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SELECTED PERSONAL CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE LAST SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INDIA, LORD LISTOWEL, AND THE LAST VICEROY OF INDIA, LORD MOUNTBATTEN, CONCERNING THE END OF BRITISH RULE IN INDIA, APRIL–AUGUST 1947
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 May 2019
Abstract
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References
620 All Mountbatten's letters but the last are written from the Viceroy's House, New Delhi, and all Listowel's letters from the India Office in London. They can be found in the British Library's India Office Records and Private Papers section under the reference MSS Eur C357. Volume XII of The Transfer of Power 1942–47: Constitutional Relations between Britain and India, Nicholas Mansergh, editor-in-chief (London: HMSO, 1983), is a particularly good resource for the high politics of the final days of British rule in India and Listowel's part in it. It complements this appendix very well.
621 Vallabhbhai Patel, commonly known as Sardar Patel (1875–1950), Indian Congress politician, Home Member of the Interim Government, 1946–1947; after independence, deputy prime minister and minister of home affairs, 1947–1950.
622 C.F.V. Williams, Indian Civil Service (ICS).
623 Patel.
624 Sir Andrew Clow (1890–1957), ICS; governor of Assam, 1942–1947.
625 Not included here.
626 Sir Frederick Burrows (1887–1973), trade unionist and colonial administrator; governor of Bengal, 1946–1947.
627 Not included here.
628 Not included here.
629 Sir Chandulal Trivedi (1893–1980), ICS; administrator; governor of Orissa, 1946–1947; after independence, governor of Punjab (India), 1947–1953, and governor of Andhra Pradesh, 1953–1957.
630 Sir Muhammad Akbar Hydari (1894–1948), ICS; administrator; governor of Assam, 1947.
631 Sir Evan Jenkins (1896–1985), ICS; governor of the Punjab, 1946–1947.
632 Sir Olaf Caroe (1892–1981), ICS; governor of the North-West Frontier Province, 1946–1947.
633 Sir Francis Mudie (1890–1976), ICS; governor of the Sindh, 1946–1947; after independence, governor of West Punjab (Pakistan), 1947–1949.
634 Liaquat Ali Khan (1895–1951), Muslim League politician; first prime minister of Pakistan, 1947–1951; assassinated 1951.
635 Mir Nawaz Jung, official in the service of the nizam and government of Hyderabad.
636 Sir Mirza Ismail (1883–1959), official in certain Indian princely states; Dewan of Hyderabad, 1946–1947.
637 George Abell (1904–1989), later Sir George Abell, ICS, and Whitehall civil servant; private secretary to the viceroy (PSV), 1946–1947.
638 Ronald Brockman (1909–1999), later Vice-Admiral Sir Ronald Brockman, naval officer and administrator; personal secretary to Lord Mountbatten and private secretary to the governor general of India, 1947–1948.
639 A name sometimes used for India (as opposed to Pakistan).
640 John Matthai (1886–1959), Indian economist and official; Industries Member in the Interim Government, 1946–1947; finance minister in independent India, 1949–1950.
641 Sir Conrad Corfield (1893–1980), ICS, political adviser to the viceroy as Crown Representative to the Princely States, 1945–1947.
642 Sir Francis Wylie (1891–1970), ICS; governor of the United Provinces, 1945–1947.
643 Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck (1884–1981), officer and administrator; commander-in-chief in India, 1941 and 1943–1947; supreme commander of Indian and Pakistani Forces, 1947.
644 H.S. Suhrawardy (1892–1963), Muslim League politician; chief minister of Bengal, 1946–1947; and later prime minister of Pakistan, 1956–1957.
645 Robert Chorley, 1st Baron Chorley (1895–1978), legal scholar and Labour peer; lord-in-waiting, 1946–1950.
646 Sir Hugh Weightman (1898–1949), ICS, served in Assam and Baluchistan.
647 In October 1946.
648 William Christie, ICS; chief commissioner of Delhi, 1945–1947.
649 Sir Osman Ali Khan (1886–1967), nizam of Hyderabad from 1911.
650 Major-General Lewis Lyne (1899–1970), British officer.
651 Tribhuvan Shah (1906–1955), king of Nepal, 1911–1955.
652 Sir Terence Shone (1894–1965), diplomat; high commissioner to India, 1946–1947; first high commissioner to independent India, 1947–1948.
