Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-m9pkr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-09T11:26:47.491Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Bible in the Investiture Contest: The South German Gregorian Circle

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 February 2016

I.S. Robinson
I.S. Robinson*
Affiliation:
Trinity College, Dublin
Get access

Extract

Beryl Smalley has often pointed to the importance of the eleventh-century cathedral schools in the history of biblical studies, but she has also emphasized the difficulties of investigating the study of the sacred page in this century. ‘We have to eke out our knowledge by guesswork …. We are beginning to see a great movement. Though we cannot yet discern the detail, we can trace its outline, at least provisionally’. At first the outlook appears bleak. Abbot Williram of Ebersberg is found complaining c. 1060 that scholars concentrate on grammar and dialectic and neglect the Scriptures: a charge echoed a few years later by Otloh of St. Emmeram in Regensburg. However, the complaints of these monastic polemicists run directly contrary to the information coming out of the cathedral schools. Here the news is of masters abandoning profane learning in favour of sacred studies.

Type
Research Article
Information
Studies in Church History Subsidia , Volume 4: The Bible in the Medieval World , 1985 , pp. 61 - 84
Copyright
Copyright © Ecclesiastical History Society 1985 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Smalley, Bible, pp. 46-9, 66-77; ‘La Glossa Ordinaria: quelques prédécesseurs d’Anselme de Laon’, RTAM, ix (1937), pp. 365-400; ‘Les commentaires bibliques de l’époque romane: glose ordinaire et gloses périmées’, Cahiers de civilisation médiévale, iv (1961), pp. 15-22, reprinted in: Studies, pp. 17-25.

2 Williram, , Prologus in Cantica, ed. Seemüller, J., Quellen und Forschungen zur Sprach- und Kulturgeschichte, xxviii (1878), pp. 1–2Google Scholar; Otloh, , Dialogus de tribus quaestionibus: praefatio, PL cxlvi, 60Google Scholar. See Smalley, Bible, pp. 45-6.

3 Gozechini scholastici epistola ad Valcherum, ch. 33, PL cxliii, 902: ‘Haec omnia sapienter despexit Herimannus Remensis, Drogo Parisiensis, Spirensis Huoremannus, Bavenbergensis Meinbardus et praeterea multi et praestantes et praecipuae auctoritalis viri, qui praecisis speciebus et abdicatis laboribus studiis valefecerunt et sapienti consiiio usi in theologiae otium concesserunt’.

4 Williams, J.R., ‘The cathedral school of Rheims in the eleventh century’. Speculum, xxix (1954), p. 663Google Scholar; Erdmann, C., Studien zur Briefliteratur Deutschtands im elften Jahrhundert, MGH Schriften, I (1938), pp. 19–20.Google Scholar

5 Augustine, De vera religione, XXXV, 65, PL xxxiv, 151: ‘non otium desidiae, sed otium cogitationis, ut a locis et temporibus vacet’.

6 Smalley, ‘La Glossa Ordinaria’, pp. 372-99; Bible, pp. 47, 63-5, 70-2.

7 Caspari, C.P., Kirchenhistorische Anecdota, i (Christiana, 1883), pp. 251–74Google Scholar, edited De fide as the work of Meginhard, monk of Fulda (┼888). See Fickermann, N., ‘Eine bisher verkannte Schrift Meinhards von Bamberg’, Neues Archiv, xlix (1931-2), pp. 452–5.Google Scholar

8 Wolfger, De scriptoribus ecclesiasticis, ch. 111, ed. E. Ettlinger, Der sog. Anonymus Mellicensis de scriptoribus ecclesiasticis (Karlsruhe, 1896), p. 95: ‘… in canticum canticorum explanationum opus eximium.’

9 Weitere Briefe Meinhards von Bamberg, 4, Briefsammlungen der Zeit Heinrichs IV., MGH Briefe, V, p. 196.

10 Die Hannoversche Briefsammlung, 65, MGH Briefe, V, p. 113; Weitere Briefe Meinhards von Bamberg, 1, p. 193. See Erdmann, Studien zur Briefliteratur, pp. 16-24.

