 2nd series, vii, fo. 128.

267 Carnarvon, Memorandum: Harrowby Papers, 2nd series, viii, fo. 4.

268 C.H.D. Howard, ‘Joseph Chamberlain, Parnell and the Irish “central board” scheme, 1884–5’, Irish Historical Studies, 8, no. 32 (1953), p. 327.

269 A.B. Cooke and J.R. Vincent, The Governing Passion: Cabinet government and party politics in Britain, 1885–86 (Brighton, 1974), p. 273.

270 Carnarvon, Memorandum, ‘Conversation with Justin McCarthy’, 6 July 1885: CP, BL 60829, fo. 74.

271 Diary, 6 July 1885.

272 Hansard, CCXCVIII, 6 July 1885, cols 1658–1662.

273 Diary, 6 July 1885.

274 Hardinge, III, p. 174.

275 Carnarvon to Salisbury, 29 July 1885: CP, BL 60825, fo. 47.

276 Hart Dyke, Carnarvon's Chief Secretary, informed Carnarvon, however, the following year, when Parnell had disclosed that a meeting had taken place, ‘I quite understand and appreciate your motive for not telling me, and of course I should have said don't!! as the fact of knowing it would at once have made it more or less hazardous’ (Hart Dyke to Carnarvon, 16 June 1886: CP, BL 60830, fo. 44). A biographer of Salisbury claims that the Prime Minister was alarmed to discover that Gibson was not present at the meeting: R. Taylor, Lord Salisbury (London, 1975), p. 94.

277 CP, BL 60829, fos 99–101.

278 Cecil, III, p. 157.

279 Carnarvon to Sir Robert Hamilton, 25 June 1885: CP, TNA, PRO 30/6/56, fo. 12.

280 ‘Lord Carnarvon's memoirs relating to his Lord-Lieutenancy’, fo. 18.

281 Ibid., fo. 7.

282 Diary, 5 October 1885.

283 ‘Lord Carnarvon's memoirs relating to his Lord-Lieutenancy’, fo. 18.

284 Diary, 17 August 1885.

285 One official, Sir Henry Robinson, observed, ‘He had the most marvellous knack of saying what sounded a very great deal but which when analysed amounted to absolutely nothing at all, and for an English statesman charged with the government of Ireland, I cannot imagine a greater gift’: Sir H. Robinson, Memories: wise and otherwise (London, 1924), p. 76.

286 Lady Carnarvon to Harrowby, 17 July 1885: Harrowby Papers, 2nd series, l, fo. 183.

287 Diary, 10 August 1885.

288 Carnarvon to Cranbrook, 2 September 1885 (copy): CP, TNA, PRO 30/6/54.

289 Ashbourne Papers, A 25/1.

290 Carnarvon to Ashbourne, 6 November 1885: Ashbourne Papers, A25/21.

291 ‘Lord Carnarvon's memoirs relating to his Lord-Lieutenancy’, fos 1–2.

292 Cooke and Vincent, The Governing Passion, p. 73.

293 In a biography of his father, Winston Churchill reported a conversation between Randolph Churchill and Parnell about this time, at the former's London home: ‘“There was no compact or bargain of any kind”, Lord Randolph said to Fitzgibbon a year later, “but I told Parnell when he sat on that sofa [in Connaught Place] that if the Tories took office, and I was a member of their Government, I would not consent to renew the Crimes Act.” Parnell replied, “In that case, you will have the Irish vote at the Elections.”’ (W.S. Churchill, Lord Randolph Churchill, 2 vols (London, 1906), I, p. 395.

294 R.F. Foster, Lord Randolph Churchill: a political life (Oxford, 1981), pp. 229–230.

295 Fitzgibbon to Churchill, 9 September 1885: Randolph Churchill Papers, Add. MS 9248/7/883.

296 Carnarvon to Churchill, 18 September 1885 (copy): CP, TNA, PRO 30/5/4.

297 Lady Carnarvon's diary, 2 October 1885: Herbert Papers, Somerset Archives and Record Service, DD/DRO/3/7.

298 Quoted in Steele, Lord Salisbury, p. 187.

299 Carnarvon, Memorandum, ‘Conversation with Lord Salisbury’, 23 November 1885: CP, BL 60760, fos 78–80.

300 Carnarvon to Queen Victoria, 26 November 1885: Royal Archives, D37/99.

301 A. Ponsonby, Henry Ponsonby, Queen Victoria's Private Secretary: his life from his letters (London, 1942), pp. 199–200.