653 Sir Angus Gillan (1885–1981), colonial service and official; served in the Commonwealth and Empire Division of the British Council, 1941–1949.
654 Sir Girja Shankar Bajpai (1891–1954), ICS, and Indian Administrative Service; later secretary general of the Ministry of External and Commonwealth Relations, 1947–1952.
655 This plan offered elements of self-determination and autonomy to a United India of States and Provinces, but Nehru on learning of it did not view it favourably. Mountbatten left for London on 18 May for consultations with the Cabinet and others.
656 Sir John Colville (1894–1954), later 1st Baron Clydesmuir, National Liberal MP and minister; colonial administrator; secretary of state for Scotland, 1938–1940; governor of Bombay, 1943–1948 and acting viceroy, 1945, 1946 and 1947.
657 Jagjivan Ram (1908–1986), Indian politician and minister; Labour Member in the Interim Government, 1946–1947; minister and deputy prime minister in independent India, 1977–1979.
658 Sir S.V. Ramamurthy (1888–1964), ICS; chief secretary to Madras, 1939–1943, and acting governor of Bombay, 1947.
659 The so called 3rd June Plan accepted the principle of partition of British India and that the successor states of India and Pakistan should be granted dominion status.
660 V.P. Menon (1894–1966), ICS, and Indian Administrative Service; reforms commissioner, 1942–1947 and secretary at the States Ministry, 1947–1951.
661 Eric Drummond, 7th earl of Perth (1876–1951), diplomat and international official.
662 Not included here.
663 Not included here.
664 Sir Walter Lamb (1882–1961), secretary to the Royal Academy of Arts, 1913–1951.
665 George Tomlinson (1890–1952), Labour MP and minister; minister of education, 1947–1951.
666 Maulana Abdul Azad (1888–1958), Indian Congress politician and minister; after independence, minister of education, 1947–1958.
667 This probably refers to I.I. Chundrigar (1897–1960), Muslim League politician; Commerce Member in the Interim Government, 1946–1947; prime minister of Pakistan, 1957.
668 Not included here.
669 Henry F. Grady (1882–1957), American diplomat; US Ambassador to India, 1947–1948.
670 Not included here.
671 Sir Cyril Radcliffe (1899–1977), later Viscount Radcliffe, jurist and official; headed the Punjab and Bengal Boundary Commissions, 1947; lord of appeal in ordinary, 1949–1964.
672 Sir David Monteath (1887–1961), civil servant; under-secretary of state for India and for Burma, 1941–1947.
673 Sir Edward Bridges (1892–1969), later 1st Baron Bridges, civil servant; secretary to the Cabinet, 1938–1946; permanent secretary to the Treasury and head of the home Civil Service, 1945–1956.
674 V.K. Krishna Menon (1896–1974), Indian diplomat and minister; secretary of the India League (London), 1927–1947; Indian high commissioner to London, 1947–1952 and minister of defence, 1957–1962.
675 Hector McNeil (1907–1955), Labour MP and minister; parliamentary under-secretary of state, Foreign Office, 1945–1946; minister of state, 1946–1950, and secretary of state for Scotland, 1950–1951.
676 Not included here.
677 Lieutenant General Sir Reginald Savory (1894–1980), British Indian Army officer.
678 Sir Sadiq Muhammad Khan Abbassi (1904–1966), nawab of Bahawalpur from 1907.
679 Bidhan Chandra Roy (1882–1962), Indian physician and politician; chief minister of Bengal (India), 1948–1962.
680 Not included here.
681 Sir Leslie Scott KC (1869–1950), jurist and Conservative politician; legal adviser to the Chamber of Princes, 1927–1931.
