Hostname: page-component-5c6d5d7d68-vt8vv Total loading time: 0.001 Render date: 2024-08-29T17:37:28.622Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Evolution and Expansion of Flowering Plants

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2017

Scott L. Wing
Scott L. Wing*
Affiliation:
Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
Get access

Extract

Flowering plants are a classic example of a group arising late in Earth history and yet achieving very high diversity, abundance, and ecological and morphological variety in a great array of environments and climatic conditions on all continents. Thus, the success of flowering plants raises basic questions about how new lineages become inserted into existing terrestrial ecosystems. To what degree did flowering plants replace older lineages competitively, and to what extent did their expansion depend on large-scale environmental disruption or extinction of older groups? Is the higher taxonomic diversity of flowering plants a consequence of higher rates of speciation, lower rates of extinction, or both? Have flowering plants expanded the total area and range of habitats occupied by terrestrial vegetation? What were the effects of the diversification and spread of flowering plants on the structure of habitats and the types of resources available to terrestrial heterotrophs?

Type
Research Article
Information
The Paleontological Society Papers , Volume 6: Phanerozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems , November 2000 , pp. 209 - 232
Copyright
Copyright © 2000 by the Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albert, V.A., Backlund, A., Bremer, K., Chase, M.W., Manhart, J.R., Mishler, B.D., and Nixon, K.C. 1994. Functional constraints and rbc L evidence for land plant phylogeny. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 81:534–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP. 1998. An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 85:531–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Askin, R.A. 1988. Campanian to Paleocene palynological succession of Seymour and adjacent islands, northeastern Antarctic Peninsula. In Feldmann, R.M. and Woodburne, M.O., (eds.), Geology and Paleontology of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula, Geological Society of America Special Paper, 169:131–153.Google Scholar
Basinger, J.F., and Dilcher, D.L. 1984. Ancient bisexual flowers. Science, 224:511–513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bond, W.J. 1989. The tortoise and the hare: ecology of angiosperm dominance and gymnosperm persistence. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 36:227–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boucher, L.D., and Wing, S.L. 1997. Relative abundance and diversity of plant groups in the Late Cretaceous: new data from the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. American Journal of Botany, 84:130. (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Boucher, L.D., Wing, S. L. and Davies-Vollum, S.K. 1997. Depositional environments and relative plant abundance and diversity during the Late Cretaceous in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Abstract with Program p. A463.Google Scholar
Brenner, G.J. 1996. Evidence for the earliest stage of angiosperm pollen evolution: a paleoequatorial section from Israel, p. 91–115. In Taylor, D.W. and Hickey, L.J., (eds.), Flowering Plant Origin, Evolution & Phylogeny, New York: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cahoon, E.J. 1972. Paraphyllanthoxylon alabamense - a new species of fossil dicotyledonous wood. American Journal of Botany, 59:5–11.Google Scholar
Cantrill, D.J. 1996. Fern thickets from the Cretaceous of Alexander Island, Antarctica containing Alamatus bifarius Douglas and Aculea acicularis sp. nov. Cretaceous Research, 17:169–82.Google Scholar
Cantrill, D.J., and Nichols, G.J. 1996. Taxonomy and palaeoecology of Early Cretaceous (Late Albian) angiosperm leaves from Alexander Island, Antarctica. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology, 92:1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, J.L., and Smellie, J.L. 1992. Cretaceous fossil wood and palynomorphs from Williams Point, Livingston Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology, 74:163–192.Google Scholar
Collinson, M.E., Boulter, M.C., and Holmes, P.L. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). p. 809–41. In Benton, M.J., (ed.), The Fossil Record 2, Chapman and Hall, London.Google Scholar
