Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-9q27g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-16T13:25:52.006Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Non-Cognitive Symptoms and the Diagnosis of Dementia

Historical and Clinical Aspects

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 August 2018

G. E. Berrios
G. E. Berrios*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge
*
Addenbrooke's Hospital (Level 4), Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The current characterisation of dementia as a state of global cognitive failure (DSM-III-R, 1987) cannot differentiate it reliably, in cross-sectional diagnosis, from other states of compromised cognition. This is likely to contribute to both the over- and under-diagnosis of dementia in clinical practice (Marsden & Harrison, 1972; Fleminger, 1975; Ron et al, 1979; Smith & Kiloh, 1981; Garcia et al, 1984; Klein et al, 1985). However, diagnostic discrimination between true dementia and its behavioural phenocopies (e.g. depressive pseudo-dementia, quiet delirium, etc.) can be improved in a number of ways. One such is the longitudinal assessment of symptom-clusters (e.g. those related to memory, personality, and cortical syndromes); another is the inclusion of new symptoms into the definition of dementia. The first of these strategies has been given more attention than the second.

Type
I. Nosological Aspects
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 154 , Issue S4: Psychiatric Diagnosis: Nosological, Biological and Psychological Aspects , May 1989 , pp. 11 - 16
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ballinger, B. R., Reid, A. H. & Heather, B. B. (1982) Cluster analysis of symptoms in elderly demented patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 257–262.Google Scholar
Bayles, K. A. & Kasniak, A. W. (1987) Communication and Cognition in Normal Ageing and Dementia. London: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Berrios, G. E. (1977) Henri Ey, Jackson, et les idées obsédantes. L'Evolution Psychiatrique, 42, 687–699.Google Scholar
Berrios, G. E. (1981) Delirium and confusion in the 19th century: a conceptual history. British Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 439–449.Google Scholar
Berrios, G. E. (1985) Presbyophrenia: clinical aspects. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 76–79.Google Scholar
Berrios, G. E. (1985a) Positive and negative symptoms and Jackson: A conceptual history. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 95–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berrios, G. E. (1985b) “Depressive pseudodementia” or “melancholic dementia” a 19th century view. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 48, 393–400.Google Scholar
Berrios, G. E. (1986) Presbyophrenia: the rise and fall of a concept. Psychological Medicine, 16, 267–275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berrios, G. E. (1987) The nosology of the dementias: an overview. In Dementia (ed. Pitt, B.), pp. 19–51. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Berrios, G. E. (1987a) Dementia during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: a conceptual history. Psychological Medicine, 17, 829–837.Google Scholar
Berrios, G. E. (1987b) The fundamental symptoms of dementia praecox or the group of the schizophrenias. In The Origins of Psychiatry (ed. Thompson, C.), pp. 200–209. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Berrios, G. E. & Brook, P. (1984) Visual hallucinations and sensory delusions in the elderly. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 662–664.Google Scholar
Berrios, G. E. & Brook, P. (1985) Delusions and the psychopathology of the elderly with dementia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 72, 296–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berrios, G. E. & Hauser, R. (1988) The early development of Kraepelin's ideas on classification: a conceptual history. Psychological Medicine, 18, 813–821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boiffin, A. (1984) Psychothérapie de malades dits ‘déments séniles'? Perspectives Psychiatriques, 22, 39–44.Google Scholar