682 Committee headed by Sir Harcourt Butler, which examined the relationship between British India and the Princely States. Its report was presented in 1929.
683 General Sir Geoffrey Scoones (1893–1975), British Indian Army officer and official.
684 Commission headed by Lord Soulbury in 1944–1945 to propose constitutional reforms for Ceylon.
685 Not included here.
686 Sir Hamidullah Khan (1894–1960), nawab of Bhopal from 1926; chancellor of the Chamber of Princes, 1944–1947.
687 Not included here.
688 Herbert Morrison (1888–1965), later Lord Morrison of Lambeth, Labour MP and minister; home secretary, 1940–1945 and lord president of the council, 1945–1951.
689 Sir Zafrullah Khan (1893–1985), Indian (and later Pakistani) jurist and politician; foreign minister of Pakistan, 1947–1954.
690 Sir Paul Patrick (1888–1975), civil servant; assistant under-secretary of state for India, 1941–1947.
691 Not included here.
692 Lieutenant General Sir Archibald Nye (1895–1967), army officer, colonial administrator and official; governor of Madras, 1946–1948, and high commissioner to India, 1948–1952.
693 W.H. Morris-Jones (1918–1999), academic; constitutional adviser to the viceroy, 1947; director of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London, 1966–1983.
694 This was the question of whether there should be a joint governor general of India and Pakistan (Mountbatten's preference and a role he wanted) or two separate ones.
695 Sir George Cunningham (1888–1963), colonial administrator; governor of the North-West Frontier Province, 1937–1939 and 1939–1946. He returned to be governor of the North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan, 1947–1948.
696 Miles Lampson, 1st Baron Killearn (1880–1964), colonial administrator; high commissioner in Egypt and the Sudan, 1934–1936; ambassador to Egypt and high commissioner to the Sudan, 1936–1946; and special commissioner to South East Asia, 1946–1948.
697 General Sir Robert Lockhart (1893–1981), British officer; commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the Dominion of India, 1947–1948.
698 Allan Noble (1908–1982), later Sir Allan Noble, Conservative MP and junior minister; parliamentary under-secretary of state for Commonwealth Relations, 1955–1956.
699 Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyer (1879–1966), Indian official; Dewan of Travancore, 1936–1947.
700 James Hope, 1st Baron Rankeillour (1870–1949), Conservative MP and peer.
701 Field Marshal Jan Smuts (1870–1950), South African army officer and United Party politician; prime minister of South Africa, 1919–1924 and 1939–1948.
702 Asiatic Land Tenure Act 1946. The South African law restricted land ownership and voting rights of South African Indians.
703 Which is indeed what happened.
704 Daniel F. Malan (1874–1959), South African politician and National Party leader; prime minister of South Africa, 1948–1954.
705 Roy Robinson, Baron Robinson (1883–1952), chairman of the Forestry Commission, 1932–1952.
706 Not included here.
707 Not included here.
708 Admiral Sir Arthur Palliser (1890–1956), naval officer; commander-in-chief of the East Indies Station, 1946–1948.
709 Assassinated on 19 July 1947.
710 Rajendra Prasad (1884–1963), Indian Congress politician; Food and Agriculture Member of the Interim Government, 1946–1947; first president of India, 1950–1962.
711 Not included here.
712 Alan Campbell-Johnson (1913–1998), press attaché to the viceroy and governor general of India, 1947–1948.
713 Robert Stimson, journalist.
714 Commonwealth Conference on the Japanese Peace Treaty in Canberra, August–September 1947.
715 Sir Benegal Rama Rau (1889–1969), Indian diplomat and official; Indian ambassador to Tokyo, 1947–1948.
716 Sir Laurence Grafftey-Smith (1892–1989), diplomat; high commissioner to Pakistan, 1947–1951.
717 Sir Hugh Dow (1886–1978), ICS; governor of Bihar, 1946–1947.
718 Sir Archibald Carter (1887–1958), civil servant; permanent under-secretary of state for India, 1947.
719 Sir Ahmad Yar Khan Ahmedzai (1902–1979), khan of Kalat,1933–1955.
720 Not included here.
721 Tashi Namgyal (1893–1963), chogyal of Sikkim, 1914–1963.
722 Not included here.
723 Army formed of Indian nationalists that sought to expel Britain from India by military means with support from Japan during World War II.
