Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-p2v8j Total loading time: 0.001 Render date: 2024-06-07T08:43:12.423Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Inflammatory Language

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 May 2024

Abstract

This is a paper is about a particular subclass of pejoratives, namely, slurs. These are epithets that denigrate a group on the basis of membership alone, e.g., on the basis of race, ethnicity, origin, religion, gender, or ideology. They carrry a characteristic sting, prone to cause outrage and even injury. As to the source of their characteristic sting, the predominant position invokes some aspect of meaning. Some of the few who reject this assumption locate the source of the sting in the taboo status of pejoratives. Others think slurs can sting because of negative associations they carry across time. We challenge both approaches and defend an alternative, for which negative associations are triggered not by every token of a pejorative, but rather by certain of its articulations.

Type
Paper
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Institute of Philosophy and the contributors 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, Luvell and Lepore, Ernie, ‘Slurring Words’, Noûs, 47:3 (2013a), 2548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Luvell and Lepore, Ernie, ‘What Did You Call Me: Slurs as Prohibited Words’, Analytic Philosophy, 54 (2013b), 350–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camp, Elisabeth, ‘Slurring Perspectives’, Analytic Philosophy, 54:3 (2013), 330–49.10.1111/phib.12022CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camp, Elisabeth, ‘A Dual Act Analysis of Slurs’, in Sosa, David (ed.), Bad Words: Philosophical Perspectives on Slurs (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), 2959.Google Scholar
Cepollaro, Bianca and Stojanovic, Isidora, ‘Hybrid Evaluatives’, Grazer Philosophische Studien, 93 (2016), 458–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cepollaro, Bianca, Sulpizio, Simone, and Bianchi, Claudia, ‘How Bad Is It to Report a Slur? An Empirical Investigation’, Journal of Pragmatics, 146 (2019), 3242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hom, Christopher, ‘The Semantics of Racial Epithets’, The Journal of Philosophy, 105:8 (2008), 416–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hom, Christopher, ‘A Puzzle About Pejoratives’, Philosophical Studies, 159 (2012), 383405.10.1007/s11098-011-9749-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hom, Christopher and May, Robert, ‘Moral and Semantic Innocence’, Analytic Philosophy, 54:3 (2013), 293313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hom, Christopher and May, Robert, ‘Reference, Inference, and the Semantics of Pejoratives’, in Sosa, David (ed.), Bad Words: Philosophical Perspectives on Slurs (Oxford: Oxford University, 2018), 108–31.Google Scholar
Jeshion, Robin, ‘Expressivism and the Offensiveness of Slurs’, Philosophical Perspectives, 27 (2013), 231–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolinger, Renée Jorgensen, ‘The Pragmatics of Slurs’, Noûs, 51:3 (2020), 439–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, R., Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word (New York: Pantheon, 2002).Google Scholar
Matisoff, J., ‘The Languages and Dialects of Tibeto-Burman: An Alphabetic/Genetic Listing, with Some Prefatory Remarks on Ethnonymic and Glossonymic Complications’, in J. McCoy and T. Light (eds), Contribution to Sino-Tibetan Studies (Leiden: Brill, 1986), 357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCready, Elin, ‘Varieties of Conventional Implicature’, Semantics and Pragmatics, 3 (2010), 157.10.3765/sp.3.8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neufeld, Eleonore, ‘An Essentialist Theory of the Meaning of Slurs’, Philosophers’ Imprint, 19 (2019), 129.Google Scholar
Nunberg, Geoffrey, ‘The Social Life of Slurs’, in Fogal, Daniel, Harris, Daniel, and Moss, Matthew (eds), New Work on Speech Acts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), 237–95.Google Scholar
O'Hehir, Andrew, ‘So Much for Youth Apathy: Student Radicalism Escapes the ’60s At Last’, Salon, 2020. Available at: https://www.salon.com/2015/11/17/so_much_foryouth_apathy_student_radicalism_escapes_the_60s_at_last/.Google Scholar
Potts, Christopher, The Logic of Conventional Implicatures (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).Google Scholar
Potts, Christopher, ‘The Expressive Dimension’, Theoretical Linguistics, 33:2 (2007), 165–98.10.1515/TL.2007.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlenker, Philippe, ‘Expressive Presuppositions’, Theoretical Linguistics, 33:2 (2007), 237–45.10.1515/TL.2007.017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stojnic, Una, ‘Just Words: Intentions, Tolerance, and Lexical Selection’, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 105:1 (2022), 317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, Timothy, ‘Reference, Inference, and the Semantics of Pejoratives’, in Almong, Joseph and Leonardi, Paolo (eds), The Philosophy of David Kaplan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 137–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar