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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 March 2016
Odo of Sully, Bishop of Paris (1200-8), decreed in his statutes that each parish priest within his diocese should have a book called a manuale, which should contain the ordo of service for extreme unction, the catechism, baptism, and everyday things. His prescription is the earliest mention in the episcopal legislation that a parish priest should have one particular book dedicated to the liturgy for all the services associated with pastoral care. But codices concerned with the sacerdotal rites for the cura anitnarum have a history which goes back to the late ninth and tenth centuries. These early ritualia were often combined with the monastic collectar, as in the mid-tenth-century Durham Collectar. There are also some examples from the late tenth and eleventh centuries of ritualia made for the secular clergy. Odo of Sully was thus providing his powerful support to an existing practice rather than instituting a new form of service book. This paper investigates further the context in which these early examples of ‘parish’ rituals were compiled, beginning with the Carolingian background.
1 ‘Librum qui dicitur Manualis habeant singuli sacerdotes parochiales, ubi continetur ordo servitii extreme unctionis, cathechismi, baptismi et hujusmodi’: Les Statuts synodaux français du Xllle siècle: les statuts de Paris et le synodal de l’ouest, ed. Odette Pontal (Paris, 1971), 70.
2 P.-M. Gy, ‘Collectaire, rituel, processional’, Revue des sciences philosophiques et théologiques, 44 (1960), 441–69 at 459–61. Rituale is a late medieval Italian term which was popularized by the Council of Trent (1545-63), which defined the rituale as one of the seven main liturgical books of the Roman rite: P.-M. Gy, ‘Typologie et ecclésiologie des livres liturgiques médiévaux’, La Maison-Dieu, 121 (1975), 7–21.
3 E.g. the collection of liturgical texts, which include rites for the anointing of the sick, death and burial, pcnitentials, episcopal capitularies, and canon law, compiled at Lorsch for use as a pastoral text by the secular clergy in s. ix3/4: Paxton, F., ‘ Bonus liber, a late Carolingian clerical manual from Lorsch (Biblioteca Vaticana MS Pal. lat. 485)’, in Mayali, L. and Tibbetts, S.A.J., eds, The Two Laws. Studies in Medieval Legal History Dedicated to Stephan Kuttner (Washington DC, 1990), 1–30 Google Scholar; the libellus containing rites for penance and the anointing of the sick added to a sacramentary from Saint-Amand c.900: Eric Palazzo, ‘Les Deux rituels d’un libellus de Saint-Amand (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale lat. 13764)’, in Clerek, P. de and Palazzo, E., eds, Rituels. Mélanges offerts au Père Gy OP (Paris, 1990), 423–36 Google Scholar; the rituale clement of the Fulda Sacramentary (c.980): Sacramentarium Fuldense Saeculi X, Grcgor Richter and Albert Schönfclder, eds (Fulda, 1912); repr. Henry Bradshaw Society [hereafter HBS], 101 (Farnborough, 1977), 279–356.
4 The Durham Collectar (Durham, Cathedral Library, MS A.IV.19), ed. Alicia Corrêa, HBS, 107 (Woodbridge, 1992).
5 E.g., Paris, Bibliothèque Mazarine, Codex 525 (Asti, s. x); Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Codex T. 27, Sup. (N. Italy, s. xi), ed. C. Lambot, North Italian Services of the Eleventh Century, HBS, 67 (1931).
6 Contra Gy, ‘Collectairc’, 460: ‘Le rituel paroissial est un fruit de l’effort des statuts synodaux du XIIIc s. en matière de pastorale sacramentairc.’
7 On the Carolingian contribution see Reynolds, Roger E., ‘The organization, law and liturgy of the western Church, 700–900’, in Rosamond McKitterick, ed., The New Cambridge Medieval History II: C.700-C.900 (Cambridge, 1995), 587–621 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
8 Palazzo, Eric, A History of Liturgical Books from the Beginning to the Thirteenth Century, tr. Madclainc Beaumont (Collegeville, MN, 1998), 107–10; first published as Le Moyen Age: Des origines au Xlllème siècle (Paris, 1993 Google Scholar).