Bondareff, W., Mountjoy, C. Q. & Roth, M. (1982) Loss of neurons of origin of the noradrenergic projection of cerebral cortex (nucleus locus coeruleus) in senile dementia. Neurology, 32, 164–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Branconnier, R. J. & DeVitt, D. R. (1983) Early detection of incipient Alzheimer's Disease: some methodological considerations on computerized diagnosis. In Alzheimer's Disease (ed. Reisberg, B.), pp. 214–227. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Bulbena, A. & Berrios, G. E. (1986) Pseudo-dementia: facts and figures. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 87–94.Google Scholar
Burner, M. (1970) L'abord psychothérapique du malade gé. Fortbildungskurse schwiz. Ges. Psych., 3, 61–75.Google Scholar
Clérambault, G. G. De (1987) Oeuvres Psychiatriques. Paris: Frénésie Editions.Google Scholar
Constantinidis, J., Richard, J. & Ajuriaguerra, J. De (1978) Dementias with senile plaques and neurofibrillary changes. In Studies in Geriatric Psychiatry (eds A. D. Isaacs & F. Post), pp. 119–152. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Cordeiro, J. C. (1973) Etats délirants du troisième age. L'Encephale, 62, 20–55.Google Scholar
Crick, F. & Mitchison, G. (1983) The function of dream sleep. Nature, 304, 111–114.Google Scholar
Cummings, J. L., Miller, B., Hill, M. A., et al (1987) Neuropsychiatric aspects of multi-infarct dementia and dementia of the Alzheimer Type. Archives of Neurology, 44, 389–393.Google Scholar
Dagonet, H. (1876) Nouveau Traité Élémentaire et Pratique des Maladies Mentales. (Ch. VIII). Paris: Baillière.Google Scholar
Dedieu-Anglade, G. (1981) Psychothérapie des troubles psychonévrotiques au cours de vieillissement. Encycl. Méd Chir., Paris, Psychiatrie, 37541 A10, 10–1981.Google Scholar
DSM-III-R (1987) American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn). Revised. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Ey, H. (1952) Une théorie mécaniciste. Étude No. 5. In Études Psychiatriques Vol. 1 (ed. Ey, G.), pp. 83–102. Paris: Desclée de Brouwer.Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1959) Sexuality and aetiology. In Collected Papers Vol. 1. London: Hogarth Press.Google Scholar
Garcia, C. A., Tweedy, J. R. & Blass, J. P. (1984) Underdiagnosis of cognitive impairment in a rehabilitation setting. Journal American Geriatric Society, 32, 339–342.Google Scholar
Gombault, T. (1900) La démence terminale dans les psychoses. Annales Médico-Psychologiques, 58, 231–249.Google Scholar
Harik, S. I. & McGUGINAL, T. (1984) The protective influence of the locus coeruleus on the blood brain barrier. Annals of Neurology, 15, 568–574.Google Scholar
Henderson, A. S. & Huppert, F. A. (1984) The problem of mild dementia. Psychological Medicine, 14, 5–11.Google Scholar
Israel, L., Kozarevic, D. & Sartorius, N. (1984) Source book of geriatric assessment. Geneva: World Health Organization Publication.Google Scholar
Jackson, H. (1894) The factors in insanities. Medical Press and Circular, ii, 615–626.Google Scholar
Jonsson, C. O., Waldton, S. & Malhammar, G. (1972) The psychiatric symptomatology in senile dementia assessed by means of an interview. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 55, 103–120.Google Scholar
Kanner, L. (1964) A History of the Care and Study of the Mentally Retarded. Springfield, Illinois: C. C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Klein, L. E., Roca, R. P., McArthur, J., et al (1985) Diagnosing dementia. Univariate and multivariate analysis of the mental status examination. Journal American Geriatric Society, 33, 483–488.Google Scholar
Lasègue, C. (1881) Le délire alcoolique n'est pas un délire, mais un rěve. In Ecrits Psychiatriques (ed. Lasègue, C.) (ed. 1971), pp. 85–105. Paris: Privat.Google Scholar
Lee, S. I. (1985) Nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Ictal confusion in later life. Archives of Neurology, 42, 778–781.Google Scholar
Lèger, J. M., Garoux, R., Tessier, J. F., et al (1986) Le compagnon tardif et l'objet non animé du sujet dément sénile. Annales Médico-Psychologiques, 144, 341–355.Google Scholar
Lehr, U. (1977) Psychologie des Alterns. Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer.Google Scholar
Lipowski, Z. J. (1983) Transient cognitive disorders (delirium, acute confusional states) in the elderly. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 1426–1436.Google ScholarPubMed