724 Master Tara Singh (1885–1967), Sikh politician.
725 Most Reverend George Hubback (1882–1955), Anglican clergyman, bishop of Calcutta and metropolitan of India, 1945–1950.
726 Bahadur Singh (1920–1977), maharaja of Bundi from 1945.
727 Princess Elizabeth's wedding to Prince Philip in November 1947.
728 Sir Yadvinder Singh Mahendra Bahadur (1913–1974), maharaja of Patiala from 1938.
729 Shahji II Puar (1910–1983), maharaja of Kolhapur from 1947.
730 Lord Jowitt.
731 The British Nationality Act 1948 was one consequence of these discussions.
732 Godfrey Nicholson (1901–1991), later Sir Godfrey Nicholson, 1st baronet, Conservative MP.
733 Rhys Hopkin Morris (1888–1956), later Sir Rhys Hopkin Morris, Liberal MP.
734 See Letter 6, paragraph 9.
735 Thomas Catto, 1st Baron Catto (1879–1959), businessman and official; governor of the Bank of England, 1944–1949.
736 Woodrow Wyatt (1918–1997), later Lord Wyatt, Labour MP.
737 Sir Frederick Bourne (1891–1977), ICS; governor of East Bengal (Pakistan), 1947–1950.
738 Sir Hari Singh Dogra (1895–1961), maharaja of Kashmir from 1925.
739 Sir Yeshwant Rao Holkar (1908–1961), maharaja of Indore from 1926.
740 Sir Udaibhan Singh Deo (1893–1954), maharaj-rana of Dholpur from 1943.
741 Sir Walter Monckton (1891–1965), later 1st Viscount Monckton of Brenchley, legal adviser to the nizam of Hyderabad, 1933–1936 and 1946–1948; later Conservative MP and minister.
742 Opportunity to withdraw from an obligation or contract.
743 Gerald Isaacs, 2nd Marquess of Reading (1889–1960), Liberal peer and later junior minister.
744 Geoffrey Lunt (1885–1948), bishop of Salisbury, 1946–1948.
745 Field Marshal Sir Philip Chetwode, 1st Baron Chetwode (1869–1960), army officer and official.
746 Sir Patrick Spens (1885–1973), later 1st Baron Spens, jurist and Conservative MP; chief justice of India, 1943–1947.
747 Niall Macpherson (1908–1987), later 1st Baron Drumalbyn, National Liberal MP and later junior minister.
748 Not included here.
749 H.I. Rahimtoola (1912–1991), Pakistani diplomat and minister; first Pakistani high commissioner to London, 1947–1952.
750 In recognition that Mountbatten was no longer viceroy, but now governor general of the independent realm of India, the official residence was appropriately renamed, and at the top of this letter ‘The Viceroy's House’ has been struck through and replaced with ‘Government House’.
751 Sir N.R. Pillai (1898–1992), ICS, and later Indian Administrative Service and Indian diplomat.
752 K.P.S. Menon (1898–1982), ICS, and later Indian Administrative Service.
753 K.K. Chettur (1901–1956), ICS, and later Indian Administrative Service and Indian diplomat.
754 General Sir Frank Messervy (1893–1974), army officer; commander-in-chief of the Pakistani armed forces, 1947–1948.
755 Prince Philip, duke of Edinburgh.
756 Sir Eric Miéville (1896–1971), civil servant and Colonial Service; senior member of the viceroy's staff, 1947.
757 John Christie (1905–1983), ICS, joint private secretary to the viceroy, 1947.
758 Ian Scott (1909–2002), later Sir Ian Scott, ICS and later diplomat; deputy private secretary to the viceroy, 1945–1947.
759 Peter Scott, ICS, assistant private secretary to the viceroy, 1947.