Thanks to Miguel Aon, Georgiy Chernyavskiy, Peter Jelavich, Elaine May, Thomas Gaiton Marullo, Gabrielle Spiegel, and Christopher Stolarski for reading early versions. Our special thanks to Karen Brooks, Dina Khapaeva, Nikolay Koposov, Richard Wortman, Harriet Murav, and our anonymous reviewers for comments on a recent one.

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20. Beeler, “Napoleon Defeated in Leipzig, Again.“

21. Ibid.

22. Wikipedia, s.v. “List of Historical Reenactment Groups,” last modified December 2, 2015, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_reenactment_groups (last accessed December 2,2015).

23. See Vikipediia, s.v. “Istoricheskaia rekonstruktsiia,” last modified May 4, 2015, at http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/McTopMiiecKaH_peKOHCTpyKUMH (last accessed November 25, 2015). See also the map of events on the front page of Kameraden.ru, one of the major online forums for voennye rekonstruktory, fans of “military reconstruction,” at kameraden. ru (last accessed November 25,2015).

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32. Oleg Kashin, “The Most Dangerous Man in Ukraine Is an Obsessive War Reenactor Playing Now with Real Weapons,” trans. Ilya Lozovsky, New Republic, July 22, 2014, at http://www.newrepublic.com/article/118813/igor-strelkov-russian-war-reenactor-fights-realwar-ukraine (last accessed December 14,2015).

33. David Remnick, “After the Crash,” New Yorker, July 17, 2014, at http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/after-the-crash (last accessed December 14,2015).

34. See, for instance, the comments by ultranationalist Egor Prosvirnin in Alexey Eremenko, “In Ukraine, West's ‘Terrorists’ Are Russia's Heroes,” Moscow Times, July 27, 2014, at http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/in-ukraine-west-s-terrorists-are-russias-heroes/504127.html (last accessed November 25, 2015). Interestingly, an August 2, 2014, rally in support of the insurgents failed to draw the ten thousand attendees its organizers had anticipated. One commentator explained, “The low attendance may suggest that the Russian government is not going out of its way to promote the separatist leaders, as progovernment rallies are usually reinforced by bussed-in protesters. Indeed, given some reports of fears of Strelkov's possible role as a rival to Putin for the affections of nationalist Russians, the Kremlin may not wish to endorse a rally dominated by such adulatory portrayals of the separatist military leader.” Catherine A. Fitzpatrick, “Russia This Week: Siberian Group Seeking Greater Autonomy is Censored (28 July-2 August),” Interpreter, at http://www.interpretermag.com/russia-this-week-british-public-inquiry-into-litvinenkopoisoning-death-to-open/ (last accessed November 25, 2015).

35. See, for instance, Iggy Ostanin's analysis of Girkin's posts on reenactment forums, “Russia against the World: Igor Strelkov's Self-Fulfilling Prophecy,” Interpreter, August 4, 2014, at http://www.interpretermag.com/russia-against-the-world-igor-strelkovs-self-fulfillingprophecy/ (last accessed November 25, 2015). In his posts pre-dating the conflict, Girkin discussed—among other things—using historical emblems like the St. George ribbon to stir patriotic fervor and manipulate the Russian masses.

36. Kansteiner, Wulf, “Alternate Worlds and Invented Communities: History and Historical Consciousness in the Age of Interactive Media,” in Jenkins, Keith, Morgan, Sue, and Munslow, Alun, eds., Manifestos for History (London, 2007), 131-48.Google Scholar

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40. Quoted in Angelo Horvath, “Fallout Games History Overview,” Vault-Tec: Fallout Blog, at http://www.thevaulttecinc.com/2014/05/fallout-games-history-overview.html (last accessed December 14, 2015). For the trailer, see “Fallout 3 Trailer,” YouTube video, 3:03, posted by Bethesda Softworks, May 13,2013, at http://www.youtu.be/07alGVlC9SM (last accessed December 14,2015). The game is set in 2277, two hundred years after a nuclear war. The Lone Wanderer leaves a shelter that had been sealed since the war to fight supermutants and an abhorrent U.S. government. Fallout wiki, s.v. “Fallout3,” last modified November 30,2015, at http://www.fallout.wikia.com/wiki/Fallout_3 (last accessed December 1,2015).

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44. Data from Newzoo and Mail.ru, analyzed and summarized in “Exploring the Video Game Market in Russia,” thinkRUSSIA, lanuary 16,2014, at http://www.thinkrussia.com/business-economy/exploring-video-game-market-russia (last accessed November 25, 2015).

