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Language, Literacy, and Book Publishing in the Ukrainian SSR, 1923–1928

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2017

George Liber
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Slavic Review , Volume 41 , Issue 4 , Winter 1982 , pp. 673 - 685
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Copyright © Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. 1982

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References

1. According to the party census of 1922, Ukrainians, Belorussians, Kazakhs, Central Asians, and the national minorities in the RSFSR were underrepresented, while Russians, Jews, Georgians, Poles, and Latvians were overrepresented in the mass membership of the Communist Party. Rigby, T. H., The Membership of the C.P.S.U., 1917-1967 (Princeton, N.J., 1968), p. 366 Google Scholar.

2. The most important collections of documents on Ukrainianization are: Budivnytstvo Radians'koi Ukrainy (Kharkiv, 1931); Mykola, Skrypnyk, Statti i promovy, t. II: Natsional'ne pytannia (Kharkiv, 1931)Google Scholar; Komunistychna partiia Ukrainy v rezoliutsiiakh i rishenniakh z'izdiv konferentsii, 191S-1956 (Kiev, 1959), vol. 1; Dokumenty ukrains'koho komunizmu (New York, 1962); Luts'kyi, Iurii (George Luckyj), ed., Vaplitians'kyi zbirnyk (Oakville, Ontario, 1977)Google Scholar; Khvyl'ovyi, Mykola, Tvory v piat'okh tomakh (New York, Baltimore, and Toronto, 1978-)Google Scholar. The most useful studies on this period are: Valentyn Sadovs'kyi, Natsional'na polityka Sovietiv na Ukraini (Warsaw, 1937); Kowalewski, M. (Kovalevs'kyi), Polityka narodowoSciowa na Ukrainie Sowieckiej (Warsaw, 1938)Google Scholar; Jurij, Lawrynenko, Ukrainian Communism and Soviet Russian Policy Toward the Ukraine: An Annotated Bibliography, 1917-1953 (New York, 1953)Google Scholar; Luckyj, G. S. N., Literary Politics in the Soviet Ukraine, 1917-1934 (New York, 1956)Google Scholar; Robert S. Sullivant, Soviet Politics and the Ukraine, 1917-1957 (New York, 1962), pp. 201-56; Janusz, Radziejowski, “Kwestia narodowa w partii komunistycznej na Ukrainie radzieckiej (1920-1927)” Przeglqd historyczny 62, no. 3 (1971): 477–98Google Scholar; and Iwan, Koszeliwec, Mykola Skrypnyk (Munich, 1972)Google Scholar. S. Nykolyshyn, Kul'turnapolityka bol'shevykiv i ukrains'kyi kul'turnyi protses (n.p., 1947) should be used with caution

3. The year 1928 is a good cut-off date for this study, not only because it represented the end of the New Economic Policy and of the era of liberal Soviet nationality policy, but also because after 1928 the weekly Litopys ukrains'koho druku, the prime source for this inquiry, did not accurately portray the state of the book publishing industry in the Ukrainian SSR. On the deficiencies of the post-1928 Litopys, see Edward, Kasinec, “lurii O. Ivaniv-Mezhenko (1892-1969) as a bibliographer during his years in Kiev, 1919-1933” Journal of Library History, 24, no. 1 (Winter 1979): 13 Google Scholar.

4. A. Kozachenko, Mynule knyhy na Ukraini (Kharkiv, 1930), p. 82.

5. The best study of these repressions is Savchenko, Fedir's Zaborona ukrainstva 1876 r. (Kiev, 1930)Google Scholar, reprinted under the title: The Suppression of the Ukrainian Activities in 1876 (Munich, 1970).

6. Luckyj, Literary Politics in the Soviet Ukraine, p. 45.

7. D. Lebed', “Rech na kievskoi konferentsii,” Kommunist (Khar'kov), March 23, 1923; quoted in Popov, N. N., Narys istorii Komunistychnoi Partii (bil'shovykiv) Ukrainy (Kharkiv, 1928), p. 281 Google Scholar; Girchak, Ie. F., Na dvafronta v bor'be s natsionalizmom, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 1931), pp. 20–21Google Scholar; and Sullivant, Soviet Politics and the Ukraine, pp. 351-52.

8. “Proekt dekreta o sodeistvii razvitiiu kul'tury ukrainskogo naroda,” in K razresheniiu natsional'nogo voprosa, 2nd rev. ed. (Kiev, 1920), pp. 15-20; quoted in Iwan, Majstrenko, Borofbizm: A Chapter in the History of Ukrainian Communism (New York, 1954), pp. 271–76 Google Scholar.

9. See “V natsional'nomu pytanni,” in Kul'turne budivnytstvo v Ukrains'kii RSR (Kiev, 1959), 1:201-10.

10. “Pro zakhody zabezpechennia rivnopravnosti mov i pro dopomohu rozvytkovi ukrains'koi movy,” in ibid., pp. 242-47; Nykolyshyn, Kul'turna polityka bol'shevykiv, p. 15; Luckyj, Literary Politics, p. 44; Sullivant, Soviet Politics, p. 109.

