Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the Southwestern Political Science Association annual meeting, March 23–26, 1988, Houston, Texas, and at the American Politics Group meeting in Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford University, January 4–6, 1988.

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112. Those who lay exclusive stress on corporate liberalism as the dominant ideology for all twentieth-century regimes could be said to embrace this conclusion implicitly. See, for example, Sklar, Martin J., The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890—1916 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 34–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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129. McCormick, The Party Period, 328.

130. Ibid., 311–55.

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137. Ahlstrom, A Religious History, 842–44.

138. Gossett, Race, 144–97 and 287–408.

139. Davis, Spearheads for Reform, 218–46; McClymer, War and Welfare. An early social-science treatment of assimilation is a series of five articles by Simons, Sarah, “Social Assimilation,” American Journal of Sociology 6 and 7 (1901 and 1902)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and see “Assimilation,” in Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. This literature took the term Americanization during World War I, producing a minor academic industry in the social sciences. See, for example, the “Americanization Studies” published by Harper and Brothers in the 1920s. Titles include Schooling of the Immigrant; Old World Traits Transplanted; Adjusting Immigrants and Industry; and The Immigrant Press and Its Control.

140. Lustig, Corporate Liberalism, 192–226; and see Kennedy, David M., Over Here: The First World War and American Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980)Google Scholar; Ahlstrom, A Religious History, 877–94; Abrams, Ray H., Preachers Present Arms (New York: Round Table Press, 1933), 105–91Google Scholar; and Davis, Spearheads for Reform, 218–35.

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142. Marsden, Fundamentalism, 141—52.

143. Weinstein, James, The Decline of Socialism in America (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1967)Google Scholar.

144. Alchon, The Invisible Hand of Planning; and Karl, Barry, The Uneasy State: The United States from 1915 to 1945 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 50–79Google Scholar.

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147. Timberlake, Prohibition and the Progressive Movement; and see “Temperance and Prohibition” in Jack Greene, ed., Encyclopedia of American Political History; and Kelly et al., The American Constitution, 475–77.

148. McClymer, War and Welfare, 12–29; Davis, Spearheads for Reform. Women's gains during this period in the social sciences are nicely symbolized in the publication Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 1930–34. For the 1830–60s period, Douglas, Ann, The Feminization of American Culture (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977)Google Scholar; and Walters, Antislavery Appeal.

149. Peterson and Fite, Opponents of War; Abrams, Preachers Present Arms.

150. Skowronek, Building a New American State, 163–292; Alchon, The Invisible Hand of Planning; Hawley, “Herbert Hoover”; McQuaid, “Corporate Liberalism in the American Business Community, 1920–1940.”

151. Ferguson, Thomas, “From Normalcy to New Deal; Industrial Structure, Party Competition, and American Public Policy in the Great Depression,” International Organization 37 (1984)Google Scholar; Leuchtenburg, William E., “The New Deal and the Analogue of War,” in Braeman, John, Bremner, Robert H., and Walters, Everett, eds., Change and Continuity in Twentieth Century America, (Columbus: University of Ohio Press, 1964)Google Scholar; Karl, The Uneasy State, 34–49 and 113–30.

152. Keller, Affairs of State, 207–318 for late nineteenth century; Shefter, “Party, Bureaucracy, and Political Change,” 237–43 for this description of the New Deal.

153. Shefter, “Party, Bureaucracy, and Political Change,” 239.

154. Jaenicke, “The Jacksonian Integration of Parties,” 239.

155. Lippman, Drift and Mastery, 84–85; and see Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction; and Lustig, Corporate Liberalism, 29–30 and 201–8 on the contrast between Theodore Roosevelt and Wilson on antitrust and administered markets.

156. Follett, The New State, 137–48, 333–44, and 442–50; Small, “The Church and Class Conflicts.”

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164. Reference here is to administrative agencies and the claims of the new professionals in economics, sociology, political science, and public administration to be policy makers. For the most arrogant dismissal of the bench and bar having played a significant role in progressive reform, see Croly, Promise of American Life, 131–37. From within the profession and the law schools, Stevens, Robert, Law School (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983), 131–54Google Scholar.

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166. Follett, The New State, 173; and see Lustig, Corporate Liberalism, 195–226.

167. Follett, The New State, 141.

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169. The best statement of this is Huntington, Samuel, “Congressional Responses to the Twentieth Century,” in Truman, David, ed., Congress and America's Future (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965)Google Scholar.

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