^{page 115 note 1} Knowles, D., The Episcopal Colleagues of Archbishop Becket (Cambridge, 1951)Google Scholar; Gibbs, M. and Lang, J., Bishops and Reform, 1215–1272 (Oxford, 1934)Google Scholar; Edwards, K., ‘Bishops and Learning in the reign of Edward II’, Church Quart. Rev., cxxxviii (1944), 57–86Google Scholar; ‘The political importance of the English bishops during the reign of Edward II’, Eng. Hist. Rev., lix (1944), 311–47Google Scholar; Smith, W. E. L., Episcopal Appointments and Patronage in the reign of Edward II (Chicago, 1938)Google Scholar.

^{page 115 note 2} Pantin, W. A., The English Church in the Fourteenth Century (Cambridge, 1955), pp. 9–26Google Scholar.

^{page 116 note 1} Ayrmin, Brantingham, Buckingham, Bury, Thomas Charlton, Droxford, Edington, Hatfield, Hotham, Langton, Melton, Roger Northburgh, Reynolds, John Stratford, Robert Stratford, Thoresby, Wickham and Zouche.

^{page 117 note 1} Ayrmin, Bury, Edington, Langton, John Stratford, Robert Stratford, Thoresby and Zouche.

^{page 117 note 2} Edwards, , ‘Bishops and Learning’, pp. 60–1Google Scholar.

^{page 117 note 3} Snappe's Formulary, ed. Salter, H. E. (Oxford Hist. Soc., 1924), pp. 308–309Google Scholar; Gibson, S., Statuta Antiqua Universitatis Oxoniensis (Oxford, 1931), pp. 3, 155Google Scholar.

^{page 117 note 4} Young, N. Denholm, ‘Richard de Bury (1287–1345)’, Trans. Royal Hist. Soc, 4th ser., xx (1937), p. 157 n.1Google Scholar.

^{page 117 note 5} Barnet, Bintworth, Houghton, Michael Northburgh, Islip and Sheppey. Gilbert had not served in a department but only became an envoy after reaching the bench.

^{page 117 note 6} Bintworth, Bradwardine, Houghton, Islip, Langham, Michael Northburgh, Sheppey and Wickham.

^{page 118 note 1} Between 1337 and 1340 (Reg. Burghersh, fos. 69V, 70V, 72, 90 and 584).

^{page 118 note 2} Foedera, II. ii. 1185Google Scholar.

^{page 118 note 3} Cf. Cal. Cl. Rolls, 1341–1343, p. 634.

^{page 118 note 4} Foedera, III, i. 50.

^{page 118 note 5} Cf. Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1345–1348, p. 80;Collectanea Miscellanea Topographica et Genealogica (London, 1834), i. 165Google Scholar; Cal. Pap. Pet., i. 219;Tout, T. F., Chapters in Medieval Administrative History (Manchester, 1920–1933), vi. 52Google Scholar.

^{page 118 note 6} Cal. CL R., 1349–1354, p. 624.

^{page 118 note 7} Cal. Pap. Pet., i. 106.

^{page 118 note 8} Registrum Palatinum Dunelmense, ed. Hardy, T. D. (Rolls Ser., 1873–1878) iii. 490Google Scholar.

^{page 118 note 9} Tout, , Chapters, iv. 114 and n. 4Google Scholar.

^{page 118 note 10} Prior, 1333–50, royal envoy in 1345 and 1349.

^{page 119 note 1} Langton and Robert Stratford (chancellors), Brantingham, Edington, Langham, Reynolds and Zouche (treasurers).

^{page 119 note 2} Member of the household of Henry I, earl of Lancaster, and steward to his son, Henry II; bishop of Lincoln, 1347–62; cf. Thompson, A. H., ‘Registers of John Gynewell, bishop of Lincoln’, Archaeological Journal, lxviii (1911), p. 305Google Scholar, and Cal. Pap. Lett., iii. 130.

^{page 119 note 3} Chancellor to John of Gaunt, 1372–5, bishop of Bath and Wells, 1388–1400.

^{page 119 note 4} Clerk to the Black Prince by 1362, constable of Bordeaux, 1363–7, bishop of Bath and Wells, 1366–83.

^{page 119 note 5} Almoner to the Black Prince by 1347, confessor by 1349, bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, 1360–85.