9 Rasmussen, Niels Krogh, Les Pontificaux du haut moyen âge. Genèse du livre de l’évêque, Spicilegium sacrum Lovaniensc: Études et documents, 49 (Louvain, 1998 Google Scholar).
10 Moeller, E.E., Corpus henedictionum episcopalium, 4 vols, CChr.SL, 162 (Turnhout, 1971-3 Google Scholar).
11 Gy, ‘Collectairc’; Corrêa, Durham Collector, Palazzo, History, 145–8.
12 Gy, ‘Collectairc’; idem, ‘Ritual’, in Strayer, J.R., ed., Dictionary of the Middle Ages, 10 (New York, 1988), 407–9 Google Scholar. See also Arx, Walter von, ‘Zur Entstchungsgeschichte des Rituale’, Zeitschrift fur schweizerische Kirchengeschichte/Revue d’histoire ecclésiastique suisse, 63 (1969), 39- 57 Google Scholar; Vogel, Cyrille, Medieval Liturgy: an Introduction to the Sources, rev. and tr. Storey, William G. and Rasmusscn, Neils Krogh (Washington DC, 1986), 257–65 Google Scholar; Palazzo, History, 187–94. The work of J.B. Molin is mostly confined to the later Middle Ages; ‘Un type d’ouvrage mal connu, le Rituel. Son intérêt et ses charactêristiques bibliographiques’, Ephemerides Liturgicae, 63 (1959), 218–24.
13 For example, Bede’s letter to Egbert, Archbishop of York (734), English Historical Documents I, ed. Dorothy Whitelock, 2nd edn (1977), 799–810, csp. at 801–2.
14 C.4, MGH Capitula Episcoporum, I, ed. P. Brommer (Hanover, 1984) [hereafter Brommer].
15 The phrase is taken from Ruotger of Trier’s capitula (927x928), c.5: ‘Ut sacerdotes libros sine necessarios correctos habeant’: Brommer, 63. it is found earlier in Radulf of Bourges’ capitula (c.853x866), c.5: ‘missalem et Iectionarium, psalterium sive alios libellos sibi necessarios bene correctos habeant’: Brommer, 237.
16 ‘Ut unusquisque secundum possibilitatem suam certare faciat de ornatu ecclesiae, scilicet in patenam et calicem, planctam et albam, missalem, lectionarium, martyrologium, paenitentialexsm, psalterium, vcl alios libros, quos potucrit, crucem, capsam, vclut diximus iusta possibilitatem suam’: Ghaerbald of Liége, Capitula III, c.9, Brommer, 39–40.
17 E.g. Bishop Haito of Basel (before 813), c.6, Brommer, 211; Radulf of Bourges (c.853x866), c.5, ibid., 237; Ruotger of Trier (915-31), c.5, ibid., 63.
18 Nelson, Janet L., ‘Making ends meet: wealth and poverty in the Carolingian Church’, SCH, 24 (1987), 25–36 Google Scholar.
19 Polyptyque de Saint-Rémi de Reims, ed. B. Guérard (Paris, 1857), 38, 56, 61–2, 78. On the Freising charters see Hammer, Carl I. Jr, ‘Country churches, clerical inventories and the Carolingian Renaissance in Bavaria’, Church History, 49 (1980), 5–17 Google Scholar.
20 Rob Meens, ‘Priests and books in the Carolingian era’ (unpublished paper delivered at the Leeds International Medieval Congress, July 1998). See also his identification of thirtytwo early medieval manuscripts containing penitentials for use in a pastoral setting: ‘The frequency and nature of carly medieval penance’, in Billet, Peter and Minnis, A. J., eds, Handling Sin: Confession in the Middle Ages, York Studies in Medieval Theology, 2 (Woodbridge, 1998), 42–3, 56–8 Google Scholar.
