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From rural reconstruction to agricultural engineering: a study of the cooperation between the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and the International Harvester Company (1945–8)
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 August 2022
Abstract
During the period of the Republic of China, a heated debate emerged among Chinese intellectuals concerning whether China should first educate peasants into citizens or help them feed themselves. Some agriculturalists, such as P. W. Tsou, argued that the first essential goal should be to apply technology and increase agricultural production to improve farmers’ lives. In 1945, Tsou proposed the Agricultural Engineering Program for China to the International Harvester Company. This programme provided Harvester Fellowships to sponsor twenty Chinese students to study agricultural engineering in the US. In addition, this programme instituted the Committee on Agricultural Engineering, led by J. Brownlee Davidson, to direct teaching, research, and promulgation of agricultural engineering in China. The talent cultivated through this programme chose to remain in mainland China following the Revolution of 1949. They became the first generation of agricultural engineers in the People’s Republic of China.
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References
Notes
1 Liang Shuming梁漱溟, ‘Xiangcun Jianshe Yundong乡村建设运动 [Rural reconstruction movement]’, Xin Jianshe新建设, 4:16 (1937), 11–12.
2 Yan Yangchu晏阳初, ‘Ruhe Caishi Zhengge de Ximin: Dushude Yaozuogong, Zuogong de Yaodushu如何才是整个的新民：读书的要做工，做工的要读书 [How to be a new person: those who study must work, and those who work must read]’, Xinminzhong新民众, 7 (1931), 5.
3 Liang Shuming梁漱溟, ‘Xiangcun Jianshe De Yiyi鄉村建設的意義 [The significance of rural reconstruction movements]’,Xiangcun Jiaoyu乡村教育, 4:1 (1937), 3–5.
4 Ibid., p. 6.
5 Zou Bingwen邹秉文, ‘Yinianlai Zhi Zhongguo Nongye Jianshe 一年来之中国农业建设 [China’s Agricultural Construction in the Past Year]’, Dagongbao (Chongqing) 大公报(重庆), 31st December 1942, p. 3.
6 Zou Bingwen邹秉文, ‘Zhongguo nongye jianshe wenti中国农业建设问题 [Problems of agricultural construction in China]’, Zhonghua Nongxuehui Tongxun中华农学会通讯, 35 (1944), 2–3.
7 Zou Bingwen邹秉文, ‘Zhongguo nongye jianshe zhi zhengce yu jihua中国农业建设之政策与计划 [Policies and plans for agricultural construction in China]’, Zhihui智慧, 16–17 (1947), 5.
8 Bingwen邹秉文, ‘Yinianlai Zhi Zhongguo Nongye Jianshe 一年来之中国农业建设 [China’s agricultural construction in the past year]’, p. 3.
9 Shen Zonghan沈宗瀚, ‘Zhongguo Nongye Jixiehua De Keneng中国农业机械化的可能 [The possibility of agricultural mechanization in China]’, Zhongnong Yuekan中农月刊, 6:2 (1945), 76.
10 Chen Yixin, ‘The China International Famine Relief Commission and the Rural Cooperative Movement in China, 1923–1934’, The Chinese Historical Review, 13:1 (2006), 105–06.
11 Kate Merkel-Hess, The Rural Modern: Reconstructing the Self and State in Republican China (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2016), pp. 4–5.
12 Rana Mitter, ‘Imperialism, transnationalism, and the reconstruction of post-war China: UNRRA in China, 1944–7’, Past & Present (2013), 67–9.
13 Shen Zhizhong, The Sino-USA Exchange and Cooperation in Agriculture from 1897 to 1949 (Beijing: Three Gorge Press, 2008), p. 36.
14 Randall E. Stross, The Stubborn Earth: American Agriculturalists on Chinese Soil, 1898–1937 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1986), p. 216.
15 Qian Jianju千家驹 and Li Zixiang李紫翔, Zhongguo xiangcun jianshe pipan中国乡村建设批判 [Criticism of China’s Rural Construction] (Shanghai: Xinzhi Shudian新知书店, 1937), p. 23.
16 Yixin, ‘The China International Famine Relief Commission and the Rural Cooperative Movement in China, 1923–1934’, p. 119.
