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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 March 2016
The example of co-existence between Christians, Jews and Muslims in medieval Spain should, in theory, be an inspiration to those who hope for a successful multi-faith society today. On the other hand, the expulsion in 1492 of Jews who refused baptism, and of Muslims who adopted a similar attitude, from Castile in 1502 and Aragon in 1610, implies that the Spanish example should rather be seen as a warning of the consequences of failure. The question of interfaith relations will be considered here mainly from the point of view of Christians who attempted to cope with the proximity of the other two ‘religions of the book’. It will, however, be possible to look at the feasibility of the long-term existence of Jewish and Muslim communities in Spain, and at the problems faced by converts from these two faiths to Christianity.
1 Cohen, [Jeremy], The friars [and the Jews. The evolution of medieval anti-Judaism (Ithaca and London 1982)] pp 19–32.Google Scholar
2 Two analyses of Pugio fidei in Cohen, The friars pp 132–56 and [Ina] Willi-Plein [and Thomas] Willi, Glaubensdolch [und Messiasbeweis. Die Begegnung von Judentum, Christentum und Islam im 13. Jahrhundert in Spanien (Neukirchen-Vluyn 1980)] pp 23–78.
3 Analysis of the Paris and Barcelona disputations in Cohen, Thefriars pp 60–85, 108–28. For the surviving texts and further analysis see Hyam Maccoby, Judaism on trial. Jewish-Christian disputations in the Middle Ages (London and Toronto 1982).
4 Kriegel, Maurice, Les Juifs à la Jin du Moyen Age dans l’Europe méditerranéenne (Paris 1979) pp 13–56.Google Scholar
5 Wolff, Philippe, ‘The 1391 pogrom in Spain. Social crisis or not?’, PP 50 (1971) pp 4–18.Google Scholar
6 Mollat, M. and Wolff, P., The popular revolutions of the late Middle Ages (London 1973) pp 214–5.Google Scholar
7 The full Christian account of the Tortosa disputation is edited and studied in Antonio Pacios López, La disputa de Tortosa, 2 vols (Madrid 1957).
8 R. Chabas, ‘Estudio sobre los sermones valencianos de San Vicente Ferrer que se conservan en manuscritos en la biblioteca de la basílica metropolitana de Valencia’, Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos 8 (1903) pp 111–26, esp pp 124–5. For Ferrer’s attitude to the Jews, Francisca Vendrell, ‘La actividad proselitista de San Vicente Ferrer durante el reinado de Fernando I de Aragón’, Sefarad 13 (1953) pp 87–104 and José María Millas Vallicrosa, ‘San Vicente Ferrer y el antisemitismo’, Sefarad 10 (1950) 182–4.
9 Floriano, Antonio C., ‘San Vicente Ferrer y las aljamas turolenses’, B[oletín de la] R[eal] A[cademia de la] H[istoria] 84 (1924) pp 551–80.Google Scholar
10 Evidence of the decline in Teruel’s Jewry is to be found in charters of Ferdinand I and Alfonso V in [Fritz] Baer, Diejuden [im christlichen Spanien, 2 vols (Berlin 1929–33 repr Farnborough 1970)] 1 pp 826–7, 836–7, 846–7. A leading convert in Teruel is discussed in Vendrell, ‘Concesión de nobleza a un converso’, Sefarad 8 (1948) pp 397–401. For the fate of Teruel’s conversos at the hands of the Inquisition, [Manuel] Sánchez Moya [andjasone] Monasterio Aspiri, ‘Los judaizantes [turolenses en el siglo XV, Sefarad 32 (1972)] pp 105–40, 307–40; 33 (1973) pp 111–43, 325–56.
11 On rural Jews, detailed studies in, for example, Francisco Cantera Burgos and Carlos Carrete Parrando, ‘La judería de Hita’, Sefarad 32 (1972) 249–306 and ‘La judería de Buitrago’ ibid pp 34—87. A general survey in Angus MacKay, ‘Rural Jews’, duplicated summary of a paper delivered at Leeds Judeo-Spanish seminar, 1978.
12 [Eloy] Benito [Ruano,] Toledo [en el siglo XV. Vida política (Madrid 1961)] pp 34–81 and ‘La “Sentencia-estatuto” de Pero Sarmiento’ in Los orígenes del problema converso (Barcelona 1976) pp 49–98.
13 Nicholas V’s two bulls for Toledo in Benito Toledo pp 198–203.
14 Alonso de Cartagena, Defensorium unitatis christianae, ed Manuel Alonso (Madrid 1943); Fernán Díaz de Toledo, Instrucción del relator para el obispo de Cuenca, a favor de la nación hebrea, in Cartagena, Defensorium, ed Alonso pp 343–56; Lope de Barrientos’s reply, ibid pp 324–38; Juan de Torquemada, Tractatus contra madianitas et ismaelitas, ed Nicolás López Martínez and Vicente Proaño Gil (Burgos 1957).
15 Fray Alonso de Espina, Fortalitium ftdei (1459) (Lyons 1511) quoted in Americo Castro, The structure of Spanish history (Princeton 1954) p 539.