11 Die Hannoversche Briefsammlung, 80, p. 130.

12 Meinhard, De fide, ed. Caspari, pp. 255-6: ‘… in divinis vero scripturis, ut intelligas, oportet te fide, quae praecessit, promereri’.

13 Frutolfof Michelsberg, Chronica 1085, Ausgewählte Quellen zur deulschen Geschichte des Mittelalters, xv (Darmstadt, 1972), p. 98.

14 Fleckenstein, J., ‘Heinrich IV und der deutsche Episkopat in den Anfängen des Investiturstreites’, Adel und Kirche. Festschrift für Gerd Tellenbach, ed. Fleckenstein, J. and Schmid, K. (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1968), p. 235Google Scholar; ‘Hofkapelle und Reichsepiskopat unter Heinrich IV.’, Investiturstreit und Reichsverfassung, ed. J. Fleckenstein, Vorträge und Forschungen xvii (Sigmaringen, 1973), pp. 135-6.

15 Sigebert of Gembloux, Liber de scriptoribus ecclesiasticis, 165, PL clx, 585.

16 The fact that Bernhard was Meinhard’s pupil was established by Erdmann, Studien zur Briefliteratur, pp. 218-21, 308-11, who also worked out the chronology of his career.

17 Bernhard’s Liber canonum (MGH Lib, I, pp. 472-516) was composed in response to the synod of Mainz of May 1085 which witnessed Henry IV’s reorganization of the German church: see Knonau, G. Meyer von, Jahrbücher des Deutschen Reiches unter Heinrich IV. und Heinrich V., iv (Leipzig, 1903), pp. 22–3, 25–6, 43, 547–50.Google Scholar.

18 Erdmann, Studien zur Briefliteratur, pp. 206-11, 304-8.

19 Hildesheimer Briefe, 24, Briefsammlungen der Zeit Heinrichs IV., pp. 56-9. See Erdmann, Studien zur Briefliteratur, p. 220.

20 Adalbert and Bernold of Constance, De damnatione scismaticorum, epistola, 3, MCH Lib, II, p. 47: ‘… sacerdoti Bernardo, non iam nugacem liram Horatii, sed misticam cytharam David fructuosius sibi et suis auditoribus amptexanti’.

21 Ibid., epistola, 1, p. 28.

22 This reply, the original inquiry, and a subsequent letter by Adalbert and Bernold, were edited by Bernold as a single treatise, of which the only complete extant manuscript exemplar is Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, MS HB.VI.107. See Autenrieth, J., Die Domschule von Konstanz zur Zeil des Investitur-streits (Stuttgart, 1956), pp. 135–42.Google Scholar

23 This is argued by Robinson, I.S., ‘Zur Arbeitsweise Bernolds von Konstanz und seines Kreises’, DA, xxxiv (1978), pp. 99–101.Google Scholar

24 Berthold of Reichenau, Annales 1071, MGH SS, V, p. 275.

25 Robinson, ‘Arbeitsweise Bernolds’, pp. 95-7, 100.

26 Hincmar, Opusculum LV capitulorum, 28, PL cxxvi, 400-1. Cf. Bernhard, De damnatione scismaticorum, epistola, 2, pp. 31, 32-3.

27 Autenrieth, Domschule; ‘Bernold von Konstanz und der Codex Sangallensis 676’, Friedrich Baethgen zu seinem 65. Geburtstag (typescript in the Library of MGH, Munich, 1955), pp. 1—17; Die Handschriften der Württembergischen Landesbibliothek, ii, 3: Die Handschriften der ehemaligen Hofbibliothek Stuttgart, beschrieben von J. Autenrieth (Wiesbaden, 1963).

28 Autenrieth, Domschule, pp. 22-6, 121-34, 143-68.

29 Autenrieth, Domschule, pp. 106-15; Handschriften der Hofbibliothek Stuttgart, pp. 100-5; ‘Codex Sangallensis 676’, pp. 1-17; Robinson, ‘Arbeitsweise Bernolds’, pp. 55-61.