^{page 119 note 6} One of the Black Prince's keepers by 1347, auditor, 1352–6, ‘of the council of the Prince of Wales’, 1357, attorney, 1355–7, 1362–3, surveyor, 1361, bishop of St. Asaph, 1376–82.

^{page 120 note 1} Barnet, Paschal and Whittlesey.

^{page 120 note 2} Arundel, Beaumont, Anthony Beck II, Thomas Beck II, Berkeley, Brian, Burghersh, Thomas Charlton, Courtenay, Despenser, Grandisson, Martin, Montacute, Neville and Percy.

^{page 120 note 3} 4th son of Hugh, earl of Devon, 1303–1377 (Complete Peerage, iv. 274–5)Google Scholar.

^{page 120 note 4} 3rd son of Richard Fitzalan, earl of Arundel (ibid., p. 161).

^{page 120 note 5} 4th son of Edward, 2nd son of Hugh Despenser the Younger. Thus he was uncle to Thomas Despenser, earl of Gloucester (cr. 1398).

^{page 120 note 6} Simon Montague became bishop of Worcester in 1334. His brother was created earl of Salisbury in 1337; Thomas Percy became bishop of Norwich in 1355. His nephew Henry was created earl of Northumberland in 1377.

^{page 120 note 7} Complete Peerage, ix. 501 n.b. The archbishop's nephew Ralph became 1st earl of Northumberland in 1397.

^{page 120 note 8} Cf. Complete Peerage, ii, 128.

^{page 121 note 1} Henry Burghersh was the nephew of Bartholomew Badlesmere.

^{page 121 note 2} For his appointment see Smith, , Episcopal Appointments, pp. 33–6Google Scholar. Cf. Col. Cl. R., 1280–1296, p. 451.

^{page 121 note 3} Thomas was the brother of John Charlton of Powys, baron. Lewis was his son.

^{page 121 note 4} Cf. Complete Peerage, ii, 59 n. His father was cousin of Eleanor of Castile.

^{page 121 note 5} Bateman, Fastolf, Lynn, Ross and Sudbury.

^{page 121 note 6} Appleby and Ringstead.

^{page 122 note 1} Cf. Graves, E. B., ‘The legal significance of the Statute of Praemunire’, Haskins Anniversity Essays, ed. Taylor, C. H. and Monte, J. La (Boston, New York, 1929), pp. 57–80Google Scholar.

^{page 122 note 2} Cal. Pap. Pet., i. 470, Cal. Pap. Lett., iv. 21, 53.

^{page 122 note 3} Cal. Pap. Lett., iv. 99.

^{page 122 note 4} Cal. Pap. Pet., i. 249, 285; Foedera (Lond. ed., 1727–35), v. 866, and Cal. Pap. Lett., iii. 620.

^{page 122 note 5} Cal. Pap. Pet., i. 396.

^{page 122 note 6} The Register of John de Grandisson, Bishop of Exeter, 1327–1369, ed. Randolph, F. C. Hingeston (Exeter, 1894–1899), iii. p. vGoogle Scholar.

^{page 122 note 7} Cf. Reg. Grandisson, ii. 653, 1540; Rot. Pad., ii, 245; Cal. Pat. R., 1348–1350, p. 559; id., 1350–1354, p. 190; Reg. Grandisson, i.111–12.

^{page 122 note 8} Ap Bleddyn, Englefield, Gower, Gronow, ap Madoc, Seys and Trevor.

^{page 123 note 1} Smith, , op. cit., p. 21Google Scholar.

^{page 123 note 2} Cal. Pap. Pet., i. 114; Cal. Pap. Lett., iii. 100.

^{page 123 note 3} Cal. Pap. Lett., iii. 100.

^{page 123 note 4} Cf. ibid., p. 531.

^{page 123 note 5} Ibid., and p. 235.

^{page 123 note 6} Smith, p. 15.

^{page 123 note 7} Cal. Pat. R., 1327–1330, p. 253.

^{page 123 note 8} Reg. Whittlesey (Cant.), fo. 136.

^{page 123 note 9} Cal. Pat. R., 1327–1330, p. 259.

^{page 123 note 10} Berkeley, Meopham, Mortival, Orleton, Reed, Shrewsbury, Ralph Stratford, John and Thomas Trilleck and Welton.

^{page 124 note 1} The Register of Ralph of Shrewsbury, Bishop of Bath and Wells, 1329–1363 ed. Holmes, T. S. (Somerset Rec. Sec), ix, p. xxGoogle Scholar.

