Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-cx56b Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-09-11T13:32:38.805Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Growth of Literacy in Colonial America: Longitudinal Patterns, Economic Models, and the Direction of Future Research

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2016

Extract

Literacy underwent revolutionary growth in northwestern Europe during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This revolution coincided with other dramatic changes in European society, such as the industrial, demographic, agricultural, political, and religious revolutions (Deane 1969: 20–84). While the relationships between literacy and these other revolutions are not fully understood, their association is apparent and many potential influences exist (Cipolla 1969; Cremin 1970; Graff 1981: 232–60; 1987a, 1987b; Jensen 1986: 114–28; Maynes 1985: 117–31; Mitch 1984, 1988; Sanderson 1983; West 1978). The transplantation of European society across the Atlantic brought the literacy revolution to the American periphery. While numerous studies have shown that colonial America participated in this expansion of literacy, the common longitudinal patterns of literacy growth across the various regions and populations of colonial America have received less attention.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Social Science History Association 1990 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Auwers, L. (1980) “Reading the marks of the past: Exploring female literacy in colonial Windsor, Connecticut.” Historical Methods 13: 204-14.Google Scholar
Bailyn, B. (1960) Education in the Forming of American Society. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Beales, R. W. Jr., (1978) “Studying literacy at the community level: A research note.Journal of Interdisciplinary History 9: 93102.Google Scholar
Cipolla, C. M. (1969) Literacy and Development in the West. Baltimore: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
City Archives of Philadelphia (1771-73) “Record of indentures of individuals bound out as apprentices, servants, etc. and of German and other redemptioners in the Office of the Mayor of the City of Philadelphia, October 3, 1771 to October 5, 1773.”Google Scholar
Craig, J. E. (1981) “The expansion of education.Research in Education 9: 151213.Google Scholar
Cremin, L. A. (1970) American Education: The Colonial Experience, 1607-1783. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Cressy, D. (1980) Literacy and the Social Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cressy, D. (1987) Coming Over: Migration and Communication between England and New England in the Seventeenth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Deane, P. (1969) The First Industrial Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Galenson, D. W. (1979) “Literacy and the social origins of some early Americans.” Historical Journal 22: 7591.Google Scholar
Galenson, D. W. (1981) White Servitude in Colonial America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gallman, R. E. (1987) “Two problems in the measurement of colonial literacy.” Historical Methods 20: 137-41.Google Scholar
Gallman, R. E. (1988) “Changes in the level of literacy in a new community in early America.Journal of Economic History 48: 567-82.Google Scholar
Gawthrop, R., and Strauss, G. (1984) “Protestantism and literacy in early modern Germany.Past and Present 104: 3155.Google Scholar
Gilmore, W. J. (1982) “Elementary literacy on the eve of the industrial revolution: Trends in rural New England, 1760-1830.” Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 92: 87178.Google Scholar
Gilmore, W. J. (1989) Reading Becomes a Necessity of Life. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar
Graff, H. J. (1987a) The Labyrinths of Literacy. London: Falmer.Google Scholar
Graff, H. J. (1987b) The Legacies of Literacy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Graff, H. J., ed. (1981) Literacy and Social Development in the West. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Grubb, F. (1987) “Colonial immigrant literacy. An economic analysis of Pennsylvania-German evidence, 1727-1775.” Explorations in Economic History 24: 6376.Google Scholar
Grubb, F. (1988) “The auction of redemptioner servants, Philadelphia, 1771-1804: An economic analysis.Journal of Economic History 48: 583603.Google Scholar
Houston, R. (1982) “The literacy myth? Illiteracy in Scotland, 1630-1760.” Past and Present 96: 81102.Google Scholar
Jensen, J. M. (1986) Loosening the Bonds: Mid-Atlantic Farm Women, 1750-1850. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Johansson, E. (1981) “The history of literacy in Sweden,” in Graff, H. J. (ed.) Literacy and Social Development in the West. London: Cambridge University Press: 151-82.Google Scholar
Jones, A. H. (1980) Wealth of a Nation to Be. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Kilpatrick, W. H. (1912) The Dutch Schools of the New Netherlands and Colonial New York. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Knauss, J. O. Jr., (1918) “Social conditions among the Pennsylvania Germans in the eighteenth century, as related in German newspapers published in America.Pennsylvania German Society 28: 1217.Google Scholar
Levine, D. (1979) “Education and family life in early industrial England.” Journal of Family History 4: 368-80.Google Scholar
Lockridge, K. A. (1974) Literacy in Colonial New England. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Lockridge, K. A. (1981) “Literacy in early America, 1650-1800,” in Graff, H. J. (ed.) Lit eracy and Social Development in the West. London: Cambridge University Press: 183200.Google Scholar
Main, G. L., and Main, J. T. (1988) “Economic growth and the standard of living in southern New England, 1640-1774.” Journal of Economic History 48: 2746.Google Scholar
Maynes, M. J. (1985) Schooling in Western Europe. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Mitch, D. (1984) “Underinvestment in literacy? The potential contribution of government involvement in elementary education to economic growth in nineteenth-century England.” Journal of Economic History 44: 557-66.Google Scholar
Mitch, D. (1988) “The rise of popular literacy in modern times and its expla nation.” Unpublished manuscript, Economics Department, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Catonsville.Google Scholar
Mittelberger, G. (1960) Journey to Pennsylvania in the Year 1750 and Return to Germany in the Year 1754, trans, and ed. Handlin, O. and Clive, J.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Moogk, P. N. (1989) “Reluctant exiles: The problems of colonization in French North America.” William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 46: 463505.Google Scholar
Muhlenberg, H. M. (1942) The Journals of Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, trans. Tappert, T. G. and Doberstein, J. W.. 3 vols., Philadelphia: Muhlenberg.Google Scholar
Perkins, E. J. (1988) The Economy of Colonial America. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Rothenberg, W. B. (1981) “The market and Massachusetts farmers, 1750-1855.” Journal of Economic History 41: 283314.Google Scholar
Sanderson, M. (1983) Education, Economic Change, and Society in England, 1780-1870. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Schofield, R. S. (1968) “The measurement of literacy in pre-industrial England,” in Goody, J. (ed.) Literacy in Traditional Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 311-25.Google Scholar
Schofield, R. S. (1973) “Dimensions of illiteracy, 1750-1850.Explorations in Economic History 10: 437-54.Google Scholar
Schofield, R. S. (1989) “Fertility, nuptiality, and mortality according to literacy: 1754-1840.” Unpublished manuscript, Cambridge Group for the History of Population, Cambridge, U.K.Google Scholar
Schweitzer, M. M. (1987) Custom and Contract: Household, Government, and Economy in Colonial Pennsylvania. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Soltow, L., and Stevens, E. (1981) The Rise of Literacy and the Common School in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Steele, I. K. (1986) The English Atlantic, 1675-1740: An Exploration of Communication and Community. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stone, L. (1969) “Literacy and education in England.” Past and Present 42: 68139.Google Scholar
Strassburger, R. B. (1934) Pennsylvania German Pioneers. 3 vols., Norristown: Pennsylvania German Society.Google Scholar
Tully, A. (1972) “Literacy levels and educational development in rural Pennsylvania, 1729-1775.” Pennsylvania History 39: 301-12.Google Scholar
Weber, S. E. (1905) The Charity School Movement in Colonial Pennsylvania. Philadelphia: George F. Lasher Press.Google Scholar
West, E. G. (1978) “Literacy and the industrial revolution.” Economic History Review 31: 369-83.Google Scholar