30 Robinson, ‘Arbeitsweise Bernolds’, pp. 89-122. On Manegold and the study of the Bible see most recently Hartmann, W., ‘Psalmenkommentare aus der Zeit der Reform und der Frühscholastik’, SGre, ix (1972), pp. 319–26.Google Scholar

31 Autenrieth, Domschule, pp. 121-42; ‘Bernold von Konstanz und die erweiterte 74-Titelsammlung’, DA, xiv (1958), pp. 375-94; ‘The Canon Law Books of the Curia episcopalis Constantiensis from the ninth to the fifteenth century’, Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Medieval Canon Law 1963, Monumenta Iuris Canonici, series C: Subsidia i (Vatican City, 1965), pp. 3-15. See also Greulich, O., ‘Die kirchenpolitische Stellung Bernolds von Konstanz’, HJb, lv (1935), pp. 1–54Google Scholar; Weisweiler, H., ‘Die päpstliche Gewalt in den Schriften Bernolds von St. Blasien aus dem Investiturstreit’, SGre, iv (1952), pp. 129–47.Google Scholar

32 Autenrieth, Domschule, pp. 37, 51; Holder, A., Die Reichenauer Handschriften, i = Die Handschriften der Badischen Landesbibliothek in Karlsruhe, v (Leipzig, 1906,) pp. 492–3Google Scholar; Löffler, K., Die Handschriften des Klosters Weingarten (Leipzig, 1912), pp. 59, 65.Google Scholar

33 Autenrieth, Domschule, pp. 38-40, 52-4, 92-4; Löffler, Weingarten, pp. 60, 65; Holder, Reichenauer Handschriften i, pp. 498-500.

34 Autenrieth, Domschule, pp. 30-2, 54-5, 59-63; Löffler, Weingarten, pp. 59, 61, 63, 66.

35 Autenrieth, Domschule, pp. 32-7, 51-2, 79-80, 91-2; Löffler, Weingarten, pp. 60, 63, 65-7.

36 The New Palaeographical Society, series I, ii (London, 1903-12), plate 211: facsimiles of ff. 31r, 52v.

37 Autenrieth, Domschule, pp. 93, 149: ‘Nil tibi prosunt acuta argumenta Aristotelis ubi propria conscientia accusaris’; a comment on Jerome, In Isaiam, VI, PL xxiv, 217.

38 Autenrieth, Domschule, pp. 122-32; Robinson, ‘Arbeitsweise Bernolds’, pp. 59-61, 91-2.

39 Manegold, Ad Gebehardum, 20, 40, MCH Lib, I, pp. 345, 381.

40 Bernhard, Liber canonum, 10, 14, 21, 45, MGH Lib, I, pp. 483, 484, 487, 491-2, 514-15.

41 Autenrieth, Domschule, p. 39: ‘Nota quod totus orbis contra se divisus sit et unaquȩque domus habuit infideles et credentes et ideo bonum helium missum esse ut mala pax rumperetur’.

42 Manegold, Ad Gebhardum, 48, pp. 392-5.

43 Autenrieth, Domschule, p. 40: ‘Nota quod dominus eiciat de templo suo episcopos, presbiteros, diaconos et laicos pendentes [? vendentes] et ementes spiritalia’. Cf. Mane gold, Ad Gebehardum, 20, p. 345.

44 Autenrieth, Domschule, p. 35. Cf. Manegold, Ad Gebehardum, 10, p. 331.

45 Stuttgart, MS HB.VII.26, f. 95v: ‘… sion speculatio dicitur’ (Gregory I, Moralia in Iob IV. xxxiii. 26, PL lxxvi, 702). Cf. Manegold, Ad Gebehardum, preface, p. 310: ‘Gebehardo arcis Syon speculatori vigilantissimo’. On the identity of this Gebhard see Leo, P. de, ‘Ricerche sul Liber ad Gebehardum di Manegoldo di Lautenbach’, Rivista di Storia e Letteratura religiosa, x (1974), pp. 112–53Google Scholar; and the contrary arguments of W. Hartmann, DA, xxxii (1976), pp. 260-1.