17 Ibid., pp. 113, 129.
18 Merkel-Hess, The Rural Modern: Reconstructing the Self and State in Republican China, pp. 2–3.
19 Yan Yangchu晏阳初, ‘Nongcun Yundong de shiming jiqi shixian de fangfa yu buzhou (xu) 农村运动的使命及其实现的方法与步骤（续)[The Mission of the Rural Movements and its Implemented Methods and Steps (continued)]’, Dagongbao (Tianjin) 大公报(天津), 10th October 1934, p. 2.
20 Rockefeller Foundation, The Rockefeller Foundation Annual Report 1917 (New York, NY: Rockefeller Foundation, 1917), p. 224.
21 Adjusting for inflation that is over 18 million in today’s currency.
22 Items in connection with current China Program were presented, together with a statement of progress, Rockefeller Foundation Archives, Rockefeller Archival Center, NY, Folder 108, Box 10, Series 601, April 1937, p. 3.
23 Editorial, ‘China’s rural reconstruction’, The China Critic, 27:4 (1939), 58.
24 Merkel-Hess, The Rural Modern: Reconstructing the Self and State in Republican China, p. 22.
25 Second Historical Archives of China, Nanjing, Zhou Liang周亮, ‘Lun meiyuan de yongtu论美援的用途 [On the Use of US Aid]’, Folder 2660, Box 1, Series 23, February 1947, p. 50.
26 Lan Mengjiu 蓝梦九, ‘Nongye Jixiehua Wenti农业机械化问题（未完)[The issue of agricultural mechanization (unfinished)]’, Xiangcun Jianshe 乡村建设, 2:3 (1932), 3–4.
27 Ibid., p. 3.
28 Ibid., pp. 1–4.
29 Shen Zhizhong 沈志忠, ‘Jindai zhongmei nongjiju shiye jiaoliu yu hezuo tanxi (1898-1948nian) 近代中美农机具事业交流与合作探析(1898–1948年) [An analysis on the exchange and cooperation between China and the United States in agricultural machineries and equipment in modern times (1888–1948)]’, Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University (Social Sciences Edition), 10:4 (December 2010), 128–34.
30 Zhou Xin周昕, Zhongguo nongju fazhanshi中国农具发展史 [History of Development of Farming Tools in China] (Jinan: Shandong Science and Technology Press, 2005), p. 836.
31 Qu Zhaowen区昭文, ‘You meiguo di nongye jixiehua taolun dao woguo xianshi nengfou nongye jixiehua (futubiao) 由美国底农业机械化讨论到我国现时能否农业机械化(附图表) [Discussion on agricultural mechanization in America to whether China can mechanize agriculture at present (attached chart)]’, Xiandai shengchan zazhi现代生产杂志, 1:7 (1935), 54–65.
32 Ibid.
33 Fred V. Carstensen and Richard Hume Werking, ‘International harvester in Russia: the Washington-St. Petersburg connection?’, Business History Review, 57:3 (1983), 354.
34 International Harvester Archives, Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison, WI, Couchman to International Harvester Company, Vladivostok, Folder 786, 5th April 1909.
35 Stross, The Stubborn Earth, p. 59.
36 Zhong Shiming钟世铭, ‘Lin gexian zhishi: Baozheng meishang wanguo nongju gongsi e xingyuan youli令各县知事：保护美商万国农具公司俄行员游历 [To each county magistrate: protect the travel of Russian employees of the United States International Harvester Company]’, Fengtian Gongbao奉天公报, 4451 (1924), 2.
37 Gao Qinghe高淸和, ‘Lin gexian zhishi: Baozheng meishang wanguo nongju gongsi e jishi youli令各县知事：保护美商万国农具公司俄机师游历 [To each county magistrate: protect the travel of Russian employees of the United States International Harvester Company]’, Fengtian Gongbao奉天公报, 4690 (1925), 1–4.
38 Wang Ruihuan王镜寰, ‘Waijiaobu zhu liaoning tepaiyuan banshichu xunlin: di 205 hao外交部驻辽宁特派员办事处训令: 第二○五号 [Order of the Special Commissioner’s Office of the Ministry Of Foreign Affairs in Liaoning: No. 205]’, Liaoningsheng Zhengfu Gongbao辽宁省政府公报, 99 (1931), 6.
