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² Chabod, , op. cit., pp. 43 ff., 54Google Scholar; Santoro, Uffici, pp. xvii, xxix ff.; Jones, , op. cit., pp. 242–44Google Scholar, etc. By 1500 council membership was becoming heredi tary (see, for example, Rabozzi, M., in Boll. Stor. prov. di Novara, xxxix (1948), p. 5; Cesarini-Sforza, W., in Boll. Stor. Piacentino, v (1910), p. 74), a trend evident also in towns under the republican rule of Venice: Zanelli, Condvpioni.Google Scholar

³ Ercole, F., La politico, di Machiavelli (Rome, 1926), pp. 147–48, 152.Google Scholar

⁴ For example by Cipolla, , in Storia di Milano, viii, pp. 350 ff.Google Scholar

⁵ A fact which, on R. Mousnier's definition of absolutism (X Cong. Intern. di Science Stor. ZS)55, Relazioni, iv, pp. 6–9, 12-15), would disqualify the Italian principality.Google Scholar

¹ See for example: Sitta, , op. cit., p. 133Google Scholar; Chabod, , op. cit., p. 47Google Scholar; Zaccarini, , op. cit., pp. 8, 60Google Scholar; Masi, , op. cit., p. 78Google Scholar; Barni, , op. cit., pp. 17 ff.Google Scholar; Jones, , op. cit.Google Scholar; P. Bognetti, G., in Arch. Star. Lombardo, 1927, pp. 267 ff.Google Scholar; Rocca, E. Nasalli, in Boll. Stor. Piacentino, xxx (1935)Google Scholar, and in Studi in onore di C. Manaresi (Milan, 1953), pp. 239 ff.; Mesquita, , in Italian Renaissance Studies, pp. 184 ff.Google Scholar

² Salvioli, , op. cit., p. 24Google Scholar; Mesquita, , Giangaleano Visconti, pp. 227 ff., 295Google Scholar; Jones, , op. cit., pp. 226–27Google Scholar; Balduzzi, , in Atti Memorie Dep. Stor. Pat. Romagna, 1875, pp. 156–57Google Scholar; E. Verga, , in Arch, Stor. Lombardo, xxviii. 2 (1901), p. 116Google Scholar; Salvioli, , in Vierteljahrschrift f. Sozial -und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, iii (1905), p. 151Google Scholar; Ciapessoni, P., in Boll. Stor. Pavese, vi (1906), pp. 383 ff., 611Google Scholar; Zerbi, T., La banca mil’ordinamento finanziario visconteo (Como, 1935), pp. 216, 256-57.Google Scholar

³ Arch. Stor. It., Ser. i, App. i (1842-1844), p. 300.Google Scholar

⁴ Syme, R., The Roman Revolution (Oxford, 1939), p.7Google Scholar

¹ For some current (and divergent) definitions of which see: Chabod, F. and Mattingley, G., op. cit., p. 95, n. 5 aboveGoogle Scholar; Major, J. Russell, Representative Institutions in Renaissance France, 1421–2559 (Madison, 1960), pp. 3 ff.Google Scholar

² See most recently Gaines, Post, ‘Ratio publicae utilitatis, ratio status und “Staatsrason’ (1100–1300)’, Die Welt als Geschichte, xxi (1961), pp. 8 ff., 71 ff.Google Scholar

³ Sapori, A., ‘Medio evo e rinascimento’, Arch. Star. It., cxv (1957)Google Scholar; Jones, P. J., in Riv. Stor. It., 1964, pp. 287–88.Google Scholar

⁴ Riv. Stor. It., 1962, p. 721.Google Scholar

⁵ Also, from the early-fifteenth century, against the practice of the sale of offices: Giulini, G., Continuaiione delle Memorie di Milano, iii (Milan, 1771), p. 616Google Scholar; Verga, , loc. cit., p. 104Google Scholar; Sitta, , op. cit., p. 147Google Scholar; Zaccarini, , op. cit., p. 8Google Scholar; Santoro, , Uffici, pp. xvii–xviiiGoogle Scholar; Mousnier, R., ‘Le traffic des offices a Venise’, Rev. Hist, de Droit, 1952, pp. 552–63.Google Scholar