46 Robinson, ‘Arbeitsweise Bernolds’, p. 62: ‘Isodorus. Adime consuetudinem serua legem. Usus auctoritati cedat. Pravum usum lex et ratio vincat’. Cf. Manegold, Ad Gebehardum, 66, p. 418.

47 Bernold, De prohibenda sacerdotum incontinentia I, MGH Lib, ii, p. 9: ‘…cum et ipse Dauid, quern Dominus secundum cor suum elegit, panes propositionis non accepisset, priusquam a sacerdote percunctatus se triduo continuisse respondisset’. Cf. Manegold, Ad Gebehardum, 22, p. 350: ‘nec David ille, quern Dominus secundum cor suum elegerat, … proposicionis panes … edere cum suis presumeret, nisi triduanam per continenciam vasa puerorum sancta, Abimelech sacerdote percontante, promisisset’.

48 Burchard, Decretum, XV, 38, PL cxl, 905 (Isidore, Sententiae HI, 49, PL lxxxiii, 720-1). Cf. Manegold, Ad Gebehardum, 11, p. 333.

49 Autenrieth, Domschule, pp. 57-9.

50 Jerome, Liber hebraicarum quaestionum in Genesim, PL xxiii, 948; Remigius, Commentarius in Genesim, 6, PL cxxxi, 73.

51 Remigius, Commentarius, 23, col. 97; Jerome, Liber, col. 973.

52 Remigius, Commentarius, 10, col. 80; Jerome, Liber, col. 953.

53 Remigius, Commentarius, 24, col. 99: ‘Quidam codices habent “ad exercitandum in agro”. Alia quoque translatio dicit “ut loqueretur in agro”. Inclinata iam die. Quia vir sanctus iam post nonam horam diei ad vesperam inclinatam egressus fuerat solus ut Deo spiritales victimas immolaret, hoc est, ut orationes et hymnos persolveret’. Jerome, Liber, col. 975: ‘… vel nona hora, vel ante solis occasum, spirituals Deo victimas obtulisse’.

54 Autenrieth, Domschule, p. 52.

55 E.g. Genesis, iii. 17, maledicta terra: ‘Opera hic non ruris colendi, ut plerique estimant, sed peccata significant’ (Jerome, Liber hebraicarum quaestionum, col. 943). Cf. Glossa Ordinaria, marginal gloss on Genesis, iii. 17, ‘Hieron.’ Genesis, x. 5, unusquisque secundum linguam suam: ‘Hoc per prolepsin, id est per preoccupacionem accipiendum est. Necdum enim divisio linguarum facta est’ (Remigius, Commentarius, 10, col. 79-80). Cf. Glossa Ordinaria, interlinear gloss on Genesis, x. 5.

56 Inc.: Matheusprimus in ordine evangelistare ponitur quia ipse primum ante alios in Iudea evangelium hebreo sermone scripsit. Expl: matrem suam iens ad crucem commendavit, ut virginem virgo servaret.

57 Sedulius, Explanations in praefationes sancti Hieronymi ad Evangelia, PL ciii, 331-52.

58 Autenrieth, Domschule, pp. 39-40.

59 Fulda, Hessische Landesbibliothek, MS Aa 11, f. 200vb: ‘Petri apostoli in baptismate filius et in divino sermone discipulus et interpres Petri apostoli … Qui ex tribu Levi ortus, ante fidem in Iudea sacerdos fuit, sed conversus ad fidem Christi evangelium suum in Italia scripsit. Hie etiam post conversionem suam sibi pollicem amputavit, ut indignus sacerdocio haberetur, sed predestinatio Dei ob hoc in eo non mirius implebatur. Fuit enim et evangelisla et episcopus Alexandrieȩ. Cf. Stuttgart, MS HB.XIV.3, f. 71v (Autenrieth, Domschule, pp. 102-3): ‘Hic igitur Marcus, qui ut Iohannes matrem Mariam levitici generis habuit et ante conversionem sacerdotium in Israel gessit, deinde predicatione beati Petri conversus eius in baptismo factus est filius et postmodum interpres. In tantum autem humilis extitit, ut pollicem sibi amputaret, quatinus sacerdocio temporali reprobus haberetur. Sed divina in eo gratia in tantum prevaluit, ut non solum secundum evangelium digito scriberet sed etiam Alexandriȩ episcopus fieret’.