21 On episcopal handbooks see McKitterick, Rosamond, ‘The Frankish Church and the Carolingian Reforms, 789–895 (1977), 35–44. Also F. Kerff, ‘Libri pacnitcntiales und kirchliche Strafgerichsbarkeit bis zum Decretum Gratiani. Ein Diskussionsvorschlag’, Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, Kanonistische Abteilung [hereafter ZRG Kan. Abt.], 75 (1989), 23–57 Google Scholar.
22 Meens, , ‘Priests and books’; idem, ‘Frequency’; Yitzhak Hen, ‘Knowledge of canon law among rural priests: the evidence of two Carolingian manuscripts from around 800’,JThS, 50 (1999), 117–34 Google Scholar. The Carolingian experience is surveyed by Bullough, Donald, ‘The Carolingian liturgical experience’, SCH, 35 (1999), 29–64 Google Scholar, csp. 43–9.
23 Radulf of Bourges (C.853X866), c.18: Brommer, 246–7.
24 Hinemar, Capitula I, c.3, MGH Capitula Episcoporum, II, Rudolf Pokorny and Martina Stratmann, eds (Hanover, 1995), 35. A sentiment repeated by Riculf of Soissons (post 889) in his third capitula: c.7, ibid., 103.
25 E.g. BAV, MS Chigi C.V.134, a tenth-century rituale.
26 Ruotger: Brommer, 61–70. Atto: MGH Capitula Episcoporum, III, ed. Rudolf Pokorny (Hanover, 1995), 262–304; Suzanne Fonay Wemple, Atto of Vercelli. Church, State and Christian Society in Tenth-Century Italy (Rome, 1979), 109–44.
27 Amiet, R., ‘Une “Admonitio synodalis” de l’époque carolingienne. Étude critique et édition’, Mediaeval Studies, 26 (1964), 12–82 Google Scholar.
28 Carolingian capitula continued to be copied in significant numbers in the tenth and eleventh centuries: Brommer, 76–99, 145–7.
29 Paxton, E.g., ‘ Bonus liber; Palazzo, ‘Deux rituels Google Scholar’.
30 For the French collections, Gy, ‘Collectaire’; for the German collections, von Arx, ‘Entstchungsgeschichtc’.
31 Paris, Bibliothèque Mazarine, MS 525 (s. x, Asti).
32 Other rituals worth further investigation include Monza, Biblioteca capitolare, Cod. B-15/128 (on which see dell, Ferdinando’Oro, ‘Un rituale del secolo X proveniente dall’Italia settentrionale (Monza, Bibl. Capitolare, cod. B-15/128)’, in De Clerck, and Palazzo, , Rituels, 215–49 Google Scholar; Paris, Bibliothèque Mazarine, MS 525; Rome, Biblioteca Vallicelliana, Cod. B.63; BAV, MSS Vat. lat. 576, Chigi C.V.134.
33 Briefly described by Salmon, Pierre, Les Manuscrits liturgiques latins de la bibliothèque vaticane, 5 vols, Studi e testi, 251, 253, 261, 267, 270 (1968-72 Google Scholar), 2:106. He has also made two short studies of this codex: ‘Un “libellus officialis” du XIe siècle’, Revue Bénédictine, 87 (1977), 257–88; ‘Un témoin de la vie chrétienne dans une église de Rome au XIe siècle: le liber officialis de la basilique des Saint-Apôtres,’, Rivista di storia della chiesa in Italia, 33 (1979), 65–73.
34 Certain of the canonical aspects of this codex are considered in articles by Reynolds, Roger E.: ‘Excerpta from the Collectio Hibernensis in three Vatican manuscripts’, Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law, ns 5 (1975), 1–9 Google Scholar; ‘A South Italian liturgico-canonical mass commentary’, Mediaeval Studies, 50 (1988), 626–70; The South-Italian canon law Collection in Five Books and its derivatives: new evidence on its origins, diffusion and use’, Mediaeval Studies, 52 (1990), 278–95.