302 Quoted in Churchill, Lord Randolph Churchill, II, pp. 21–22.

303 Carnarvon also proposed a bill ‘to promote the Extension of University Education in Ireland’. The draft bill, printed on 19 December, does not appear to have been discussed by the Cabinet. See ‘University Education (Ireland) Bill’, in Ashbourne Papers, B 25/6; Cooke and Vincent, The Governing Passion, p. 298.

304 Salisbury to Queen Victoria, 14 December 1885: Royal Archives, A65/93. On the same day, Parnell wrote to Mrs O'Shea on the Liberal and Conservative Parties’ attitude to home rule at the coming general election. She stated, ‘I have not seen Lord C. [Carnarvon] and shall probably not arrange to do so for a week or two, as I wish to know how the other side is disposed first’: K. O'Shea, Charles Stewart Parnell: his love story and political life, 2 vols (London, 1914), II, p. 29. She also told Gladstone on 10 December that ‘Parnell was to see “Lord C.” in a day or two’: R.C.K. Ensor, England: 1870–1914 (Oxford, 1936), p. 561. Henry Labouchere reported to Herbert Gladstone after a meeting between Carnarvon and John MacCarthy on 13 December, where they discussed Home Rule, ‘Lord C. said that personally he was in favour of a large measure of Home Rule, but that he despaired of winning his party and some of his colleagues. He asked MacCarthy whether he thought that Parnell would accept an “Inquiry”, during which the Conservatives might be educated. MacCarthy said that this would not do’ (quoted in F. Callanan, T.M. Healy (Cork, 1996), pp. 134–135).

305 Diary, 15 December 1885.

306 Gladstone was influenced in his thinking by a memorandum written for Carnarvon in October 1885 by Sir Robert Hamilton, Under-Secretary, Dublin Castle: see J. Kendle, Ireland and the Federal Solution: the debate over the United Kingdom Constitution, 1870–1921 (Kingston, Ontario, 1989), p. 42.

307 Carnarvon to Sir John Macdonald, 2 October 1885: CP, TNA, PRO 30/6/65, fos 160–161.

308 After Carnarvon's death, Ashbourne ventured another explanation: ‘For his great wealth, I think he was unduly close, and I always thought that his principal reason for resigning in January /86 (at the end of the 6 months he had originally named) was to escape all or any of the expense of the Dublin season, then about to commence’ (A.B. Cooke and A.P.W. Malcolmson, The Ashbourne Papers, 1869–1913: a calendar of the papers of Edward Gibson, 1st Lord Ashbourne (Belfast, 1974), p. 26).

309 Herbert to Carnarvon, 24 December 1885 and 9 January 1886: CP, BL 60795, fos 69–73.

310 Carnarvon to Salisbury, 6 January 1886 (copy): CP, BL 60762, fo. 129.

311 Wolseley to Carnarvon, 18 January 1886: CP, TNA, PRO 30/6/66, fos 275–276.

312 A.E. Gathorne Hardy, Gathorne Hardy, First Earl of Cranbrook: a memoir, 2 vols (London, 1910), II, pp. 233–234.

313 Salisbury to W.H. Smith, 17 January 1886: Hambleden Papers, PS9/104.

314 Smith to Carnarvon, 9 June 1886: CP, BL 60830, fo. 40.

315 Churchill to Salisbury, 16 January 1886: Randolph Churchill Papers, Add. MS 9248/1/134.

316 A previous Lord Lieutenant, the 7th Earl Cowper, who had resigned the post four years earlier in unhappy circumstances, wrote in his diary, ‘Lord Carnarvon leaves suddenly. I fancy had a hint to go. No one reaps any credit from that wretched island’ (Lady Katrina Cowper, Earl Cowper, K.G.: a memoir by his wife (London?, 1913), p. 629.