39 Unknown, ‘Taolinxian xibei defang zhi kenzhi gongsi陶林县西北地方之垦殖公司 [Tao Lin County Northwest Area Reclamation Company]’, Zhongwai Jingji Zhoukan 中外经济周刊, 156 (April 1926), 48.
40 Wang Hongyi王红谊, Zhangkai章楷, and Wang Siming王思明, Zhongguo jindai nongye gaijin shilue中国近代农业改进史略 [History of Agricultural Improvement in Modern China] (Beijing: China Agriculture Science Technology Press, 2001), p. 87.
41 Zhou Xin周昕, Zhongguo nongju fazhanshi中国农具发展史 [History of Development of Farming Tools in China] (Jinan: Shandong Science and Technology Press, 2005), p. 834.
42 Beijing Agricultural Engineering University北京农业工程大学, Zhongguo nongye jixiehua zhongyao wenxian ziliao huibian中国农业机械化重要文献资料汇编 [Compilation of Important Literature on Agricultural Mechanization in China] (Beijing: Beijing Agricultural University, 1988), p. 1337.
43 National Archives II, College Park, MD (hereafter NA II), Foreign Agricultural Service Narrative Reports (hereafter FAS NR) (1920–41), Mechanized Agricultural Plans in Manchuria, Folder China-Mechanization 1936–41, Box 54, Entry 5, Record Group 166, June 1936, p. 6.
44 Editorial, ‘Manzhouguo Lingtu Mianji Tongji Ju Shijie Zhi Diqiwei满洲帝国领土面积统计居世界之第七位 [Manchuria Empire Territory Area Ranks Seventh in the World]’, Shengjing Times盛京时报, 2nd December 1934. p. 4; Editorial, ‘Manzhouguo Zhi Mianji满洲国之面积[Manchuria Empire’s Territory Area]’, Shengjing Times盛京时报, 4th March 1932, p. 4.
45 NA II, FAS NR (1904–39), Paul M. Dutko, ‘Factors in North Manchuria Enlarging Field for American Tractors and Farm Machinery, January 1929’, CHINA (Manchuria), Folder Manchuria, Mechanization, Box 125, Entry 5, Record Group 166, 1928.
46 Editorial, ‘Nonglin xiaoxi: Guonei: Zhongyang paiyuan fumei chuxi liangshi huiyi 农林消息: 国内: 中央派员赴美出席粮食会议 [Agriculture and forestry news: Home: the central government sends personnel to attend food conference in the United States]’, Nongye Yuanxun 农业院讯, 4:7 (1943), 7.
47 Editorial, ‘Wodaibiao juxing zhaodai jizhehui: xiwang dahui neng lingdao zhanhou shijie congshi zengjia shengchan yu gaishan xiaofei gongzuo我代表举行招待记者会: 希望大会能领导战后世界从事增加生产与改善消费工作 [Our representatives held a press conference: we hope that the conference can lead the postwar world in increasing production and improving consumption]’, Liangzheng Yuekan粮政月刊, 1:2–3 (1943), 57–8.
48 Ibid.
49 Editorial, ‘Lianheguo liangshi nongye jigou huiyi: wo shouxi daibiao zou bingwen shi dangxuan zhiwei联合国粮食农业机构会议:我首席代表邹秉文氏当选执委 [Meeting of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: China’s chief representative Zou Bingwen was elected Executive Committee Member]’, Zhonghua Nongxuehui Tongxun中华农学会通讯, 54–5 (1945), 16.
50 NA II, FAS NR (1946–9), Committee on Agricultural Engineering for China, 1947, Folder Extension, 1946–9, Box 608, Entry 5, Record Group 166.
51 Editorial, ‘Huiwu shiling: zoulishizhang yu liuyuejian dang meiguo nongye gongchengshi xuehui zai weisikangxin zhaokai nianhui zhishi ceng chuxi gaihui yanshuo会务拾零:邹理事长于六月间当美国农业工程师学会在威斯康新召开年会之时,曾出席该会演说 [President Zou spoke at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers in Wisconsin in June]’, Zhonghua Nongxuehui Tongxun中华农学会通讯, 43 (1944), 6–7.