Liston, E. H. (1977) Occult pre-senile dementia. Journal Nervous and Mental Diseases, 164, 263–267.Google Scholar
Liston, E. H. (1979) The clinical phenomenology of presenile dementia. Journal Nervous Mental Disease, 167, 329–336.Google Scholar
Marsden, C. D. & Harrison, M. J. G. (1972) Outcome of investigation of patients with presenile dementia. British Medical Journal, 2, 249–252.Google Scholar
Mayeux, R., Stern, Y. & Spanton, S. (1985) Heterogeneity in dementia of the Alzheimer type: evidence of subgroups. Neurology, 35, 453–461.Google Scholar
Meeus, F. (1908) Epilepsie et délire chronique: contribution à l'étude des psychoses combinées. Annales Médico-Psychologiques, 7, 353–382.Google Scholar
Meyer, J. S., Lechener, H., Marshall, J., et al (eds) (1988) Vascular and Multi-Infarct Dementia. New York: Futura Publishing.Google Scholar
Netchine, G. (1983) Idiotas, débiles y sabios en el siglo XIX. In Los Débiles Mentales (ed. Zazzo, R.), pp. 77–117. Barcelona: Fontanella.Google Scholar
Nott, P. N. & Fleminger, J. J. (1975) Pre-senile dementia: the difficulties of early diagnosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 51, 210–217.Google Scholar
Péruchon, M. (1983) Réflexions à propos de quelques conduites observées dans la démence. Bulletin de Psychologie, 36, 763–771.Google Scholar
Puillet, P. & Morel, L. (1913) De la méthode des connaissances usuelles dans l'étude des démences. Journal de Psychologie Normale et Pathologique, 10, 25-36; 111–133.Google Scholar
Reisberg, B., Borenstein, J., Salob, S. P., et al (1987) Behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: phenomenology and treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 48 (Suppl.), 9–15.Google Scholar
Reynolds III, C. F., Kupfer, D. J., Taska, L. S., et al (1985) EEG sleep in elderly depressed, demented, and healthy subjects. Biological Psychiatry, 20, 431–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ron, M. A., Toone, B. K., Garralda, M. E., et al (1979) Diagnostic accuracy in presenile dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 162–168.Google Scholar
Roth, M., Tym, E., Mountjoy, C. Q., et al (1986) CAMDEX: a standardized instrument for the diagnosis of mental disorder in the elderly with special reference to the early detection of dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 698–709.Google Scholar
Roth, M., Huppert, F. A., Tym, E., et al (1988) CAMDEX The Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rund, B. R. (1988) Cognitive disturbances in schizophrenics: what are they, and what is their origin? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 77, 113–123.Google Scholar
Scheerenberger, R. C. (1983) A History of Mental Retardation. Baltimore: Brookes.Google Scholar
Schneider, K. (1959) Clinical Psychopathology. London: Grune & Stratton.Google Scholar
Sjögren, T., Sjögren, H. & Lindgren, A. G. H. (1952) Morbus Alzheimer and Morbus Pick. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica, 82, 69–115.Google Scholar
Smith, J. S. & Kiloh, L. G. (1981) The investigation of dementia: results in 200 consecutive admissions. Lancet, i, 824–827.Google Scholar
Stengel, E. (1964) Psychopathology of dementia. Proceeding of the Royal Society of Medicine, 57, 911–914.Google Scholar
Teri, L., Larson, E. B. & Reifler, B. V. (1988) Behavioural disturbance in dementia of the Alzheimer Type. Journal American Geriatric Association, 36, 1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toulouse, E. & Mignard, M. (1914) Comment caraetérizer et définir la démence. Annales Médico-Psychologiques, 72, 443-461; 80–88.Google Scholar
Tronchine, G. J. (1928) La démence. Annales Médico-Psychologiques, 86, 307-337; 394–414.Google Scholar
Wattis, J. P. & Hindmarch, I. (1988) Psychological Assessment of the Elderly. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Weinberg, J. (1975) Psychopathology. In Modern Perspectives in the Psychiatry of Old Age (ed. Howells, J. G.), pp. 234–252. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Wertheimer, J. (1974) La démence sénile et son évolution. Revue Medicale Suisse Romande, 94, 545–554.Google Scholar
Ziehen (1911) Les démences. In Traite international de Psychologie Pathologique (ed. Marie, A.), pp. 281–381. Paris: Félix Alcan.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.