Cornet, B., 1989a. Late Triassic angiosperm-like pollen from the Richmond rift basin of Virginia, U.S.A. Palaeontographical Abteilung B, 213:37–87.Google Scholar
Cornet, B. 1989b. The reproductive morphology and biology of Sanmiguelia lewisii, and its bearing on angiosperm evolution in the Late Triassic. Evolutionary Trends in Plants, 3:25–51.Google Scholar
Crabtree, D.R. 1987. Angiosperms of the northern Rocky Mountains: Albian to Camapanian (Cretaceous) megafossils floras. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens, 74:707–747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crane, P.R. 1985. Phylogenetic analysis of seed plants and the origin of angiosperms, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens, 72:716–793.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crane, P.R. 1987. Vegetational consequences of the angiosperm diversification, p. 107–44. In Friis, E.M., Chaloner, W.G., and Crane, P.R., (eds.), The Origins of Angiosperms and their Biological Consequences, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Crane, P.R. 1988. Major clades and relationships in the “higher” gymnosperms. p. 218–72. In Beck, C.B., (ed.), Origin and Evolution of Gymnosperms, New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Crane, P.R., Friis, E.M., and Pedersen, K.R. 1986. Lower Cretaceous angiosperm flowers: fossil evidence on early radiation of dicotyledons. Science, 232:852–854.Google Scholar
Crane, P.R., Friis, E.M., and Pedersen, K.R. 1989. Reproductive structure and function in Cretaceous Chloranthaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 165:211–226.Google Scholar
Crane, P.R., Friis, E.M., and Pedersen, K.R. 1995. The origin and early diversification of angiosperms. Nature, 374:27–34.Google Scholar
Crane, P.R., and Lidgard, S. 1989. Angiosperm diversification and paleolatitudinal gradients in Cretaceous floristic diversity. Science, 246:675–678.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crane, P.R., and Lidgard, S. 1990. Angiosperm radiation and patterns of Cretaceous palynological diversity. In Taylor, P.D. and Larwood, G.P., (eds.), Major Evolutionary Radiations, Systematics Association Special Volume, 42:377–407.Google Scholar
Crepet, W.L. 1996. Timing in the evolution of derived floral characters: Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) taxa with tricolpate and tricolpate-derived pollen. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology, 90:339–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crepet, W.L., Friis, E.M., and Nixon, K.C. 1991. Fossil evidence for the evolution of biotic pollination. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 333:187–195.Google Scholar
Crepet, W.L., and Nixon, K.C. 1994. Flowers of Turonian Magnoliidae and their implications. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 8:73–91.Google Scholar
Dettmann, M.E., and Jarzen, D.M. 1988. Angiosperm pollen from uppermost Cretaceous strata of southeastern Australia and the Antarctic Peninsula. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontology, 5:217–237.Google Scholar
Dilcher, D.L. 1989. The occurrence of fruits with affinities to Ceratophyllaceae in Lower and mid-Cretaceous sediments. American Journal of Botany, 76:162. (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Dimichele, W.A., Phillips, T.L., and Olmstead, R.G. 1987. Opportunistic evolution: abiotic environmental stress and the fossil record of plants. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology, 50:151–178.Google Scholar
Dodd, M.E., Silvertown, J., and Chase, M.W. 1999. Phylogenetic analysis of trait evolution and species diversity variation among angiosperm families. Evolution, 53:732–744.Google Scholar
Doyle, J.A., and Donoghue, M.J. 1986a. Relationships of angiosperms and Gnetales: a numerical cladistic analysis. In Spicer, R.A. and Thomas, B.A., (eds.), Systematic and Taxonomic Approaches in Paleobotany, Systematics Association Special Volume, 31:177–98.Google Scholar