52 The Committee on Agricultural Engineering in China, Introducing Agricultural Engineering in China (Chicago, IL: International Harvester Company, 1949), p. vi.
53 The Archives of the Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica, Taipei (hereafter AIMH), A Plan for Promoting Agricultural Engineering Research and Education by the International Harvester Company in Cooperation with the Chinese Government, ‘Wanguo nongju gongsi nipai zhuanjia万国农具公司拟派专家 [IHC Plans to Send Experts to China]’, Nonglinbu农林部, [CMAF], 20-16-006-24, December 1945.
54 Ibid.
55 AIMH, An Initial Plan for Promoting Agricultural Engineering Research and Education by the Chinese Government in cooperation with the International Harvester Company, Unknown, ‘Meiguo nongju gongsi fudao woguo nongju yanjiu ji xunlian美国农具公司辅导我国农具研究及训练 [IHC Provides Us with Research and Training for Agricultural Equipment]’, Nonglinbu农林部, 20-16-045-07.
56 AIMH, ‘Meiguo wanguo nongju gongsi jiangxuejin jianlibiao美国万国农具公司奖学金学生简历表 [Resume of the IHC Fellows]’, Unknown, ‘Meiguo wanguo nongju gongsi 34 niandu jiangxuejin fumei renyuan美国万国农具公司34年度奖学金赴美人员 [The IHC Fellows in 1945]’, Nonglinbu农林部, 20-21-074-07. The ten admitted students majoring in agriculture were Xu Mingguang, Wu Qiya, Wu Xianggan, Li Hanru, Cai Chuanhan, Yu Youtai, Cui Yinan, Zhang Jigao, He Xianzhang, and Fang Zhengsan; the ten admitted students majoring in engineering were Tao Dinglai, Wang Wanjun, Shui Xinyuan, Zeng Dechao, Wu Kezhou, Gao Liangrun, Zhang Dejun, Li Kezuo, Chen Shengzu, and Xu Peicong.
57 AIMH, An Initial Plan for Promoting Agricultural Engineering Research and Education by the Chinese Government in cooperation with the International Harvester Company, Unknown, ‘Meiguo nongju gongsi fudao woguo nongju yanjiu ji xunlian美国农具公司辅导我国农具研究及训练 [IHC Provides Us with Research and Training for Agricultural Equipment]’.
58 Yu Youtai 余友泰 and others, ‘Jinian woguo nongye gongcheng shiye de xiandaozhe- zou bingwen xiansheng 纪念我国农业工程事业的先导者-邹秉文先生 [In Memory of Mr. Zou Bingwen, the Forerunner of Agricultural Engineering in China]’, in Hua Shu华恕, Zou Bingwen Jinianji邹秉文纪念集 [Zou Bingwen Memorial Collection] (Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 1993), pp. 219–24.
59 Ibid.
60 NA II, FAS NR (1946–9), Committee on Agricultural Engineering for China, 1947, Folder Extension, 1946–9, Box 608, Entry 5, Record Group 166.
61 The Committee on Agricultural Engineering in China, Introducing Agricultural Engineering in China, pp. 144–50.
62 These training places included Tennessee Valley Authority; State Forestry Station of Minnesota, USDA Research Laboratory at Peoria, Illinois; US Cotton Ginning Laboratory at Stoneville, Mississippi; Soil Conservation Department at Washington, DC; US Bureau of Reclamation at Denver; Worthington Pump Company at Harrison, New Jersey; Minneapolis-Moline Company; Ford Motor Company at Detroit; Oliver Farm Equipment Company at South Bend, Indiana; Caterpillar Tractor Company at Peoria, Illinois; Union Fork and Hoe Company at Columbus, Ohio; Moss Well Drilling Company at Los Angeles; Advance Pump Company at Berkeley, California; Adel Manufacturing Company at Hollydale, California; California Cotton Oil Company at Fresno; and many International Harvester dealers nationwide. The Committee on Agricultural Engineering in China, Introducing Agricultural Engineering in China, pp. 144–50.