317 Mundella to Spencer, 28 December 1885: Spencer Papers, BL 76927 (unnumbered).

318 Carnarvon to Salisbury, 2 April 1890 (copy), CP BL 60760, fo. 148.

319 Diary, 10 June 1886.

320 Ibid.

321 Diary, 5 July 1886.

322 Salisbury to Carnarvon, 25 July 1886: CP, BL 60760, fo. 116.

323 Diary, 27 July 1886.

324 Diary, 29 July 1886.

325 Carnarvon to Harrowby, 13 August 1886: Harrowby Papers, 2nd series, lii, fo. 171.

326 See Foster, Lord Randolph Churchill, pp. 128ff.

327 Robb, J.H., The Primrose League, 1883–1906 (New York, 1942), pp. 87–89Google Scholar.

328 Diary, 17 January 1884.

329 C.G. Hay to Carnarvon, 28 November 1884: CP, BL 60857, fo. 37.

330 Diary, 1 June 1885.

331 Lady Carnarvon's diary, 1 June 1885: Herbert Papers, Somerset Archives and Record Service, DD/DRU/3/7.

332 Diary, 10 August 1886.

333 Newbury Weekly News, 4 August 1887.

334 Diary, 25 February 1873. See also ‘Papers relating to purchase of 16 Bruton Street in 1873’: Highclere Castle Archives, Teversal 3/4.

335 Diary, 30 June 1881.

336 Diary, 28 February 1882.

337 CP, BL 61504, fos 83–91.

338 Ibid, fo. 91. Carnarvon's wealth at his death was £328,809. 0s. 4d.

339 Carnarvon, Memorandum, 24 March 1884: CP, BL 61504, fos 74–75.

340 Adonis, A., Making Aristocracy Work: the peerage and the political system in Britain, 1884–1914 (Oxford, 1993), p. 284CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

341 Highclere Castle Archives, Teversal 2/4 (g).

342 Diary, 23 April 1883.

343 Herbert to Carnarvon, 20 Sept 1883: Highclere Castle Archives, Teversal 9/2.

344 Carnarvon to Herbert, 1 November 1883: ibid.

345 Highclere Castle Archives, Teversal 9/2, n.d.

346 ‘Merry millions for Sydney’, unnamed newspaper, November 1888: Highclere Castle Archives, Teversal 9/3.

347 Valuation after Carnarvon's death. See file ‘Australia, New South Wales, Sydney Property’: Highclere Castle Archives, 1891–1898, Teversal 9/4.

348 W.S. Foster to Carnarvon, 2 January 1889: Highclere Castle Archives, Teversal 9/3. Carnarvon's banking adviser in Australia had warned him earlier, ‘Mr Billyard has lately been concerned with other speculation in a large land transaction. I understand that they bought an estate for a low price and resold it to a company at very great profit. Some unpleasant things have been said about it but I have not been able to discover anything that would justify me in making specific enquiries on your behalf’ (Sir G. Verdon to Carnarvon, 12 September 1888: CP, BL 60802, fo. 35).

349 Carnarvon to Billyard, 8 January 1889: Highclere Castle Archives, Teversal 9/3.

350 See Western Australia, Perth Property 1888–96: Highclere Castle Archives, Teversal 9/7. In 1888, Carnarvon invested £10,000 in Perth housing property.

351 Forrest to 5th Earl of Carnarvon, 7 August 1890: Highclere Castle Archives, Teversal, 9/7.

352 See file ‘New Zealand Property, 1883–4’: Highclere Castle Archives, Teversal 9/1.

353 Diary, 26 December 1888.

354 Diary, 1 April 1887.

355 Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm, briefly Kaiser Friedrich III, recuperated at the villa in 1886. He died two years later. See K. Baedeker, Northern Italy (London, 1930), p. 269.

356 Diary, 24 April 1886.

357 Sir R. Herbert to Carnarvon, 17 April 1888: CP, BL 60795B, fos 166–167.

358 Diary, 6 September 1883.

359 See Carnarvon's lecture, ‘The Cape in 1888’, in Herbert, Essays, Addresses and Translations, III, pp. 53–96; see also Hardinge, III, p. 274.

