Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-8zxtt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-15T03:58:11.575Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Classification of Anxiety Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 August 2018

M. G. Gelder
M. G. Gelder*
Affiliation:
University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The classification of anxiety disorders is a controversial subject, and this controversy is reflected in the differences between the systems adopted in DSM-III-R and in the draft of ICD-10. The scheme in ICD-10 is the simpler: anxiety disorders are divided into phobic disorders and other anxiety disorders, and each is divided further into three subgroups. The three phobic disorders are: agoraphobia, social phobia, and specific phobia. The three subgroups of ‘other anxiety disorders’ are panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, and mixed anxiety and depressive disorder. The subdivisions of phobic disorder are those now generally adopted in most countries, and are uncontroversial. The subdivisions of generalised anxiety disorder, and mixed anxiety depressive disorder are also widely accepted, the latter group being particularly frequent among patients seen in general practice and not referred on to psychiatrists. Only the category of panic disorder is controversial. In addition to these categories which are specifically allocated to anxiety disorders, two others are relevant: ‘reactions to severe stress and adjustment disorders’, and anxious personality disorder.

Type
I. Nosological Aspects
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 154 , Issue S4: Psychiatric Diagnosis: Nosological, Biological and Psychological Aspects , May 1989 , pp. 28 - 32
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Argyle, N. & Roth, M. (1986) A clinical study of panic disorder. Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Biological Psychiatry, pp. 460–462.Google Scholar
Beard, G. (1869) Neurasthenia or nervous exhaustion. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 3, 217–222.Google Scholar
Benedikt, V. (1870) Uber Platzschwindel. Algeimeine Wiener Medizinische Zeitung, 15, 488.Google Scholar
Chouinard, G., Annable, L., Fontaine, R., et al (1982) Alprazolam in the treatment of generalized anxiety and panic disorders: a double-blind placebo controlled study. Psychopharmacology, 77, 229–233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Da Costa, J. M. (1871) On irritable heart; a clinical study of a form of functional cardiac disorder and its consequences. American Journal of Medical Sciences, 61, 17–52.Google Scholar
Clancy, J., Noyes, R., Noenck, P. R., et al (1978) Secondary depression in anxiety neurosis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 166, 846–850.Google Scholar
Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P. M. & Chalkley, A. J. (1985) Respiratory control as a treatment for panic attacks. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 16, 23–30.Google Scholar
Crowe, R. R., Noyes, R., Pauls, D. L. et al (1983) A family study of panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1065–1069.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Errera, P. (1962) Some historical aspects of the concept of phobia. Psychiatric Quarterly, 36, 325–336.Google Scholar
Esquirol, E. (1838) Des maladies mentales. Paris: Baillière. (Reprinted, 1976 by Arno Press, New York).Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1895a) On the grounds for detaching a particular syndrome from neurasthenia under the description “anxiety neurosis”. In Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud Vol. 3, p. 90. London: Hogarth Press.Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1895b) Obsessions and phobias, their physical mechanisms and their aetiology. Reprinted in Collected Papers Vol. 1, p. 135. London: Institute of Psychoanalysis and Hogarth Press.Google Scholar
Garakani, H., Zitrin, C. M. & Klein, D. F. (1984) Treatment of panic disorder with imipramine alone. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 446–448.Google ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, D. & Huxley, P. (1980) Mental Illness in the Community. London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Hecker, E. (1893) Ueber lavirte und abortive Angstzustande bei Neurasthenie. Zentralblatt für Nervenheilkunde, 4, 565–572.Google Scholar
Jablensky, A. (1985) Approaches to the definition and classification of anxiety and related disorders in European psychiatry. In Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders (eds Tuma, A. H. & Maser, J. D.). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Janet, P. (1903) Les nervroses. Paris: Flammarion.Google Scholar
Kerr, T. A., Roth, M. & Shapira, K. (1974) Prediction of outcome in anxiety states and depressive illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 125–131.Google Scholar
Kraeplin, E. (1896) Psychiatrie (5th edn). Leipzig: Barth.Google Scholar
Maudsley, H. (1879) The Pathology of Mind. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, C. (1967) Familial aspects of obsessional neurosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 113, 405–413.Google Scholar
Ross, T. A. (1923) The Common Neuroses. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Roth, M. & Mountjoy, C. A. (1982) The distinction between anxiety states and depressive disorders. In Handbook of Affective Disorders (ed. Paykel, E. S.). London: Churchill-Livingstone.Google Scholar
Torgerson, S. (1983) Genetic factors in anxiety disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1085–1089.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westphal, C. (1871) Die Agoraphobie; eine neuropathologische Erscheinung. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 3, 138–161.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.