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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 February 2016
The confluence between speculative thought and universities on the one hand and broad-based heretical movements on the other hand was a predominant theme in Bunny Leff’s great and monumental Heresy in the Later Middle Ages, notably in the case of Wyclif, Hus, and the popular propagation of their ideas. The first arm of this theme, university learning, seems to have no place in the history of Catharism. Where are there equivalent Cathar masters? In a university setting we do have Catholic theologians’ discussion of dualism, but is this more than a footnote in the history of Catharism? Take for example the University of Paris, its theology faculty, and the bachelor’s exercise of lecturing on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, where the question of there being one or several principles of things arose in the first distinction of the second book, and take three 1250s commentators. Tackling this question during his bachelor years (1252-6), St Thomas states five arguments in favour of plurality of principles, citing one logical and three natural works of Aristotle. He postpones naming the proponents of plurality until his response. Here he combines Aristotle’s survey of them in the first book of the Metaphysics and the Church’s experience of dualist heresy in a list: early natural philosophers, Empedocles and Pythagoras, and the heresy of the Manichees. Such a sentence commentary, showing us a formal proposition, one among several philosophical dualisms which were being ventilated in the theological schools of Paris, seems remote from the inquisitor’s register through which we see Cathar perfects and their followers living out theological dualism in fortified villages down south in Languedoc.
I am extremely grateful to John Baldwin, Barrie Dobson, and Mark Smith for their close and constructive comments, and I am especially indebted to Bernard Hamilton for the quite remarkable generosity of time and attention he devoted to this paper.
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126 See n. 13 above.
127 See n. 12 above.
128 See n. 14 above.
129 See n. 19 above.
130 See n. 20 above.
131 See n. 15 above.
132 See n. 16 above.