63 Wang Xixian王希贤, ‘Mianhuai nongjie xianxian yizeng houxue zhongren-wei jinian zou bingwen dansheng yibai zhounian erzuo缅怀农界先贤益增后学重任——为纪念邹秉文诞生一百周年而作 [Remembering the Agricultural Forerunner: Commemorate the Centenary of the Birth of Zou Bingwen]’, in Shu华恕, Zou Bingwen Jinianji邹秉文纪念集 [Zou Bingwen Memorial Collection], pp. 236–40.
64 The Committee on Agricultural Engineering in China, Introducing Agricultural Engineering in China, pp. 150–1.
65 AIMH, An Initial Plan for Promoting Agricultural Engineering Research and Education by the Chinese Government in cooperation with the International Harvester Company, Unknown, ‘Wanguo nongju gongsi nipai zhuanjia万国农具公司拟派专家 [IHC Plans to Send Experts to China]’.
66 Wang Xixian王希贤, ‘Mianhuai nongjie xianxian yizeng houxue zhongren-wei jinian zou bingwen dansheng yibai zhounian erzuo缅怀农界先贤益增后学重任——为纪念邹秉文诞生一百周年而作 [Remembering the Agricultural Forerunner: Commemorate the Centenary of the Birth of Zou Bingwen]’, pp. 236–40.
67 AIMH, ‘Meiguo wanguo nongju gongsi 34 nian jiangxuejin liumei renyuan美国万国农具公司34年奖学金留美人员 [The IHC Fellows to the US in 1945]’, Nonglinbu农林部, 20-21-074-06, August 1948.
68 AIMH, Programme for 17 Harvester Fellows in Nanking, ‘Meiguo wanguo nongju gongsi 34 niandu jiangxuejin fumei renyuan美国万国农具公司34年度奖学金赴美人员[The IHC Fellows to the US in 1945]’, Nonglinbu农林部, 20-21-074-07, June 1948.
69 Cai Chuanhan, Shui Xinyuan, Zeng Dechao, and Zhang Dejun entered the NAEC. Xu Mingguang, Li Hanru, Yu Youtai, Tao Dinglai, and Chen Shengzu joined the Agricultural Machinery Operation and Management Office (AMOMO) under the direction of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration(UNRRA) in China. Wu Qiya and Cui Yinan were hired as faculty at the Division of Agricultural Engineering at National Central University. Fang Zhengsan was hired as faculty at the College of Agriculture at National Chekiang University; Li Kezuo, Gao Liangrun, and Wu Kezhou entered the NARB. Zhang Jigao went to the AMOMO Nanchang; Wang Wanjun entered the Cotton Improvement Service at Shanghai. AIMH, ‘Meiguo wanguo nongju gongsi jiangxuejin xuesheng gongzuo fenpei qingxing biao美国万国农具公司奖学金学生工作分配情形表 [Table of Work Distribution of the IHC Fellows]’, ‘niandu jiangxuejin fumei renyuan美国万国农具公司34年度奖学金赴美人员 [The IHC Fellows to the US in 1945]’, Nonglinbu农林部, 20-21-074-07, July 1948.
70 AIMH, Zou Bingwen to Qian Tianhe, ‘Meiguo nongju gongsi fudao woguo nongju yanjiu ji xunlian美国农具公司辅导我国农具研究及训练 [IHC Provides Us with Research and Training for Agricultural Equipment]’.
71 Ibid.
72 AIMH, ‘Nonglinbu daidian guoli zhongyang daxue jinlin daxue 农林部代电国立中央大学金陵大学 [The CMAF to the University of Nanking and National Central University]’, ‘Mei nongju zhuanjia laihua美农具专家来华 [American Agricultural Equipment Experts to China]’ Nonglinbu农林部, 20-21-039-20, July 1946.
73 AIMH, T. Tsur to Jay Brownlee Davidson, December 1945, ‘Meiguo nongju gongsi fudao woguo nongju yanjiu ji xunlian美国农具公司辅导我国农具研究及训练 [IHC Provides Us with Research and Training for Agricultural Equipment]’, Nonglinbu农林部, 20-16-045-07.