Doyle, J.A., and Donoghue, M.J. 1986b. Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of angiosperm: an experimental cladistic approach. Botanical Review, 52:321–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyle, J.A., and Donoghue, M.J. 1987. The origin of angiosperms: a cladistic approach. p. 17–49. In Friis, E.M., Chaloner, W.G., and Crane, P.R., (eds.), The Origins of Angiosperms and their Biological Consequences, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Doyle, J.A., and Donoghue, M.J. 1993. Phylogenies and angiosperm diversification. Paleobiology, 19:141–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyle, J.A., Donoghue., M.J. and Zimmer, E.A. 1994. Integration of morphological and ribosomal RNA (r)MDNM data on the origin of angiosperms. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 81:419–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyle, J.A., and Hickey, L.J. 1976. Pollen and leaves from the mid-Cretaceous Potomac Group and their bearing on early angiosperm evolution. p. 139–206. In Beck, C.B., (ed.), Origin and Early Evolution of Angiosperms, Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Doyle, J.A., Jardine, S., and Doerenkamp, A. 1982. Afropollis, a new genus of early angiosperm pollen, with notes on the Cretaceous palynostratigraphy and paleoenvironments of northern Gondwana. Bulletin Centres Recherches Exploration et Production Elf-Aquitaine, 6:39–117.Google Scholar
Drinnan, A.N., and Chambers, T.C. 1985. A reassessment of Taeniopteris daintreei from the Victorian Early Cretaceous: a member of the Pentoxylalaes and a significant Gondwanaland plant. Australian Journal of Botany, 33:89–100.Google Scholar
Drinnan, A.N., Crane, P.R., Friis, E.M., and Pedersen, K.R. 1990. Lauraceous flowers from the Potomac Group (mid-Cretaceous) of eastern North America. Botanical Gazette, 151:370–380.Google Scholar
Friis, E.M. 1988. Spirematospermum chandlerae sp. nov., an extinct species of Zingiberaceae from the North American Cretaceous. Tertiary Research, 9:7–12.Google Scholar
Friis, E.M., Pedersen, K.R., and Crane, P.R. 1994. Angiosperm floral structures from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 8:31–49.Google Scholar
Friis, E.M., Pedersen, K.R., and Crane, P.R. 1999. Early angiosperm diversification: the diversity of pollen associated with angiosperm reproductive structures in Early Cretaceous floras from Portugal. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens, 86:259–296.Google Scholar
Givnish, T. 1979. On the adaptive significance of leaf form. p. 375–407. In Solbrig, O.T., Jain, S., Johnson, G.B., and Raven, P.H., (eds.), Topics in Plant Population Biology. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Grime, J.P. 1977. Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory. American Naturalist, 111:1169–1194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grime, J.P. 1979. Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons. 222 p.Google Scholar
Hamby, R.K., and Zimmer, E.A. 1992. Ribosomal RNA as a phylogenetic tool in plant systematics. p. 50–91. In Soltis, P.S., Soltis, D.E., and Doyle, J.J., (eds.), Molecular Systematics of Plants. Chapman and Hall, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickey, L.J., and Doyle, J.A. 1977. Early Cretaceous fossil evidence for angiosperm evolution. Botanical Review, 43:3–104.Google Scholar
Hickey, L.J., and Peterson, R.K. 1978. Zingiberopsis from Late Cretaceous to early Eocene sediments of western interior North America. Canadian Journal of Botany, 56:1136–1152.Google Scholar
Hill, R.S., and Scriven, L.J. 1995. The angiosperm-dominated woody vegetation of Antarctica: a review. Review of Palaebotany and Palynology, 86:175–198.Google Scholar
Hughes, N.F. 1994. The Enigma of Angiosperm Origins. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, K.R. 1992. Leaf-fossil evidence for extensive floral extinction a the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, North Dakota, USA. Cretaceous Research, 13:91–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kress, W.J. 1990. The phylogeny and classification of the Zingiberales. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens, 77:698–721.Google Scholar
Lesquereux, L. 1892. The flora of the Dakota Group. U.S. Geological Survey Monograph, 17:1–256.Google Scholar
Lidgard, S., and Crane, P.R. 1988. Quantitative analysis of the early angiosperm radiation. Nature, 331:344–346.Google Scholar
Lidgard, S., and Crane, P.R. 1990. Angiosperm diversification and Cretaceous floristic trends: a comparison of palynofloras and leaf macrofloras. Paleobiology. 16:77–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lupia, R. 1999. Discordant morphological disparity and taxonomic diversity during the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation: North American pollen record. Paleobiology, 25:1–28.Google Scholar
Lupia, R., Lidgard, S., and Crane, P.R. 1999. Comparing palynological abundance and diversity: implications for biotic replacement during the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation. Paleobiology, 25:305–340.Google Scholar