^{page 124 note 2} Islip clearly obtained for Reed the provostship of Wingham College, Powicke, F. M., The Medieval Books of Merton College (Oxford, 1931), p. 89Google Scholar.

^{page 124 note 3} Berkeley, Meopham, Mortival and Reed.

^{page 124 note 4} When Heytesbury had been one of Islip's executors Reed had bought books from him.

^{page 124 note 5} Lynn (Reed's predecessor) had secured recognition of the fact that Wittering should be held by a regent in theology according to a constitution of Boniface, Archbishop, Cal. Pap. Lett., iv. 189–90Google Scholar.

^{page 124 note 6} Pantin, p. 113.

^{page 125 note 1} Bouch, C. M. L., Prelates and People of the Lake Counties (Kendal, 1948), p. 86Google Scholar.

^{page 125 note 2} Cf. Pantin, p. 15.

^{page 125 note 3} Cal. Pap. Lett., ii. 165.

^{page 125 note 4} Reg. Shrewsbury, ix, p. xx.

^{page 125 note 5} Reg. Islip, fo. 244.

^{page 125 note 6} Cal. Pap. Pet., i. 134.

^{page 125 note 7} Registrum Johannis de Trilleck, Episcopi Herefordensis, 1334–1361, ed. Parry, J. H. (Canterbury and York Soc., 1910–1912) i, p. xiGoogle Scholar.

^{page 125 note 8} Mallett, C. E., A History of the University of Oxford (London, 1924), 301Google Scholar.

^{page 125 note 9} Cf. e.g. Anglia Sacra, ed. Wharton, H. (London, 1691), i. 652–3, 655Google Scholar.

^{page 126 note 1} Graduates made up just over 50% of Henry III's bishops, nearly 70% of Edward III's. The proportions of theologians were respectively 9 out of 40; 13 (?15) out of 57 (?60).

^{page 126 note 2} Anthony Beck II, Berkeley, Bradwardine, Bury, de Castro, Lewis Charlton, Gilbert, Meopham, Mortival, Paschal, Reed, Ringstead, Sheppey, Trevor and perhaps Lisle and Grandisson.

^{page 126 note 3} All except Anthony Beck II, Bury, de Castro, Gilbert and Ringstead.

^{page 126 note 4} Courtenay, Sudbury, Whittlesey and perhaps Islip.

^{page 126 note 5} Cf. Cal. Pap. Lett., ii. 520; Cal. Pap. Pet., i. 373.

^{page 127 note 1} Bateman, Orleton, Robert Stratford, Thomas Beck II, Shrewsbury, Appleby and Brinton (canonists); Thomas Charlton, Courtenay, Despenser, John Stratford, Sudbury and Ross (civilians); Gower, Ergham, Thomas Trilleck, Whittlesey and probably Burghersh (both).

^{page 127 note 2} Cf. Maitland, F. W., Roman Canon Law in the Church of England (1898), especially pp. 1–50Google Scholar.

^{page 127 note 3} Cf. Sarton, G., Introduction to the History of Science (Baltimore, 1947), iii. pt. i, pp. 116–17Google Scholar; Maier, A., An der GrenZe von Scholastik und Natilrwissenschaft (Essen, 1943),passimGoogle Scholar. Important work is being done on Bradwardine by Mr. G. Leff of King's College, Cambridge.

^{page 127 note 4} T. F. Tout in D.N.B.

^{page 127 note 5} Edwards, K., ‘Bishops and Learning’, pp. 669, 72Google Scholar.

^{page 127 note 6} Cf. Pantin, pp. 136–9.

^{page 128 note 1} Powicke, , Medieval Books, p. 88Google Scholar.

^{page 128 note 2} Merton Record P.I.

^{page 128 note 3} Pantin, p. 21 n. 3.

^{page 128 note 4} Canterbury Reg. G., fo. 196. He also possessed a Bible, a copy of the letters of Peter of Blois and Quintilian's Liber Declamationum. Another unoriginal lawyer-bishop would seem to have been Michael Northburgh.

^{page 129 note 1} For Bateman cf. Thompson, A. H., ‘William Bateman, bishop of Norwich, 1344–55’, Norfolk and Norwich Archaeological Journal, xxv (1935–1937), 102–37Google Scholar; Dictionnaire de l'Histoire et de la Gé'ographie Ecclésiastique, ed. Baudrillart, A. and others (1930–) s.v. BatemanGoogle Scholar.

