Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-5lx2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-04T17:28:37.345Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The County Community and the Making of Public Opinion in Fourteenth-Century England

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 February 2009

Extract

‘The “county”’, said Maitland, ‘is not a mere stretch of land, a governmental district; it is an organized body of men; it is a comnumitas’. For the most part it has not been medievalists who have taken up that theme but historians of the early modern period. Much recent writing on the politics of sixteenth and seventeenth century England has turned on the county and its institutions, for it was there that the ambitions and loyalties of the gentry often found expression and the factions and rivalries of the 1640s first developed. The grand dénouement of the Civil War has stimulated historians to look beneath national and parliamentary affairs to the attitudes of the shires, which so frequently obstructed and distorted the policies devised at Whitehall and Westminster.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Historical Society 1978

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Pollock, F. and Maitland, F. W., The History of English Law, i (2nd edn., Cambridge, 1898), p. 534Google Scholar.

2 See Storey, R. L., The End of the House of Lancaster (London, 1966), esp. pp. 90–8Google Scholar.

3 Stone, L., The Crisis of the Aristocracy, 1558–1641 (Oxford, 1965), pp. 201–11Google Scholar; Fletcher, A., A County Community in Peace and War: Sussex, 1600–1660 (London, 1975). PP. 23, 129ffGoogle Scholar.

4 McFarlane, K. B., ‘Parliament and “Bastard Feudalism”’, T.R.Hist.S. 4th ser., xxvi (1944), 5664Google Scholar.

5 The locus classicus is Pollock, and Maitland, , History of English Law, i, pp. 532–56Google Scholar.

6 Smith, A. Hassell, County and Court: Government and Politics in Norfolk, 1558–1603 (Oxford, 1974), p. 110Google Scholar.

7 Pollock, and Maitland, , History of English Law, i, pp. 535–6Google Scholar.

8 Maddicott, J. R., The English Peasantry and the Demands of the Crown, 1294–1341 (Past and Present Supplement No. 1, 1975), pp. 24–5, 56Google Scholar; Smith, Hassell, County and Court, pp. 95–9Google Scholar.

9 Maitland, F. W., Township and Borough (Cambridge, 1898), p. 39Google Scholar.

10 Plucknett, T. F. T., A Concise History of the Common Law (5th edn., London, 1956), p. 93Google Scholar.

11 H. M. Gam, The Hundred and the Hundred Rolls (reprint, London, 1963), p. 110.

12 Parliamentary Writs, ed. Palgrave, F. (London, 18271830), I, pp. 214–15Google Scholar; Reiss, L., The History of the English Electoral Law in the Middle Ages, trans. Wood-Legh, K. L. (Cambridge, 1940), p. 48Google Scholar.

13 Rotuli Parliamentorum, iii, pp. 400–03; Reiss, , English Electoral Law, p. 49Google Scholar.

14 Roskell, J. S., The Commons in the Parliament of 1422 (Manchester, 1954), pp. 612Google Scholar.

15 Morris, W. A., The Early English County Court (Berkeley, California, 1926), pp. 138–9, 173Google Scholar.

16 Roskell, , Parliament of 1422, p. 25Google Scholar.

17 Bracton's Note Book, ed. Maitland, F. W., iii (London, 1887), p. 565Google Scholar; Pollock, and Maitland, , History of English Law, i, pp. 549–50Google Scholar.

18 Parl. Writs, II, ii, p. 272; Reiss, , English Electoral Law, pp. 52–3Google Scholar.

19 The Register of John de Grandisson, Bishop of Exeter, ed. Hingeston-Randolph, F. C. i (London, 1894), p. 301Google Scholar; see below, pp. 39–40.

20 P.R.O., Chancery Files, Certificates of Election, C. 267/10/6C.

21 Roskell, , Parliament of 1422, p. 26Google Scholar.

22 Fleta, ed. Richardson, H. G. and Sayles, G. O., ii (Selden Soc, 1953), p. 225Google Scholar; Statutes of the Realm, i (London, 1810), p. 35Google Scholar.

23 P.R.O., Ancient Correspondence, S.C.1/28/168.

24 Parl. Writs, I, p. 60; Reiss, , English Electoral Law, p. 53Google Scholar.

25 Illsley, J. S., ‘Parliamentary Elections in the Reign of Edward I’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, xlix (1976), 25Google Scholar, 28–30.

26 Parl. Writs, I, p. 34.

27 Ibid., I, p. 21.

28 Ibid., II, ii, p. 114; Washington, G.S.H.L., Early Westmorland M.P.s, 1258–1327 (Kendal, 1959), pp. 66–7Google Scholar.

29 E.g., Parl. Writs, II, ii, pp. 3, 5, 28, 46, 60, 61, etc.

30 P. R.O., Parliamentary Writs and Returns, C. 219/5/11.

31 For Staffs.: Parl. Writs, II, ii, p. 361; cf. Roskell, , Parliament of 1422, p. 8, n. 1Google Scholar.

32 Morris, , Early English County Court, pp. 103–04Google Scholar.

33 Bennett, H. S., Life on the English Manor (Cambridge, 1937), p. 166Google Scholar.

34 Davies, H. W. C., ‘The Anglo-Saxon Laws’, Eng. Hist. Rev., xxviii (1913), 425–6Google Scholar.

35 R. L. Poole, ”The Publication of Great Charters by the English Kings’, ibid, 449–53.

36 Foedera, ed. Rymer, T., Sanderson, R., Caley, J. and Holbrooke, F., II, ii, (London, 1821), pp. 782, 787, 799–800, 804Google Scholar.