35 Thus the ordo begins: ‘Cum ductus fucrit infans ad ecclesiam’: fol. 34rb.
36 Fols 29–34.
37 Fols 41–2.
38 If we take a height of 20 cm. as the boundary between portable and non-portable as suggested by Dijk, S.J.P. Van and Walker, J. Hazelden, The Origins of the Modem Roman Liturgy (Westminster, MD, 1960), 32 Google Scholar.
39 Martini, Paola Supino, Roma e l’area grafica romanesca (secoli X-XII) (Rome, 1987), 72–5 Google Scholar.
40 Salmon, ‘“Libellus officialis”’.
41 Lotter, F., ‘Ein kanonistiches Handbuch über die Amtspflichten des Pfarrklecrus als gemeinsamc Vorlage für den Scrmo Synodalis “Fratres presbyteri” und Reginos Wcrk “De synodalibus causis”’, ZRG Kan. Abu, 62 (1976), 1–57 Google Scholar.
42 It also circulated in two versions, the short and the long; the canons cited in the Appendix belong to the longer version.
43 Die Briefe des Bischofs Rather von Verona, ed. F. Weigle, MGH Die Briefe der deutschen Kaiserzeit, I (Weimar, 1949), no. 25 (124-37).
44 Ordo LXXX.51: Le Pontifical Romano-Germaniaue du dixième siècle, ed. Cyrille Vogel and Reinhard Elzc, 3 vols (Vatican City, 1963–72), 1:286-9. On the evidence that the Romano-German Pontifical was known in late tenth-century Rome, see ibid., 3:46-50. For a revision of the optimistic picture put forward by Vogel and Elzc (taking their lead from Michel Andricu) for the early diffusion of the Romano-German pontifical see Sarah Hamilton, The Practice of Penance c.900-c.1050 (2001), App. 1.
45 Edited by Bernhard Bischoff, ‘Ein karolingische “Vita pastoralis”: “Sedulius, Carmen alpha“’, Deutsches Archivfür Erforschung des Mittelalters, 37 (1981), 559–75.
46 Henry Mayr-Harting has suggested a similar model of use for the Fulda Sacramentary (c.980): Ottonian Book Illumination: An Historical Study, 2 vols (1991), 2:133-4.
47 On Lazio see Toubert, Pierre, Les Structures du Latium médiévale. Le Latium méridional et la Sabine du IXe siècle à la fin du XIIe siècle (Turin and Paris, 1973), 789–933 Google Scholar; on Lucca see Nanni, Luigi, La Parrochia studiata nei documenti lucchesi dei secoli VIII-XIII, Analecta Gregoriana, 47 (Rome, 1948 Google Scholar); on Verona see Miller, Maureen C, The Formation of a Medieval Church. Ecclesiastical Change in Verona, 950–1150 (Ithaca, NY, and London, 1993 Google Scholar).
48 Ibid., 22–40.
49 Many of the central and northern Italian plebes baptismales, formerly dated to the eighth and ninth centuries, have been re-dated to the eleventh century: Moretti, L. and Stopani, R., Chiese Romaniche in Val di Pesa e Val di Greve (Florence, 1972 Google Scholar).
50 Morin, G., ‘Regulements inédits du pape Saint Grégoire pour les chanoines réguliers’, Révue Bénédictine, 18 (1901), 177–83 Google Scholar; Bardy, Gustave, ‘Saint Grégoire VII et la reforme canoniale au XIe siècle’, Studi Gregoriani, I (1947), 47–64 Google Scholar; LcClercq, Jean, Saint Pierre Damien, ermite et homme de l’église (Rome, 1960 Google Scholar).
51 In addition to the references cited below, see Howe, John, Church Reform and Social Change in Eleventh-Century Italy: Dominic of Sora and his Patrons (Philadelphia, PA, 1997 Google Scholar).
52 Petri Damiani Vita Beati Romualdi, ed. Giovanni Tabacco, Fonti per la storia d’Italia, 94 (Rome, 1957), c.35.
53 Miller, Formation, 48–54.
54 Ibid., 51–2.