45. See Eddie Makuch, “World of Tanks Reaches 1.1M Concurrent Players, Still Nowhere Close to League of Legends,” Gamespot, lanuary 21, 2014, at http://www.gamespot.com/articles/world-of-tanks-reaches-1-lm-concurrent-players-still-nowhere-close-to-leagueof-legends/1100-6417254/ (last accessed November 25, 2015).

46. See “Gosduma zapretit antirossiiskie igry,” Izvestiia, February 6,2014, at izvestia. ru/news/565248 (last accessed November 25, 2015); and “Duma zapretit antirossiiskie igry,” Ridus, February 6, 2014, at http://www.ridus.ru/news/154223 (last accessed November 25, 2015). See also one Russian player's somewhat bemused reaction to the attack on World of Tanks, “Gaming in Russia: Propaganda against Videogames,” Kinja, February 8, 2014, at http://omeniel.kinja.com/gaming-in-russia-russian-propaganda-against-videogames-1518483574 (last accessed November 25, 2015).

47. Mutatis mutandis, this can be compared to the American military's promotion of war games. See Stahl, Roger, Militainment, Inc.: War, Media, and Popular Culture (New York, 2010).Google Scholar

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49. Data from Newzoo, reported and analyzed in William Usher, “75 Percent of Russian Gamers Get Their Games Illegally,” CINEMABLEND, September 13, 2011, at http://www.cinemablend.com/games/75-Percent-Russian-Gamers-Get-Their-Games-Illegally-35054.html (last accessed November 25,2015).

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53. See Stahl, Militainment, Inc., particularly chap. 4, “War Games.“

54. There is a literature on the psychological effects of playing violent video games and how such games desensitize players to actual violence. See, for example, Anderson, Craig A., Gentile, Douglas A., and Buckley, Katherine E., Violent Video Game Effects on Children and Adolescents: Theory, Research, and Public Policy (Oxford, 2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar They attribute Sega Genesis's success at the expense of Nintendo in the 1990s to the platform's more violent one-on-one fighting games, such as Double Dragon and Mortal Combat.

55. Lupton, Deborah, Risk, 2nd ed. (London, 2013), 4.Google ScholarPubMed Iurii Lotman also explores risk and culture in Iu. M. Kul'tura i vzryv (Moscow, 1992).

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60. Dana Jennings, “In a Fantasyland of Liars, Trust No One, and Keep Your Dragon Close,” New York Times, July 14, 2011, at http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/15/books/a-dancewith-dragons-by-george-r-r-martin-review.html (last accessed December 1, 2015). Jennings writes, “So, yes, winter is still coming. Tolkien is dead. And long live George Martin.” Daniel Mendelsohn also notes the book and television series’ power in “The Women and the Thrones,” New York Review of Books, November 7, 2013,40-42, at http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2013/11/07/women-and-thrones/ (last accessed December 1,2015).

61. A Google search of “game of thrones series and book differences” performed in July 2015 yielded much discussion online and in print. Commentators on personal blogs, in comment sections, and in forums discuss graphic violence, sex, gender roles, and much else.

62. Ben Milne, “Game of Thrones: The Cult French Novel That Inspired George RR Martin,” BBC New Magazine, April 4, 2014, at http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26824993 (last accessed December 1,2015).

63. An early example is the essay collection J. C. Squire, ed., If It Had Happened Otherwise (London, 1931), featuring essays by Winston Churchill, G. K. Chesterton, and others. On this subject, see also Kansteiner, “Alternate Worlds and Invented Communities,” 143.

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72. “Knizhnaia seriia ‘Voenno-istoricheskaia fantastika,'” Laboratoriia fantastiki, at http://fantlab.ru/series713 (last accessed December 1, 2015).

73. See Literaturnyi forum “Vvikhre vremen,” at http://forum.amahrov.ru (last accessed December 1, 2015).

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77. Ibid.

78. Ibid.

79. The picture is reproduced in Yuri Vasnetsov: Paintings, Drawings, Watercolours, Book Illustrations, Lithographs, Theatrical Designs, Porcelain (Leningrad, 1984), plate 109.

80. Mathew Cullerne Bown reproduces and discusses the painting in his Socialist Realist Painting (New Haven, 1998), 209-10,267.

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84. See, for instance, Anemone, Anthony, “The Anti-World of Daniil Kharms: On the Significance of the Absurd,” in Cornwell, Neil, ed., Daniil Kharms and the Poetics of the Absurd: Essays and Materials (New York, 1991), 71-93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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92. Ibid., 590-610.

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