60 Manegold, Ad Gebehardum, 10, p. 331: the polemicist is defending Hildebrand against the charge of being a gyrovagus, or unstable monk.

61 Bernhard, Liber canonum, 36, p. 506: ‘Hi enim, cum item ut Moyses … in prima dehinc plaga aquas in sanguinem verterent, in secunda loquaces ranas producerent, in tenia, cum iam ventum esset ad scynifes, sibi videntes resisti a sancto, qui in Moyse erat, Spiritu, dixerunt: “Digitus Dei est iste”. Scinifes, qua tercia plaga Aegyptiorum cedebatur superbia, sunt muscae de limo ortae minutae, ut vix videantur, inquietae, ut irruant, cum abiguntur, qua corpus tetigerint acerbo terebrantes stimulo. Significant autem hereticos limosa sapientes, inquietos, subtili stimulantes calliditatis aculeo’.

62 Isidore, Quaestiones in Exodum, 14, PL lxxxiii, 293: ‘Hoc ergo animalis genus subtilitati haereticae comparatur’. Isidore quotes as part of his exposition II Timothy, iii. 8-9, which is also cited by Bernhard after his description of the scinifes.

63 Augustine, Quaestiones in Heptateuchum, II. 25, CC xxxiii, 79-80.

64 Origen, In Exodum homilia, IV. 6, PC xii, 322; Rabanus, Commentaria in Exodum, I. 15, PL cviii, 36.

65 See in particular the Gloss on Exodus, viii. 19, labelled ‘Rabbanus’:’… ciniphes nati sunt in terra Aegypti de limo, muscae scilicet minutissimae, inquietissimae … in oculos ruentes … dum abiguntur redeunt’.

66 Manegold, Liber contra Wolfelmum, preface, MGH Quellen, VIII, 39. On the identity of Wolfhelm see Hartmann, W., ‘Manegold von Lautenbach und die Anfange der Frühscholastik’, DA, xxvi (1970), pp. 60–4.Google Scholar

67 Manegold, Contra Wolfelmum, pp. 45-6, 49, 51, 52, 58-60, 94-8. Cf. Hartmann, ‘Manegold von Lautenbach’, pp. 64-71.

68 Manegold, Contra Wolfelmum, 23-4, pp. 98-108.

69 Ibid., 24, p. 107.

70 Ibid., 6, p. 56.

71 Ewald, P., ‘Chronologie der Schriften Manegolds von Lautenbach’, Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte, xvi (1876), p. 385Google Scholar argues that Manegold began work first on the Liber ad Gebehardum, then temporarily set it aside to write the Liber contra Wolfelmum. See also Hartmann, W., introduction to Manegold, Liber contra Wolfelmum, MGH Quellen, VIII, pp. 12–13.Google Scholar

72 Manegold, Contra Wolfelmum, 24, p. 107. Cf. Wenrich, Epistola, 3, MGH Lib, 1, p. 288.

73 Hartmann, ‘Manegold von Lautenbach’, pp. 129-140.

74 Robinson, ‘Arbeitsweise Bernolds’, pp. 69-74, 119-21.

75 Bernold, De prohibenda sacerdotum incontinentia, I, p. 7. Cf. Cassiodorus, Historia Tripartita, II, 14, CSEL, lxxi, pp. 107-8. See Robinson, I.S., Authority and Resistance in the Investiture Contest (Manchester, 1978) pp. 166–7.Google Scholar