74 Ibid.
75 NA II, FAS NR (1946–9), Committee on Agricultural Engineering for China, 1947, Folder Extension, 1946–9, Box 608, Entry 5, Record Group 166.
76 Ibid.
77 Ibid.
78 The Committee on Agricultural Engineering in China, Introducing Agricultural Engineering in China, pp. 6–7.
79 NA II, FAS NR (1946–9), Report of the Committee on Agricultural Engineering in China for the Year Ending 31st December 1947, Folder Extension, 1946–9, Box 608, Entry 5, Record Group 166, March 1948.
80 The Committee on Agricultural Engineering in China, Introducing Agricultural Engineering in China, pp. 119–20.
81 Ibid., p. 120.
82 University of Nanking, Jinling daxue liushi zhounian jiniance金陵大学六十周年纪念册 [60 th Anniversary Album of the University of Nanking] (Nanjing: University of Nanking, 1948), p. 39.
83 Ibid.
84 Ibid., p. 40.
85 NA II, FAS NR (1946–9), Transmission of Annual Report for 1947 of Committee on Agricultural Engineering sponsored by the International Harvester Company, Chicago, Illinois, Folder China-Mechanization-Poultry and Eggs, 1946–9, Box 616, Entry 5, Record Group 166, March 1948.
86 NA II, FAS NR (1946–9), Committee on Agricultural Engineering for China, Folder Extension, 1946–9, Box 608, Entry 5, Record Group 166, 1947.
87 Kathryn Edgerton-Tarpley, ‘Between war and water: farmer, city, and state in China’s Yellow River flood of 1938–1947’, Agricultural History, 90:1 (2016), 109.
88 Micah S. Muscolino, ‘Refugees, land reclamation, and militarized landscapes in wartime China: Huanglongshan, Shaanxi, 1937–45’, The Journal of Asian Studies, 69:2 (2010), 454–5.
89 NA II, FAS NR (1946–9), Transmission of Annual Report for 1947 of Committee on Agricultural Engineering sponsored by the International Harvester Company, Chicago, Illinois, Folder China-Extension, 1946–9, Box 608, Entry 5, Record Group 166, March 1948.
90 Ibid.
91 Ibid.
92 The Committee on Agricultural Engineering in China, Introducing Agricultural Engineering in China, p. 59.
93 Editorial, ‘Jianshe Beibei Nongcun Jidai Meiguo Yuanzhu建设北碚农村 亟待美国援助 [The Construction of Beibei Community Urgently Needs American Assistance]’, Dagongbao (Chongqing) 大公报(重庆), 29th November 1948, p. 3.
94 NA II, FAS NR (1946–9), Oliver Edmund Clubb, American Consul General to the Secretary of State, Folder Labor, Poultry and Eggs, 1946–9, Box 616, Entry 5, Record Group 166, April 1948.
95 NA II, FAS NR (1946–9), 1948 Plans for Introduction of Tractors into Shansi Province, Folder Labor, Poultry and Eggs, 1946–9, Box 616, Entry 5, Record Group 166, April 1948.
96 The Committee on Agricultural Engineering in China, Introducing Agricultural Engineering in China, p. 31.
97 NA II, FAS NR (1946–9), Shansi Province Plan for Increase of Grain Production, Folder Labor, Poultry and Eggs, 1946–9, Box 616, Entry 5, Record Group 166, May 1948.
98 NA II, FAS NR (1946–9), Oliver Edmund Clubb, American Consul General to the Secretary of State, Folder Labor, Poultry and Eggs, 1946–9, Box 616, Entry 5, Record Group 166, April 1948.
99 NA II, FAS NA (1946–9), Mongolian Raw Materials and Native Products for Agricultural Implements, Folder Labor, Poultry and Eggs, 1946–9, Box 616, Entry 5, Record Group 166, May 1948.
100 AIMH, ‘Wei Gaishan Nongye Jingying Caiyong Meishi Nongqi Yiji Zengda Shengchan Chongyu Junmin Shiyongyou, 为改善农业经营采用美式农器以冀增大生产充裕军民食用由 [To improve agricultural management, American agricultural equipment was used to increase production to provide more food for the army and the people]’, January 1948; Taiyuan Xisen Qingqiu Yong Meishi Nongju Zengjia Shengchan太原季森请用美式农具增加生产 [Taiyuan Jisen requested American agricultural equipment to increase production]’, Nonglinbu农林部, 20-21-070-36.