360 Diary, 22 November 1887.

361 Diary, 9 December 1887.

362 Hardinge, III, p. 285.

363 Carnarvon to Harrowby, 21 March 1888: Harrowby Papers, 2nd series, lii, fo. 176.

364 Hansard, CCCXXIX, 31 July 1888, col. 923.

365 Diary, 31 July 1888.

366 Carnarvon to Spencer, 7 October 1888: Spencer Papers.

367 Diary, 27 January 1889.

368 Diary, 1 April 1889.

369 Carnarvon to Rosebery, 24 December 1884 (copy), and Rosebery to Carnarvon, 6 January 1885: CP, BL 60855, fos 43–44.

370 Diary, 18 June 1888; Hansard, CCCXXIX, 18 June 1888, cols 387–414.

371 Hansard, CCCXXIII, 11 March 1888, col. 1567.

372 Diary, 10 July 1888; Hansard, CCCXXIX, 10 July 1888, cols 871–872.

373 Diary, 4 March 1889.

374 Diary, 21 March 1889; Hansard, CCCXXXIV, 21 March 1889, cols 333–343.

375 Diary, 4 February 1889.

376 The Earl of Selborne wrote from his home at Blackwood in Hampshire on 31 December 1884, ‘The Colonial party here, also, is increasingly powerful and aggressive. Rosebery and Carnarvon both caress and flatter it’: R. Palmer, Earl of Selborne, Memorials: personal and political, 2 vols (London, 1898), II, p. 132.

377 Urging Carnarvon to join, W.J. Courthope stated, ‘I feel strongly that the Conservatives are not so prominently represented in the direction of the affairs of the League as they should be’ (Courthope to Carnarvon, 7 June 1886: CP, BL 60775, fo. 183). Carnarvon accepted the vice-chairmanship of the League in 1886: J.C.R. Colomb to Carnarvon, 11 November 1886: CP, BL 60811, fos 74–75.

378 Diary, 7 April 1889.

379 Carnarvon to Churchill, 7 April 1889: Randolph Churchill Papers, Add. MS 9248/23/3098.

380 Diary, 2 April 1889.

381 See CP, BL 60828, fo. 26; Hardinge, III, p. 246.

382 Hartington to Carnarvon, 31 May 1889: CP, BL 60828, fos 18–23.

383 Carnarvon to Churchill, 5 June 1889: Randolph Churchill Papers, Add. MS 9248/24/3170.

384 Diary, 14 July 1889.

385 Carnarvon to Churchill, 1 August 1889: Randolph Churchill Papers, Add. MS 9248/24/3230.

386 Diary, 14 July 1889.

387 Turnor to Ponsonby, 13 May 1878, in Ponsonby, Henry Ponsonby, Queen Victoria's Private Secretary, p. 330. A different sort of link that Carnarvon had with the press was through T.H. Escott. The latter, after writing a favourable leader in the Standard on a speech by Derby, added, ‘You may have heard of my name through my friend and relative, Lord Carnarvon’ (Vincent, Derby, III, p. 174).

388 CP, BL 60776–60780.

389 L. Brown, Victorian News and Newspapers (Oxford, 1985), pp. 162–163.

390 Carnarvon to Delane, 2 May 1877: CP, BL 60779, fo. 26.

391 Diary, 16 July 1884.

392 Jones, K., Fleet Street and Downing Street (London, 1920), p. 95Google Scholar.

393 Smith to Carnarvon, 25 June 1881: Herbert Papers, Somerset Archives and Record Service, DD/DRU 2/82.

394 Diary, 21 May 1866.

395 W.E. Houghton (ed.), The Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals, 1824–1900, 2 vols (Toronto, 1966–1972), I, p. 697. Salisbury wrote thirty-three articles in all for the Quarterly, averaging 15,000 words each, between 1860 and 1883: see P. Smith, Lord Salisbury on Politics: a selection from his articles in the ‘Quarterly Review’, 1860–1883 (London, 1972), p. 5.

396 Carnarvon wrote afterwards, ‘The former I like rather less on further acquaintance. The latter gains very much’ (Diary, 14 October 1884). Courthope resigned in 1887 on becoming a Civil Service commissioner: see A. Austin, The Autobiography of Alfred Austin, 2 vols (London, 1911), II, pp. 175–176.

397 Diary, 27 October 1882.

398 Diary, 11 January 1883.

399 S. Koss, The Rise and Fall of the Political Press in Britain, 2 vols (London, 1981–1984), I, p. 249.

400 Carnarvon to Lytton, 3 January 1883: Lytton Papers, Hertfordshire Archives and Local Studies Office, D/EK C36/147.

401 Carnarvon was reluctant to continue paying his subscription ‘as in the case of other landlords, there never was a time when money was harder to find’ (Carnarvon to Edward Stanhope, 23 December 1883: Stanhope Papers, Centre for Kentish Studies).