MaCmahon, J. 1985. Deserts. Audubon Society Nature Guides. Knopf, New York. 638 p.Google Scholar
MaGallon, S., Crane, P.R., and Herendeen, P.S. 1999. Phylogenetic pattern, diversity, and diversification of eudicots. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 86:297–372.Google Scholar
Marzluff, J.M., and Dial, K.P. 1991. Life history correlates of taxonomic diversity. Ecology. 72:428–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McIver, E.E., and Aulenback, K.R. 1994. Morphology and relationships of Mesocyparis umbonata sp.nov.: fossil Cupressaceae from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany, 72:273–295.Google Scholar
McLoughlin, S., Drinnan, A.N., and Rozefelds, A.C. 1995. A Cenomanian flora from the Winton Formation, Eromanga Basin, Queensland, Australia. Memoirs Queensland Museum, 38:273–313.Google Scholar
Midgley, J.J., and Bond, W.J. 1991. Ecological aspects of the rise of angiosperms: a challenge to the reproductive superiority hypothesis. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 44:81–92.Google Scholar
Muller, J. 1981. Fossil pollen records of extant angiosperms. Botanical Review, 47:1–142.Google Scholar
Nixon, K.C., Crepet, W.L., Stevenson, D., and Friis, E.M. 1994. A reevaluation of seed plant Phylogeny. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens, 81:484–533.Google Scholar
Parker, L.R. 1975. The paleoecology of the fluvial coal-forming swamps and associated floodplain environments in the Blackhawk Formation (upper Cretaceous) of Central Utah. Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 22:99–116.Google Scholar
Ramanujan, C.G.K. 1972. Fossil coniferous woods from the Oldman Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Botany, 50:595–602.Google Scholar
Rees, P.M., and Smellie, J.L. 1989. Cretaceous angiosperms from an allegedly Triassic flora at Williams Point, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands. Antarctic Science, 1:239–248.Google Scholar
Rees, P.M., and Dilcher, D.L. 1981. A coastal hypothesis for the dispersal and rise to dominance of flowering plants. p. 27–77. In Niklas, K.J., (ed.), Paleobotany, Paleoecology and Evolution volume 2, Praeger Press, New York.Google Scholar
Rees, P.M., and Dilcher, D.L. 1986. Cretaceous angiosperm invasion of North America. Cretaceous Research, 7:227–52.Google Scholar
Ricklefs, R.E., and Renner, S.S. 1994. Species richness within families of flowering plants. Evolution, 48:1619–1636.Google Scholar
Sanderson, M.J., and Donoghue, M.J. 1994. Shifts in diversification rate with the origin of angiosperms. Science, 264:1590–1593.Google Scholar
Serlin, B.S. 1982. An Early Cretaceous fossil flora from northwest Texas: its composition and implications. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 182:52–86.Google Scholar
Specht, R.L., Dettmann, M.E., and Jarzen, D.M. 1992. Community associations and structure in the Late Cretaceous vegetation of southeast Australasia and Antarctica. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, and Palaeoecology, 94:283–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spicer, R.A. 1987. The significance of the Cretaceous flora of northern Alaska for the reconstruction of the climate of the Cretaceous. Geologische Jahrbuch, 96:265–292.Google Scholar
Sytsma, K.J., and Baum, D.A. 1996. Molecular phylogenies and the diversification of the angiosperms. p. 314–340. In Taylor, D.W. and Hickey, L.J., (eds.), Flowering Plant Origin, Evolution & Phylogeny. Chapman & Hall, New York.Google Scholar
Taylor, D.W., and Hickey, L.J. 1990. An Aptian plant with attached leaves and flowers: implications for angiosperm origin. Science, 247:702–704.Google Scholar
Taylor, D.W., and Hickey, L.J. 1992. Phylogenetic evidence for the herbaceous origin of angiosperms. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 180:137–156.Google Scholar
Taylor, D.W., and Hickey, L.J. 1996. Evidence for and implications of an herbaceous origin for angiosperms. p. 232–266. In Taylor, D.W. and Hickey, L.J., (eds.), Flowering Plant Origin, Evolution & Phylogeny. Chapman & Hall, New York.Google Scholar
Thayn, G.F., Tidwell, W.D., and Stokes, W.L. 1983. Flora of the Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and Colorado, part I. Paraphyllanthoxylon utahense. Great Basin Naturalist, 43:394–402.Google Scholar
Taylor, D.W., and Hickey, L.J. 1985. Flora of the lower Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and Colorado. Part III: Icacinoxylon pittiense n. sp. American Journal of Botany, 72:175–180.Google Scholar
