¹ The Assembly was dissolved by the Governor-General on 24 October. See introductory note to this section and Document H2 in general.

² The last link in the chain of causation.

³ Ghulam Muhammad, first Minister of Finance of Pakistan, 1947–1951; third Governor-General, 1951–1955.

⁴ The Muslim League was founded in 1906 to protect certain Muslim interests in British India. It later advocated a separate state of Pakistan, which came to fruition under its then leader, Jinnah. Almost all the leading politicians of Pakistan between 1947 and 1956 came from the Muslim League.

⁵ Khwaja Nazimuddin, second Governor-General of Pakistan, 1948–1951; second Prime Minister, 1951–1953.

⁶ Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar, Cabinet minister; Governor of the Punjab, 1949–1951.

⁷ Traditions of the Holy Prophet.

⁸ Muhammad Ali Bogra's idea to implement institutional equality between West and East Pakistan. Bogra was a Pakistani diplomat selected by Ghulam Muhammad to become the third Prime Minister, 1953–1955.

⁹ Muhammad Ali Jinnah, first Governor-General and President of the Constituent Assembly of the Dominion of Pakistan, 1947–1948.

¹⁰ Iskander Mirza, a leading Pakistani political and military figure who after independence held senior positions including Defence Secretary, Governor of East Pakistan, and Minister of the Interior in the Federal Cabinet. In August 1955 he was acting Governor-General in place of the ailing Ghulam Muhammad, whom he formally replaced in October that year, remaining in the post until March 1956, when Pakistan became a republic. He was translated into the first President and served until 1958, when General Ayub Khan took over running the country and Mirza went into exile.

¹¹ The Governor-General issued a proclamation of emergency under section 102 of the Government of India Act 1935.

¹² In July 1948 Pakistan restored the Governor-General's Emergency Powers, which had been repealed at independence. Section 92A (corresponding to section 93 of the Government of India Act, 1935, which covered ‘Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery’) was controversially used to justify the Governor-General's executive actions in suspending provincial legislatures after independence, including in the Punjab, Sind, and East Bengal, as well as dismissing ministries.

¹³ North West Frontier Province.

¹⁴ The Governor-General issued an Emergency Powers ordinance under section 42 of the Government of India Act 1935.

¹⁵ Viscount (later Earl) Mountbatten of Burma, last Viceroy of India, 1947; first Governor-General of the Indian Dominion, 1947–1948.

¹⁶ ‘Great leader’ in Urdu.

¹⁷ Liaquat Ali Khan, first Prime Minister of Pakistan, 1947–1951.

¹⁸ Chaudhri Muhammad Ali, senior civil servant; Cabinet minister and briefly Prime Minister, 1955–1956.

¹⁹ Jinnah surprised Mountbatten and others by choosing to become Governor-General and not Prime Minister of Pakistan. Despite Commonwealth governors-general being expected to be removed from active politics, Jinnah was conspicuously involved and combined his vice-regal office with the critical political position of President of the Constituent Assembly. He held both offices until his death in September 1948.

²⁰ Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan succeeded Jinnah as President of the Constituent Assembly in 1948.

²¹ The creation of India and Pakistan resulted in a partition of the subcontinent. The Punjab and Bengal provinces were painfully split between the two states. Pakistan was geographically divided into West Pakistan and East Pakistan. East Pakistan would break away and become Bangladesh in 1971.

²² Now known as Dhaka.

²³ Though exact figures are contested it is estimated that almost 14.5 million and perhaps more were forced to migrate during partition. See, for example, Bharadwaj, P., Khwaja, A., and Mian, A., ‘The big march: migratory flows after partition of British India’, Economic and Political Weekly, 43, no. 35 (2008), pp. 39–49Google Scholar.

²⁴ The Nawab of Junagadh, a Muslim ruler over a predominantly Hindu state including the vassal territory of Manavadar, acceded to Pakistan in September 1947, to the consternation of India since the state was surrounded by the Dominion of India. India sent troops to the state and occupied it in November 1947. A subsequent plebiscite of the population came out overwhelmingly in support of accession to India in February 1948.

²⁵ The wife of Liaquat Ali Khan and a political personality in her own right.

²⁶ This was an attempted coup led by Major-General Akbar Khan with the objective of occupying the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir.

²⁷ The Ahmadis are an Islamic group founded in British India. They are considered heretical by some orthodox Muslims for their beliefs.

²⁸ I.I. Chundrigar, Pakistani minister and Governor; briefly Prime Minister in late 1957.

²⁹ Fazlur Rehman, a senior Cabinet minister who held various portfolios, including Interior, Education, and Commerce.

³⁰ A coalition of non-Muslim League parties formed in East Pakistan after independence to contest the 1954 legislative elections.

³¹ Maulvi Abul Kasem Fazlul Haq, known as the ‘Tiger of Bengal’; founder and leader of the Krishak Praja Party; briefly Chief Minister of the United Front Government in East Pakistan and its Governor, 1956–1958.

³² A political party founded by Bengali nationalists in 1950.

³³ Husain Shaheed Suharwardy, Bengali politician and Awami League leader; Prime Minister of Pakistan, 1956–1957.

³⁴ Sardar is an honorific title. Jennings is probably implying that Nishtar was not a Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the powerful Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister of India, 1947–1950, known as the ‘Iron Man of India’.

³⁵ First wife of Muhammad Ali Borga.

³⁶ Mushtaq Ahmed Gurmani, Cabinet minister; Governor of the Punjab, 1954–1957.

³⁷ A judicial writ from the Crown ordering a public institution to perform a statutory duty.

³⁸ A legal action challenging the legality of exercise of powers.

³⁹ Muhammad Munir, Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Pakistan, 1954–1960.

⁴⁰ Abi Hussain Sarkar, Cabinet minister and Chief Minister of East Pakistan, 1955–1956.

⁴¹ A member of the Constituent Assembly.

⁴² This was supposedly an attempt to reduce the differences in Pakistan.

⁴³ Muhammad Ali Bogra. Just over a week later he would be replaced by Chaudhri Muhammad Ali.

⁴⁴ Per month.

⁴⁵ Hari Singh, last Maharajah of Jammu and Kashmir.