37 Cal. Close Rolls, 1330–33, pp. 127, 147, 159; Stat. Realm, i, pp. 261–5.

38 Hewitt, H. J., The Organization of War under Edward III, 1338–62 (Manchester, 1966), pp. 159–69Google Scholar.

39 E.g., Stat. Realm, i, p. 261.

40 Cal. Close Rolls, 1385–89, p. 624; P.R.O., Chancery Files, Warrants for Proclamations, C.255/3/5/195.

41 Cal. Close Rolls, 1396–99, pp. 281–2; P.R.O., Chancery Files, Warrants for Proclamations, C.255/3/7/1–22.

42 E.g., Ibid., Nos. 3, 5, 10, 22.

43 Ibid., No. 31.

44 Poole, , ‘Publication of Great Charters’, 450Google Scholar.

45 Ibid., 449, 451; Mills, M.H., ‘The Medieval Shire House’, Studies Presented to Sir Hilary Jenkinson, ed. Davies, J. C. (London, 1957), p. 257Google Scholar.

46 Stat. Realm, i, p. lxxxvii.

47 Ecclesie de Bernewelle Liber Memorandorum, ed. Clark, J. W. (Cambridge, 1907), p. 238Google Scholar; Mills, , ‘Medieval Shire House’, p. 255Google Scholar.

48 P.R.O., Ancient Petitions, S.C.8/139/6912.

49 ibid., s.c.8/110/5473.

50 ibid., s.c.8/39/1937.

51 ibid., s.c.8/152/7592.

52 Maddicott, J. R., Thomas of Lancaster, 1307–22 (Oxford, 1970), pp. 328–9Google Scholar. For other instances, see P.R.O., Ancient Petitions, S.C.8/43/2130, 130/6495.

53 Palmer, R. C., ‘County Year Book Reports: the Professional Lawyer in the Medieval County Court’, Eng. Hist. Rev., xci (1976), 776–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

54 Rot. Parl., ii, p. 310; Wood-Legh, K.L., ‘Sheriffs, Lawyers and Belted Knights in the Parliaments of Edward III’, Eng. Hist. Rev., xlvi (1931), 376–81Google Scholar.

55 ‘Miracula Simonis de Montfort’, Rishanger's Chronicle, ed. Halliwell, J. O. (London, Camden Soc., 1840), pp. 85Google Scholar, 89.

56 Hewitt, , Organization of War, pp. 160–3Google Scholar.

57 Maddicott, , Thomas of Lancaster, p. 309Google Scholar.

58 Anglo-Norman Letters and Petitions, ed. Legge, M. D. (Anglo-Norman Text Soc., Oxford, 1941), p. 100Google Scholar.

59 Tanquerey, F. J.. Recueil des Lettres Anglo-Françaises, 1265–1399 (Paris, 1916), P. 52Google Scholar.

60 Davies, J. C., The Baronial Opposition to Edward II (Cambridge, 1918)Google Scholar, App. No. 19.

61 P.R.O., Ancient Correspondence, S.C.1/28/149. For the date see Rot. Parl., ii, p. 131.

62 Reg. John de Grandisson, i, pp. 300–301. For the constitutional issues see Clarke, M. V., Medieval Representation and Consent (London, 1936), p. 342Google Scholar; and Bryant, W. N., ”The Financial Dealings of Edward III with the County Communities, 1330–60’, Eng. Hist. Rev., lxxxiii (1968), 766–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

63 P.R.O., Ancient Petitions, S.C.8/32/1586, 131/6505.

64 Return of Members of Parliament, i (London, 1878), p. 115Google Scholar.

65 See Haskins, G. L., ‘The Petitions of Representatives in the Parliaments of Edward I’, Eng. Hist. Rev., liii (1938), 120CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

66 P.R.O., Ancient Petitions, S.C.8/206/10289.

67 Cockburn, J. S., A History of English Assizes, 1558–1714 (Cambridge, 1972), pp. 234–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Everitt, A., The Community of Kent and the Great Rebellion 1640–60 (Leicester, 1966), pp. 95 n. 2, 237Google Scholar.

68 P.R.O., Chancery Files, Warrants for Proclamations, C.255/3/7/4.

69 Stat. Realm., i, pp. 313 (1351), 374 (1362).

70 P.R.O., Ancient Indictments K.B.9/108, m. 13 (1393); Ancient Petitions, S.C.8/45/2243 (1337); Furley, J.S., City Government of Winchester (Oxford, 1923), pp. 117, 135–6Google Scholar.

71 Sutherland, D. W., The Assize of Novel Disseisin (Oxford, 1973), pp. 130, 135–9Google Scholar; Plucknett, , Concise History of the Common Law, p. 271 n.iGoogle Scholar; Select Cases in the Court of King's Bench, ed. Sayles, G. O., vii (Selden Soc., 1971), pp. xxxvi–xxxixGoogle Scholar.

72 Proceedings before the Justices of the Peace in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, ed. Putnam, B. H. (Ames Foundation, 1938), pp. xxiv–xxvGoogle Scholar; Post, J. B., ‘The Peace Commissions of 1382’, Eng. Hist. Rev., xci (1976), 98101CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

73 See Tout, T. F., ‘The English Parliament and Public Opinion, 1376–88’, Collected Papers, ii (Manchester, 1934), pp. 173190Google Scholar.

74 Dobson, B., The Peasants' Revolt of 1381 (London, 1970), pp. 80–3Google Scholar.

75 Namier, L.B., The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III, i (London, 1929), P. 164Google Scholar; cf. p. vi.