^{page 129 note 2} Thompson, , art. cit., pp. 105–9Google Scholar, 111–13, 131 n. 6 and 132; Dict. Hist. Géog. Ecc, vi. 1315Google Scholar. He served Edward III on at least seven embassies between 1348 and 1355.

^{page 129 note 3} Blomefield, F., An Essay towards a Topographical History of the County of Norfolk (London, 1805–1810, 1929Google Scholar; Lynn, 1862), iii. pt. i, pp. 509 and 512; Diet. Hist. Geog. Ecc, vi. 1315Google Scholar.

^{page 129 note 4} For Bury and his household see Young, N. Denholm, ‘Richard de Bury’, cit. supra, p. 117Google Scholar, n. 4, 135–68.

^{page 129 note 5} D.N.B.

^{page 129 note 6} In 1349:Registrum Hamonis de Hethe, Episeopi Roffensis, 1319–1352, ed. Johnson, C. (Canterbury and York Soc., 1914–1950), ii. 845Google Scholar, 849 and 850.

^{page 129 note 7} Memorials of St. Edmund's Abbey, ed. Arnold, T. (Rolls Ser., 1890–1896), iii. 63–5Google Scholar;Registrum Simonis de Sudbiria, ed. Fowler, R. C. and Ratcliff, S. C. (Canterbury and York Soc., 1916–), ii, pp. vii–viiiGoogle Scholar.

^{page 129 note 8} Cal. Pap. Lett., iii. 304–5; Cal. Pap. Pet., i. 169. He became papal auditor by 5 July 1349: Reg. Sudbury {London), ii, pp. vii–viii.

^{page 130 note 1} Cf. Cal. Pat. R., 1350–1354, p. 11; Reg. Islip, fo. 38V.

^{page 130 note 2} Cf. Cal. Pap. Pet., i. 211–12.

^{page 130 note 3} Reg. Islip, fos, 68v, 114, 200.

^{page 130 note 4} The Registers of John de Sandale and Rigaud de Asserio, Bishops of Winchester, 1316–1323, ed. Baigent, F. J. (Hampshire Rec. Soc., 1897), p. 510 n. 1Google Scholar.

^{page 130 note 5} Pantin, W. A., Canterbury College, Oxford (Oxford Hist. Soc., 1948–1950), i. 21Google Scholar.

^{page 130 note 6} For the commentary on the Sentences see Stegmiiller, F., Repertorium com. in Sent. Petri Lombardi (Wurzburg, 1947), no. 907Google Scholar. For the commentary on the Proverbs cf. MSS. Oxford, Bodl. 829 (2720), Lincoln College 86, London, British Museum Royal 2.F. VIII. This was certainly a set of Oxford lectures probably given in the academic year 1347–8. I owe these references and suggestions to the kindness of Miss Smalley.

^{page 130 note 7} Reg. Ayrmin (Norwich), fo. 93.

^{page 130 note 8} Ibid., fo. 103V.

^{page 130 note 9} P.R.O./31/9/17a, fos. 18–18V. I owe this and the two previous references to the kindness of Mr. A. B. Emden.

^{page 130 note 10} Cal. Pap. Pet., i. 13, 31, 73.

^{page 131 note 1} Reg. Grandisson, iii, p. v.

^{page 131 note 2} Cf. Pantin, pp. 113–16

^{page 131 note 3} He was the author of a life of Becket and compiled two volumes of LegenJa, a Pontifical and a book of masses of the Virgin. For his patronage of learning see Troup, F. Rose, ‘Bishop Grandisson; student and art-lover.’ Reports & Trans. Devon. Arch. Ass., lx (1928), 239–75Google Scholar.

^{page 131 note 4} Cal. Pap. Pet., i. 536.

^{page 131 note 5} Chronkon Anglie, 1328–88, ed. Thompson, E. M. (Rolls Ser., 1874), p. 20Google Scholar.

^{page 131 note 6} Edwards, K., ‘Bishops and Learning’, pp. 62–5Google Scholar. Miss Edwards also deals with the case of Burghersh.

^{page 131 note 7} Col. Pap. Pet., i. 472.