11. Calculated by the author from Ukraina: Statystychnyi shchorichnyk 1929, table 4 (Kharkiv, 1929), p. 22. (Abbreviated hereafter as USS 1929).

12. Calculated by the author from Tsentral'noe statistichnoe upravlenie SSSR, otdel perepisi, Vsesoiuznaia perepis’ naselenia, 17 dekabria 1926 g., Kratkie svodki, vyp. VII: Vozrast i gramotnost' naseleniia SSSR (Moscow, 1928), p. 12.

13. Calculated by the author from ibid., p. 18.

14. Minaev, S. V., Naslidky vseliudnohoperepysu 1926 roku na Ukraini (Kharkiv, 1928), p. 77.Google Scholar

15. Calculated by the author from table 6, Vsesoiuznaia perepis’ Naseleniia 1926 goda, Vol. XI: Ukrainskaia Sotsialisticheskaia Sovetskaia Respublika (Moscow, 1929), pp. 8-17.

16. Calculated from table 6-A, ibid., pp. 18-19.

17. Calculated from table 7, USS 1929, p. 24.

18. M., Skrypnyk, Rekonstruktsiia krainy iperebudova shkoly (Kharkiv, 1932), p. 123 Google Scholar; quoted in S., Sioropolko, Narodnia osvita na Soviets'kii Ukraini (Warsaw, 1934), p. 157 Google Scholar.

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid., pp. 157-58.

21. “Pro zakhody v spravi ukrainizatsii shkil'no-vykhovnykh i kul'turno-osvitnykh ustanov,” in Kul'turne budivnytstvo, pp. 239-42.

22. Sullivant, Soviet Politics, p. 110.

23. “Pro provedennia zahal'noho navchannia na Ukraini,” in Kul'turne budivnytstvo, pp. 300- 303.

24. Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia (Toronto, 1963), 1:811.

25. Ivan Bakalo, Natsional'na polityka Lenina (Munich, 1974), p. 111.

26. “Pro stan narodnoi osvity na Ukraini,” in Kul'turne budivnytstvo, pp. 340-45. The decree was issued in January 1927.

27. “Pro stypendiiu dlia aspirantiv,” and “Pro zbil'shennia stypendii u shkil'nykh zakladakh profesiinoi osvity,” in Kul'turne budivnytstvo, pp. 237-38 and 238-39. Both were issued in July 1923.

28. See, for example, the July 27, 1923 decree, “Pro zakhody v spravi ukrainizatsii shkil'novykhovnykh i kul'turno-osvitnykh ustanov,” in ibid., pp. 241-42.

29. “Pro stan presy na Ukraini,” in ibid., pp. 324-31.

30. Iurii, Mezhenko, “Ukrains'ka knyzhka chasu Velykoi Revoliutsii” Zhyttia i revoliutsiia, no. 12 (1927), p. 311 Google Scholar.

31. Presa Ukrains'koi RSR, 1917-1966 (Kiev, 1967), p. 8.

32. Divide number of copies of books in the Russian and Ukrainian languages (see table 5) by the number of individuals literate in the Russian and Ukrainian languages (see note 16).

33. KP(b)U, Itogipartperepisi 1922 goda, I (Khar'kov, 1922), pp. xii, 116; also cited in Richard, Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union, rev. ed. (New York, 1968), p. 1968 Google Scholar.

34. VK(b)P, Tsentral'nyi komitet, Statisticheskii otdel, Vsesoiuznaia partiinaia perepis’ 1927 goda. 7-i vypusk. Narodnost’ i rodnoi iazyk chlenov VKP(b) i kandidatov v chleny. II. Sostav kommunistov korennoi narodnosti v natsional'nykh respublikakh i oblastiakh SSSR (Moscow, 1927), p. 51; cited in Basil, Dmytryshyn, “National and Social Composition of the Membership of the Communist Party (Bolshevik) of the Ukraine, 1918-1928” Journal of Central European Affairs, 17, no. 3 (1957): 257 Google Scholar.

35. Table 10, Kommunisticheskaia akademiia, komissiia po izucheniiu natsional'nogo voprosa, Natsional'naia politika VKP(b) v tsifrakh (Moscow, 1930), p. 161.

36. Tables 17 and 19, ibid., p. 177.

37. Table 33, ibid., pp. 230-31.

38. See Skrypnyk, M, “USRR — Piedmont ukrains'kykh trudiashchykh mas” in his Statti i promovy, pp. 153–59Google Scholar. As of December 9, 1931, there were over 5,917,000 Ukrainians in Poland, 780,000 in Romania, and 525,000 in Czechoslovakia. Table 2, Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia, 1:210-11.

39. See note 10.