101 NA II, FAS NR (1946–9), Mongolian Raw Materials and Native Products for Agricultural Implements, Folder Labor, Poultry and Eggs, 1946–9, Box 616, Entry 5, Record Group 166, May 1948.
102 NA II, FAS NR (1946–9), Conversation with A. G. Ahmed Concerning Barter of Mongolian Raw Materials and Native Products for Agricultural Implements Proposed to him by Representatives of the Provincial Government of Suiyuan, Folder Labor, Poultry and Eggs, 1946–9, Box 616, Entry 5, Record Group 166, June 1948.
103 NA II, FAS NR (1946–9), Mongolian Raw Materials and Native Products for Agricultural Implements, Folder Labor, Poultry and Eggs, 1946–9, Box 616, Entry 5, Record Group 166, May 1948.
104 Ibid.
105 NA II, FAS NR (1946–9), Conversation with A. G. Ahmed Concerning Barter of Mongolian Raw Materials and Native Products for Agricultural Implements Proposed to him by Representatives of the Provincial Government of Suiyuan, Folder Labor, Poultry and Eggs, 19469, Box 616, Entry 5, Record Group 166, June 1948.
106 Ma Junqi马俊起，‘Fabi de Tonghuo Pengzhang Yu Guomingdang Zhengfu De Waihui Zhengce法币的通货膨胀与国民党政府的外汇政策 [The CNC’s inflation and the foreign exchange policy of the Nationalist government]’, Jinrong Yanjiu金融研究 [Financial Research], 2 (1995), 81–2.
107 NA II, FAS NR (1946–9), Transmission of Annual Report for 1947 of Committee on Agricultural Engineering sponsored by the International Harvester Company, Chicago, Illinois, Folder China-Extension, 1946–9, Box 608, Entry 5, Record Group 166, March 1948.
108 The Committee on Agricultural Engineering in China, Introducing Agricultural Engineering in China, p. 253.
109 AIMH, List of Machine Shop Equipment, Laboratory Instruments and Literatures Submitted to the International Harvester Co., Meiguo nongju gongsi fudao woguo nongju yanjiu ji xunlian美国农具公司辅导我国农具研究及训练, Nonglinbu农林部, 20-16-045-07, December 1945.
110 AIMH, Nonglinbu农林部 to Xingzhengyuan 行政院, ‘Mei nongju zhuanjia laihua美农具专家来华 [American Agricultural Equipment Experts Coming to China]’, Nonglinbu农林部, 20-21-039-20, February 1947.
111 The Committee on Agricultural Engineering in China, Introducing Agricultural Engineering in China, pp. 73–5.
112 Ibid., pp. 79–104.
113 J. B. Davidson and Ma Fengzhou马逢周, ‘Meiguo de nongye jixiehua (fubiao) 美国的农业机械化(附表)’, Dongfang Zazhi东方杂 志, 43:1 (1947), 43–5.
114 AIMH, The National Agricultural Research Bureau to the Chinese Ministry of Agricultural and Forestry, ‘37 nian meiji nongju zhuanjia daiweisheng deng 3 ren fanmei 37年美籍农具专家戴维生等3人返美’, Nonglinbu农林部, 20-21-039-19, December 1948.
115 Mitter, ‘Imperialism, Transnationalism, and the Reconstruction of Post-War China: UNRRA in China, 1944–7’, p. 51.
116 Ibid., pp. 67–8.
117 Zheng Yougui郑有贵, 中国农业机械化改革的背景分析与理论反思 [Background Analysis and Theoretical Reflection of China’s Agricultural Mechanization Reform] (Beijing: Internal Report of the Research Center for Rural Economy, Ministry of Agriculture, 2001).
118 Tao Dinglai, ‘Brief history of agricultural engineering development in China: in memory of Mr. Zou Bingwen’, International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 1:1 (August 2008), 8–11.
119 Sigrid Schmalzer, Red Revolution, Green Revolution: Scientific Farming in Socialist China (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2016), p. 3.