76 De prohibenda sacerdotum incontinentia, IV, p. 17.

77 Ibid., V, p. 22; Manegold, Ad Gebehardum, 56, p. 409. Cf. Augustine, Contra mendacium, XV, 32, CSEL, xli, pp. 512-3.

78 Bernold, Apologeticus, 13, MGH Lib, II, p. 74. Cf. Manegold, Ad Gebehardum, 42, p. 384.

79 Bernold, Apologeticus, 12, p. 72: ‘Vetus testamenlum partim in misteriis partim in moralibus preceptis continetur, sed adveniente Christo cessavit in mysteriis et carnalibus observantiis, quia ipse est finis sive completio legis, in moralibus autem preceptis adhuc manet, quia semper est observandum: Diligas proximum tuum sicut te ipsum et reliqua. Quicumque igitur ex lege aliquam carnalem observantiam novo quidem testamento adversam adhuc observandam esse dogmatizat, procul dubio cum Galathis immo cum Hebionitis iudaizat’.

80 Manegold, Ad Gebehardum, 42, pp. 383-4.

81 Ibid., 42, p. 383: ‘lnducuntur enim ibi multa scripturarum testimonia, que videlicet omnia sobriȩ intellecta, pie considerata, illis inveniuntur contraria, nobis proficua, sicut in omnibus unde furata sunt locorum docet circumstantia’. Cf. ibid., 43, p. 385. See Hartmann, ‘Manegold von Lautenbach’, pp. 130-2.

82 Manegold, Ad Gebehardum, 6, p. 321.

83 Augustine, De doctrina Christiana, 111, 4, 8. Cf. De mendacio., XVI, 31; De Genesi ad litteram, X, 18; De civitate Dei, XXII, 18; Epistolae, CXL, 23; CXLIX, 24; Sermo L, 9.

84 Bernold, De excommunicatis vitandis, de reconciliatione lapsorum et de fontibus iuris ecclesiastici, MGH Lib, ii, p. 139: ‘Ipsa enim circumstantia lectionis multa nobis prescribere solet, quae unum singulare capitulum non habet, sine quibus tamen pleniter intelligi non valet, sed diversorum statutorum adinvicem collatio multum nos adiuvat, quia unum sepe aliud elucidat’.

85 Wenrich, Epistola, 3, p. 288.

86 Ibid., 4, pp. 288-9.

87 Ibid., 8, p. 298.

88 Manegold, Ad Gebehardum, 42, 55-6, pp. 383-4, 406-9.

89 Ibid., 55, p. 408: ‘Ad confirmandas enim dubias et que in contentionem venerint res de dubiis testimonia non sunt proferenda. Machabeorum autem libri, quamquam ad edificationem ecclesie prolati, in canone ab Hebrea ecclesia tamen non sunt recepti’.

90 Ibid., 42, p. 384.

91 Ibid., 56, p. 409.

92 Ibid.

93 Ibid., 42, p. 384: ‘… dum talionem predicat, ad pravum dogma Hebionis heresiarchae tempora Christiana provocat et Iudaicam superstitionem ad evangelii conculcationem commendat’.

94 Ibid., 56, p. 409.

95 Ibid.

96 Ibid., 55, p. 407.

97 Ibid., 42, p. 384.

98 Robinson, ‘Arbeitsweise Bernolds’, p. 75 n. 85; and also my introduction to the forthcoming MGH edition of the chronicles of Berthold and Bernold.

99 Wolfger, De scriptoribus ecclesiasticis, ch. 105, ed. Ettlinger, p. 91. But see Chatillon, F., ‘Recherches critiques sur les différents personnages nommés Manegold’, Revue du moyen âge latin, ix (1953), pp. 153–70.Google Scholar

100 See the summary of research by Hartmann, ‘Psalmenkommentare’, pp. 319-24, 356-66.

101 Versus Hugonis contra Manegoldum, MGH Lib, I, 431. See Smalley, B., ‘Ecclesiastical attitudes to novelty c. 1100-c. 1250’, SCH, xii (1975), p. 113Google Scholar, reprinted in Studies, p. 97.