Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-nptnm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-09-12T14:07:56.534Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A Comparative Analysis of European Immigrant Streams to the United States during the Early Mass Migration

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2016

Extract

Virtually all previous empirical studies analyzing the characteristics of European immigrants to the United States during the nineteenth century examine a single country. These studies provide a vast array of information on some or all of the following: the immigrants’ ages, their occupations, whether they traveled singly or within a group, the size of the traveling groups, the number of their children, and the gender breakdown, along with other characteristics. As a result of this empirical work, our knowledge concerning who immigrated to the United States during the nineteenth century is much clearer than it was 30 years ago. Since this body of work is specific to individual countries and based on a variety of data sources, however, it is difficult to compare the characteristics of the immigrants from the various source countries.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Social Science History Association 1995 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, W. F. (1932) Ireland and Irish Emigration to the New World from 1815 to the Famine. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Bailyn, Bernard (1986) Voyagers to the West. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Baines, Dudley (1985) Migration in a Mature Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cohn, Raymond L. (1984) “Mortality on immigrant voyages to New York, 1836-1853.” Journal of Economic History 44: 289300.Google Scholar
Cohn, Raymond L. (1987) “The determinants of individual immigrant mortality on sailing ships, 1836-1853.” Explorations in Economic History 24: 371-91.Google Scholar
Cohn, Raymond L. (1992a) “The occupations of English immigrants to the U.S., 1836-1853.” Journal of Economic History 52: 377-87.Google Scholar
Cohn, Raymond L. (1992b) “Transatlantic U.S. passenger travel at the dawn of the steamship era.“ International Journal of Maritime History 4: 4364.Google Scholar
Cohn, Raymond L. (forthcoming) “Occupational evidence on the causes of immigration to the U.S., 1836-1853.” Explorations in Economic History.Google Scholar
Davie, Maurice R. (1936) World Immigration. New York: Macmillan Company.Google Scholar
Erickson, Charlotte J. (1972) “Who were the English and Scots emigrants to the United States in the late-nineteenth century?,” in Glass, D.V. and Revelle, R. (eds.) Population and Social Change. New York: Edward Arnold: 347-81.Google Scholar
Erickson, Charlotte J. (1981) “Emigration from the British Isles to the U.S.A. in 1831.” Population Studies 25: 175-97.Google Scholar
Erickson, Charlotte J. (1986) “The uses of passenger lists for the study of British and Irish emigration,“ in Glazier, Ira A. and De Rosa, Luigi (eds.) Migration across Time and Nations. New York: Holmes & Meier: 318-35.Google Scholar
Erickson, Charlotte J. (1989) “Emigration from the British Isles to the U.S.A. in 1841: Part I. Emigration from the British Isles.” Population Studies 43: 347-67.Google Scholar
Erickson, Charlotte J. (1990) “Emigration from the British Isles to the U.S.A. in 1841: Part II. Who were the English emigrants?Population Studies 44: 2140.Google Scholar
Glazier, Ira A., Mageean, Dierdre, and Okeke, Barnabus (1989) “Socio-demographic characteristics of Irish immigrants, 1846-1851,” in Friedland, Klaus (ed.) Maritime Aspects of Migration. Cologne: Böhlau Verlag: 243-78.Google Scholar
Grubb, Farley (1989) “The reliability of U.S. immigration statistics: The case of Philadelphia, 1815-1830.” International Journal of Maritime History 2: 2954.Google Scholar
Grubb, Farley (1990) “German immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820.” Journal of Inter disciplinary History 20: 417-36.Google Scholar
Hansen, Maurice L. (1940) The Atlantic Migration, 1607-1860. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hoerder, Dirk, and Rössler, Horst (1993) Distant Magnets: Expectations and Realities in the Immigrant Experience, 1840-1930. New York: Holmes & Meier.Google Scholar
Horrell, Sara, and Humphries, Jane (1992) “Old questions, new data, and alternative perspectives: Families’ living standards in the Industrial Revolution.” Journal of Economic History 52: 849-80.Google Scholar
Horrell, Sara, and Humphries, Jane (1994) “Women's labor force participation and the transition to the male bread winner family, 1790-1865.” Economic History Review. Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, E. P. (1958) “Notes on immigration statistics of the United States.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 53: 9631025.Google Scholar
Hvidt, K. (1975) Flight to America: The Social Background of 300,000 Danish Emigrants. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kamphoefner, Walter D. (1987) The Westfalians: From Germany to Missouri. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Köllmann, W., and Marschalk, P. (1973) “German emigration to the United States.” Perspectives in American History 7: 499554.Google Scholar
MacDonagh, Oliver (1976) “The Irish famine emigration to the United States.” Perspectives in American History 10: 357446.Google Scholar
Mageean, Dierdre (1985) “Nineteenth-century Irish emigration: A case study using passenger lists,” in Drudy, P. J. (ed.) Irish Studies, volume 4, The Irish in America: Emigration, Assimilation and Impact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 3961.Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel (1985) Why Ireland Starved: A Quantitative and Analytical History of the Irish Economy, 1780-1850. London: George Allen & Unwin, paperback edition.Google Scholar
Nugent, Walter (1992) Crossings: The Great Transatlantic Migrations, 1870-1914. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
O Gráda, Cormac (1983) “Across the briny ocean: Some thoughts on Irish emigration to America, 1800-1850,” in Devine, T. M. and Dickson, David (eds.) Ireland and Scotland, 1600-1850. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers: 118-30.Google Scholar
Olssen, Nils William (1967) Swedish Passenger Arrivals in New York, 1820-1850. Stockholm: Norstedts Tryckeri, 2 vols.Google Scholar
Runblom, H., and Norman, H., eds. (1977) From Sweden to America: A History of the Migration. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Semmingsen, Ingrid (1960) “Norwegian emigration in the nineteenth century.” Scandinavian Economic History Review 8: 150-60.Google Scholar
Swierenga, Robert P. (1980) “Dutch immigrant demography, 1820-1880.” Journal of Family History 5: 390405.Google Scholar
Swierenga, Robert P. (1981) “Dutch international migration statistics, 1820-1880: An analysis of linked multinational nominal files.” International Migration Review 15: 445-70.Google Scholar
Taylor, Philip (1971) The Distant Magnet. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Thernstrom, Stephan (1973) The Other Bostonians: Poverty and Progress in the American Metropolis, 1880-1970. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Commerce (1976) Historical Statistics of the United States. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Van Vugt, William E. (1988a) “Prosperity and industrial emigration from Britain during the early 1850s.” Journal of Social History 22: 339-54.Google Scholar
Van Vugt, William E. (1988b) “Running from ruin?: The emigration of British farmers to the U.S.A. in the wake of the repeal of the Corn Laws.” Economic History Review 41: 411-28.Google Scholar