^{page 132 note 1} There is a total absence of books among his effects described in a long will,Wills and Inventories (Surtees Soc., 1835), i. 37–8Google ScholarPubMed.

^{page 132 note 2} Anglia Sacra, i. 44, Reg. Islip, fo. 163.

^{page 132 note 3} Reg. Courtenay (Cant.), fo. 211.

^{page 132 note 4} Cal. Pap. Lett., iv. 1.

^{page 132 note 5} Ibid., pp. 34–5.

^{page 132 note 6} Handbook of Brit. Chron., p. 156.

^{page 132 note 7} Workman, H., John Wyclif (Oxford, 1926), ii. 254Google Scholar.

^{page 132 note 8} Rashdall, H. and Rait, R. S., New College (London, 1901), pp. 55, 238Google Scholar.

^{page 132 note 9} A. Murimuth Continuatio Chronicarum, ed. Thompson, E. M. (Rolls Ser., 1889), p. 60Google Scholar.

^{page 133 note 1} Smith, Episcopal Appointments.

^{page 133 note 2} Le Neve, , Fasti, ii. 600Google Scholar (Rot. Rom. 3 Ed. III, m. 4).

^{page 134 note 1} Sede Vacante Register of Worcester, ed. Willis-Bund, J. W. (Worcs. Hist. Soc., 1893–1897), iv. 290–1Google Scholar. For Canterbury see Canterbury Reg. G, fos. 30V (1348), 61–3 (1349), 108–14 (1349), 120v–122 (1366), 172V–176V (1374).

^{page 135 note 1} He sailed with Edward from Portsmouth on n July 1346 (Murimuth, p. 199). For his part at Calais see Wrottesley, G., Crecy and Calais (London, 1898), p. 34Google Scholar.

^{page 135 note 2} Rot. Scot., i. 788; Rait, R., Relations between England and Scotland, 500–1707 (London, 1901), p. 73Google Scholar.

^{page 135 note 3} Rot. Scot., i. 896, 923, 939, 945, 951; ii. 2.

^{page 135 note 4} Col. Pap. Lett., iv. 98.

^{page 135 note 5} Foedera, III. ii. 936.

^{page 135 note 6} Chronicon H. de Knighton, ed. Lumby, J. R. (Rolls Ser., 1889–1995), ii. 42–43Google Scholar; cf. Victoria County History of Durham, ii. 98.

^{page 135 note 7} Perroy, E., L'Angleterre et le Grand Schisme (Paris, 1933), p. 176Google Scholar.

^{page 136 note 1} Perroy, E., L'Angleterre et le Grand Sckisme (Paris, 1933), pp. 166–209Google Scholar and cf. Coulborn, M. R., ‘Economic and Political Preliminaries of the Crusade of Henry Despenser, bishop of Norwich’, Bulletin Inst. Hist. Res., x (1932), 42–6Google Scholar.

^{page 136 note 2} Foedera, III. i. 472 (1359–1360)Google Scholar, Reg. Whittlesey (Cant.), fo. 162.

^{page 136 note 3} Wrottesley, , Crecy and Calais, p. 201Google Scholar.

^{page 136 note 4} Foedera, III. ii. 988 (1373)Google Scholar.

^{page 136 note 5} Tout, Chapters, iv. 114 n. 4.

^{page 136 note 6} Muritnutk, pp. 358–60.

^{page 136 note 7} Cf. Lapsley, G., ‘Archbishop Stratford and the Parliamentary Crisis of 1341’, E.H.R., xxx (1915), 6–18, 193–215CrossRefGoogle Scholar; B. Wilkinson, ‘The protest of the Earls of Arundel and Surrey in the crisis of 1341’, id., xlvi (1931), 177–93.

^{page 137 note 1} Wilkins, , Concilia, iii. 31–2Google Scholar.

^{page 137 note 2} Cf. Robinson, J. Armitage, ‘Simon Langham, Abbot of Westminster’, Church Quart. Rev., lxvi (1908), 339–66Google Scholar.

^{page 137 note 3} I hope to do so on another occasion.

^{page 138 note 1} The only defence of the interests of the lower clergy by a prelate in the second half of the reign was that made by Courtenay as bishop of Hereford in the convocation of 1374. It was quite exceptional.

^{page 138 note 2} Cf. Cal. Pat. R., 1348–1350, p. 559; id., 1350–1354, p. 191.

^{page 138 note 3} P.R.O./E.159/148/236.