Tiffney, B.H. 1984. Seed size, dispersal syndromes, and the rise of the angiosperms: evidence and hypothesis. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens, 71:551–76.Google Scholar
Tiver, F., Wing, S.L., Hickey, L.J., and McRea, J.E. 1994. Cretaceous vegetation types in the Big Cedar Ridge flora, Wyoming. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Abstracts with Program, p.123–124. (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Truswell, E.M. 1990. Cretaceous and Tertiary vegetation of Antarctica: a palynological perspective. p. 71–88. In Taylor, T.N. and Taylor, E.L., (eds.), Antarctic Paleobiology: Its Role in the Reconstruction of Gondwana, Springer-Verlag, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Upchurch, G.R. 1984. The cuticular anatomy of early angiosperm leaves from the Lower Cretaceous Potomac Group of Virginia and Maryland, Part I. Zone I leaves. American Journal of Botany, 71:191–202.Google Scholar
Upchurch, G.R. 1995. Dispersed angiosperm cuticles: their history, preparation, and application to the rise of angiosperms in Cretaceous and Paleocene coals, southern western interior of North America. International Journal of Coal Geology, 28:161–227.Google Scholar
Upchurch, G.R., Crane, P.R., and Drinnan, A.N. 1994. The megaflora from the Quantico locality (upper Albian), Lower Cretaceous Potomac Group of Virginia. Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir, 4:1–57.Google Scholar
Upchurch, G.R., and Dilcher, D.L. 1990. Cenomanian angiosperm leaf megafossils, Dakota Formation, Rose Creek Locality, Jefferson County, southeastern Nebraska. U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1915:1–55.Google Scholar
Upchurch, G.R., and Wolfe, J.A. 1993. Cretaceous vegetation of the Western Interior and adjacent regions of North America In Caldwell, W.G.E. and Kauffman, E.G., (eds.), Evolution of the Western Interior Basin, Geological Association of Canada Special Paper, 39:243–281.Google Scholar
Vermeij, G. 1987. Evolution and Escalation, an Ecological History of Life. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. 527 p.Google Scholar
Wheeler, E.A. 1991. Paleocene dicotyledonous trees from Big Bend National Park, Texas: Variability in wood types common in the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, and ecological inferences, American Journal of Botany. 78:658–671.Google Scholar
Wheeler, E.A., and Baas, P. 1991. A survey of the fossil record for dicotyledonous wood and its significance for evolutionary and ecological wood anatomy. IAWA Bulletin, 12:275–332.Google Scholar
Wheeler, E.A., and Baas, P. 1993. The potentials and limitations of dicotyledonous wood anatomy for climatic reconstructions. Paleobiology, 19:487–498.Google Scholar
Wheeler, E.A., Matten, L.C., and Lee, M.R. 1987. Dicotyledonous woods from the Upper Cretaceous of southern Illimois. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.Google Scholar
Wheeler, E.A., McClammer, J., and LaPasha, C.A. 1995. Similarities and differences in dicotyledonous woods of the Cretaceous and Paleocene, San Juan Basin, New Mexico, USA. IAWA Bulletin, 16:223–54.Google Scholar
Wing, S.L., and Boucher, L.D. 1998. Ecological aspects of the Cretaceous flowering plant radiation. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 26:379–421.Google Scholar
Wing, S.L., Hickey, L.J., and Swisher, C.C. 1993. Implications of an exceptional fossil flora for Late Cretaceous vegetation. Nature, 363:342–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wing, S.L., and Tiffney, B.H. 1987. The reciprocal interaction of angiosperm evolution and tetrapod herbivory. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology, 50:179–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfe, J.A., and Upchurch, G.R. 1987. North American nonmarine climates and vegetation during the Late Cretaceous. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 61:33–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zastawniak, E. 1994. Upper Cretaceous leaf flora from the Blaszyk Moraine (Zamek Formation), King George Island, South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica. Acta Palaeobotanica, 34:119–63.Google Scholar
Ziegler, A.M., Raymond, A.L., Gierlowski, T.C., Horrell, M.A., Rowley, D.B., and Lottes, A.L. 1987. Coal, climate and terrestrial productivity: the present and Early Cretaceous compared. p. 25–49. In Scott, A.C., (ed.), Coal and Coal-bearing Strata: Recent Advances, Geological Society of London Special Publication, 32.Google Scholar