402 Houghton, The Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals, II, p. 536–545.

403 Carnarvon to Cranbrook, 28 December 1884: Cranbrook Papers, T501/262.

404 Diary, 22 March 1889.

405 One cause that he enthusiastically supported was the opening of churches on a regular basis in large towns: see Carnarvon to Archbishop Benson, 26 July 1888: Benson Papers, 60, pp. 24–25. He was also an active trustee of the British Museum.

406 Diary, 4 December 1880.

407 Diary, 9 May 1887.

408 Diary, 2 April 1881.

409 At the end of the month he wrote, ‘I shall be very sorry to exchange the beauty and sunshine of this for the equivocal pleasures of an English spring’ (Carnarvon to A.J. Mundella, 31 March 1890: Charnwood Papers, BL 70948, fo. 212.)

410 Diary, 14 May 1890.

411 Carnarvon to Acland, 26 May 1890: H.W. Acland Papers, MS Acland, d. 86, fo. 30.

412 Diary, 15 May 1890.

413 Turner to Lady Carnarvon, 30 July 1921: CP, BL 61060, fos 229–230.

414 Diary of Charlotte, Lady Phillimore, 29 June 1890: Phillimore Papers, 75 M 91/514/2.

415 Quoted in Sir H. Drummond Wolff, Rambling Recollections, 2 vols (London, 1908), I, p. 258.

416 Cecil, I, pp. 221–222.

417 R. Blake, The Conservative Party from Peel to Churchill (London, 1970), p. 106.

418 Carnarvon to Salisbury, 26 January 1878: Hatfield House Papers, 3M/E.

419 Queen Victoria, Journal, 29 June 1890: Royal Archives, Z/408.

420 Diary, 29 October 1886.

421 Mitchell, D.J., Cross and Tory Democracy (London, 1991), p. 48Google Scholar.

422 Diary, 15 July 1875.

423 Carnarvon, Memorandum, ‘Confidential for self’, 18 January 1876: Harrowby Papers, 2nd series, lv, fos 181–182.

424 Diary, 8 March 1887.

425 Cranbrook Diary, 30 June 1890, Johnson, pp. 772–773.

426 Diary, 19 June 1888.

427 Carnarvon to Lord John Russell (copy), 18 September 1874: CP, BL 60792, fo. 2. On becoming Colonial Secretary in Disraeli's second ministry, Carnarvon wrote to Dufferin ‘a few lines to assure you how glad I am to have an old friend like yourself in Canada to depend upon in the rather difficult and delicate questions with which we have to deal’ (W. Kiewiet and F.H. Underhill (eds), The Dufferin–Carnarvon Correspondence, 1874–1878 (New York, 1955), p. 1).

428 Diary, 23 September 1874.

429 Diary, 27 March 1889.

430 L. Wolf, Life of the First Marquess of Ripon, 2 vols (London, 1921), I, p. 350.

431 Diary, 7 October 1888.

432 Diary, 31 January 1886.

433 Zetland, I, pp. 312–313.

434 Lord George Hamilton, Parliamentary Reminiscences and Reflections, 1886–1906, 1922, p. 10.

435 Jeune, S.E.M., Lady St Helier, Memories of Fifty Years (London, 1909), p. 265Google Scholar.

436 Nevill, Reminiscences, pp. 140–141.

437 Vincent, Derby, I, p. 335.

438 Vanity Fair, 11 September 1869, p. 149.

439 Address to the Newbury Working Men's Club, 30 September 1882: CP, BL 60856, fo. 138.

440 Kebbel, T.R., Lord Beaconsfield and Other Tory Memories (London, 1907), p. 85Google Scholar.

441 Diary, 27 May 1883.

442 Carnarvon to Harrowby, 10 January 1888: Harrowby Papers, 2nd series, lii, fo. 174.

443 O'Mahony, C., The Viceroys of Ireland (London, 1912), p. 293Google Scholar.

444 Carnarvon to 3rd Earl Grey, 3 December 1883: Grey Papers, 80/9.

445 The Times, 30 June 1890, p. 10.