16 MacKay, ‘Popular movements and pogroms in fifteenth-century Castile’, PP 55 (1972) pp 35–67. Manuel Nieto Cumplido, ‘La revuelta contra los conversos de Córdoba en 1473’, in Homenaje a Antón de Montoro en el V centenario de su muerte (Montoro 1977) pp 31—49. Bernardino Llorca, Bulario pontificio de la Inquisición española en su período constitucional (1478–1525), Miscellanea Historiae Pontiftciae 15 (Rome 1949).
17 For cases of Jewish testimony in Inquisition trials, Haim Beinart, ‘Jewish witnesses for the prosecution of the Spanish Inquisition’, in Essays in honour of Ben Beinart, Acta Jurídica (Capetown 1978) 37—46; Fidel Fita, ‘La Inquisición toledana. Relación contemporánea de los autos y autillos que celebró desde el año 1485 hasta él de 1501’, BRAH 11 (1887) p 294. Teruel cases in A[rchivo] Histórico] N[acional (Madrid), Sección] Inq[uisición,] Leg[ajos] 542 no. 41, 543 no. 8, 544 nos 11, 12, 546 nos 1, 4–6.
18 Baer, Diejuden 2 pp 348–9; 1 pp 569–913.
19 Fita, ‘La verdad sobre el martirio del Santo Niño de La Guardia, o sea el proceso y quema (16 noviembre 1491) del judio Juçe Franco en Avila’, BRAH 11 (1887) pp 7—134.
20 Sicroff, A. A., Les controverses des statuts de ‘pureté de sang’ en Espagne du XVe au XVIIe siècle (Paris 1960)Google Scholar.
21 Miguel Angel Ladero Quesada, ‘Le nombre des Juifs dans la Castille du XVe siècle’, Proceedings of the Sixth World Congress of Jewish Studies (Jerusalem, 1973) (Jerusalem 1975) vol 2 pp 45–52.
22 Hamilton, Bernard, The medieval Inquisition (London 1981) pp 49–59 Google Scholar. For cases of religious mixture in Teruel, see AHN Inq.leg. 544 no. 17 and Sánchez Moya and Monasterio Aspiri, ‘Los judaizantes’.
23 Cohen, The friars pp 104–8, 199–225. Willi-Plein and Willi, Claubensdokh.pp 11–14. R. I. Burns, ‘Christian—Islamic confrontation in the west; the dream of conversion’, AHR 76 (1971) pp 1386–1434.
24 Tarsicio de Azcona, Isabel la Católica (Madrid 1964) pp 547–55 and ‘El tipo ideal de obispo en la iglesia española antes de la rebelión luterana’, Hispania Sacra 11 (1958) pp 21–64. H. C. Lea, The moriscos of Spain, their conversion and expulsion (London 1901) pp 18–22, 47–51.
25 [Augustin] Redondo, [Antonio de] Guevara [1480?-1545) et l’Espagne de son temps (Geneva 1976)] pp 272–3. Juan Meseguer Fernández, ‘Fernando de Talavera, Cisneros y la Inquisición’, in La Inquisición española. Nueva visión, nuevos horizontes (Madrid 1980) pp 371–400.
26 Redondo, Guevara p 285. José María Garcia Fuentes, La Inquisición en Granada en el siglo XVI (Granada 1981) pp xxx-xxxvii.
27 John Boswell, The royal treasure. The Muslim communities under the Crown of Aragon in the fourteenth-century (New Haven and London 1977).
28 Redondo, Guevara pp 218–62. Tulio Halperín Donghi, Un conflicto nacional. Moros y cristianos viejos en Valencia (Valencia 1980) pp 95–118, 135–71.
29 ’J For Muslim-Christian polemic, Louis Cardaillac, Morisques et chrétiens. Un affrontement polémique (1492-1640) (Paris 1977). On dialogue, William A. Christian, Sr, Oppositions of religious doctrines. A study in the logic of dialogue among religions (London 1972) p 17.
30 Talavera, ‘Instrucción y carta para los vecinos del Albayçin’ in Ladero, Los mudejares de Castilla en tiempo de Isabel I (Valladolid 1969) pp 293–5.
31 Galíndez de Carvajal in Redondo, Guevara pp 275–84. Antonio Garrido Aranda, ‘Papel de la Iglesia de Granada en la asimilación de la sociedad morisca’, Anuario de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea 2 (1975) pp 69–103. For Jesuit education, Nigel Griffin, ‘Un muro invisible; moriscos and cristianos viejos in Granada’ in F. W. Hodcroft, D. G. Pattison, R. D. F. Pring-Mill, R. W. Truman eds Medieval and Renaissance Studies on Spain and Portugal in honour of P. E. Russell (Oxford 1981) pp 133–54.
32 Adolfo de Castro, The history of the Jews in Christian Spain trans E. D. G. M. Kirwan (Cambridge 1851) pp 160–3.
33 William A. Christian, Jr, Local religion in sixteenth-century Spain (Princeton 1981).
34 Stuart Clark, ‘French historians and early modern popular culture’, PP 100 (1983) p 98.
35 Cross-frontier traffic is discussed in MacKay, ‘The ballad and the frontier in late medieval Spain’, Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 53 (1976) pp 15–33.
36 Mercedes Garda-Arenal, Inquisición y moriscos. Los procesos del tribunal de Cuenca (Madrid 1978) p 117, criticising Fernand Braudel, ‘Conflicts et refus de civilisation: espagnols et morisques au XVIe siècle’, Annales 2 (1947) 397–410.
