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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 February 2009
During the schism in the papacy, when France recognised the pope at Avignon and England the pope at Rome, the relations between Cluny and the English province were broken off completely; Urban VI and Boniface IX put the English Cluniacs under the provisional government of the archbishop of Canterbury and the priors of Thetford and Bermondsey, who nominated priors as vacancies occurred and summoned provincial chapters. When England and France both recognised Pope Alexander V in 1409 and the schism came to an end, it was not possible to revert to the earlier relations between the mother-houses in France and their dependencies in England. National feeling against French superiors had been intensified by the long wars, and some French monasteries had sold their English possessions. The abbots of Cluny aimed at recovering all the rights which they had lost during the wars and the schism.
page 98 note 1 Graham, R., “The Papal Schism of 1378 and the English Province of the Order of Cluny,’ English Historical Review, xxxviii, pp. 481–495CrossRefGoogle Scholar. I am indebted to the editor for his kind permission to repeat several sentences.
page 98 note 2 Besse, J. M., “L'Ordre de Cluny et son Gouvernement,” Revue Mabillon, i, pp. 1–40.Google Scholar
page 99 note 1 Guilloreau, L., “Les Prieurés Anglais de l'Ordre de Cluny,” Congrès du Millénaire de Cluny (Académie de Mâcon, 1910), i, 291–373Google Scholar, and Revue Mabillon, viii, pp. 1–42, 159–88 ; Berlière, U., “Les monastères de 1'Ordre de Cluny du XIIIe au XVe siècle,” Revue Bénédictine, x, pp. 99–107.Google Scholar
page 99 note 2 Aimoin, De Gestis Francorum, ed. 1602, p. 849; Bodleian MS., Rawlinson, C. 236, f. 91.
page 99 note 3 Duckett, G., Charters and Records of Cluny, I, p. 184.Google Scholar
page 99 note 4 Ibid., I, p. 189.
page 99 note 6 Bruel, A., “Les chapitres généraux de l'Ordre de Cluny,” Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, xxxiv, 542–579Google Scholar; Besse, op. cit., Revue Mabillon, i. 97–138; Anger, , “Chapitres généraux de Cluny,” Revue Mabillon, viii, p. 214–252.Google Scholar
page 100 note 1 Millénaire de Cluny, i, p. 344.
page 100 note 1 Annales Monastics, III, p. 483.
page 100 note 3 Archiepiscopal Registers of Canterbury, Arundel, i, f. 399v; Chicheley, i, f. 49v.
page 100 note 4 English Historical Review, xxxviii, p. 494.
page 100 note 5 Reyner, Apostolatus Benedictinorum in Anglia, Appendix, tertia pars, p. 208; Rot. Pat., 50 Ed. III, Pt. 1, m. 5.
page 100 note 6 Cal. of Papal Letters, IV, p. 196.
page 101 note 1 Rot. Pat., 6 Hen. IV, Pt, 2, m. 25.
page 101 note 2 Rot. Pat., 1 Hen. V, Pt. 2, m. 30.
page 101 note 3 English Historical Review, xxxviii, pp. 493, 494.
page 101 note 4 E. Martène et U. Durand, Veterum Scriptorum Amplissima Collectio (ed. 1733). vii, p. 1217.
page 101 note 5 Bibliotheca Cluniacensis (ed, Marrier et Duchesne), p, 1674.
page 102 note 1 Duckett, op. cit., I, pp. 211, 212; Round, J. H., Calendar of Documents Preserved in France, pp. 506–509.Google Scholar
page 102 note 2 Ibid., op. cit., I, pp. 229–31.
page 102 note 3 Ibid., I, p. 231.
page 102 note 4 Ibid., I, pp. 237, 238.
page 102 note 5 Ibid., op, cit,, II, pp, 5, 9–15.
page 103 note 1 Rolls of Parliament, iv, 22; Rymer, Fœdera, ix, pp. 280, 281.
page 103 note 2 E.g. Cal. of Letters Patent, 1429–36, p. 45; ibid., 1436–41, p. 529.
page 103 note 3 Ibid., 1436–41, pp. 189, 304.
page 103 note 4 Ibid., 1436–41, pp. 151, 201; 189, 304, 531.
page 103 note 5 Duckett, op, cit., I, pp, 225–7, 233. 234.
page 104 note 1 Duckett, op. cit., I, p. 287.
page 104 note 2 Ibid., I, p. 232.
page 104 note 3 Ibid., I, p. 257.
page 104 note 4 Rot. Pat., 2 Hen. V, Pt. 1, mm. 14, 19.
page 104 note 5 Wylie, J. H., The Reign of Henry V, Vol. II, pp. 77–83Google Scholar; C. L. Kingsford, English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Century, pp. 44–60.
page 104 note 6 Thomas of Elmham, , Historia monasterii S. Augustini Cantuariensis (ed. Hardwick, C.), pp. xxi, 140 (R.S.).Google Scholar
page 104 note 7 MS. Cotton Claudius E, IV, f. 1 (B. Mus.).
page 105 note 1 Rot. Pat., 2 Hen. V, Pt. 1, m. 19. He is there described as a professed monk of the Cluniac Order. It may be conjectured that he was first professed as a Cluniac, and like several other Cluniac monks had received a papal licence to transfer himself to a Benedictine monastery, though his name is not noted in the Calendar of the papal registers. In 1401, when the abbot of Cluny sent the priors of Crespy and Valois on a mission to England, they had instructions to consult Thomas, the sacrist of Bermondsey, a good, trustworthy monk who loved Cluny and was reported to be then at Lenton (cf. Duckett, op. cit., I, pp. 184, 185). There are several instances of Benedictines and Cluniacs returning to their former houses in the later years of the fourteenth century.
page 105 note 2 Stow, J., Survey of London (ed. Kingsford, C. L.), II, p. 64.Google Scholar
page 105 note 3 Duckett, op. cit., II, pp. 22–4; wrongly dated “circa 1415.”
page 107 note 1 Duckett, op. cit., II, p. 23, “ordo pene marcidus, etc.”; cf. Historia monasterii S. Augustini Cantuariensis, p. xxiii.
page 107 note 2 Ibid., op. cit., II, pp. 17, 19.
page 107 note 3 Ibid., II, pp. 15–17.
page 107 note 4 Reyner, , Apostolatus Benedictinorum in Anglia, Appendix, tertia pars, p. 208.Google Scholar
page 107 note 5 Duckett, op. cit., II, pp. 16, 20; V, C. H, Yorkshire, III, p. 261.
page 108 note 1 Duckett, op. cit., II, p. 24.
page 108 note 2 Rot. Pat., 3 Hen. V, Pt. 1, m. 8.
page 108 note 3 Gesta Henrici Quinti (ed. B, Williams), pp. 13, 60 (English Historical Society).
page 109 note 1 Duckett, op. cit., II, pp. 21, 22.
page 109 note 2 Between August 10 and September 15: Martène et Durand, Amplissima Collectio, vii, pp. 1217, 1218.
page 109 note 3 Duckett, op. cit., II, pp. 198, 199.
page 109 note 4 MS. Latin 9879, f. 68 (Bibliothèque Nationale).
page 109 note 5 Denifle, La Désolation des églises et monastères en France, I, p. 573, Nos. 1036, 1037.
page 110 note 1 MS. Latin 9879, ff. 131, 132.
page 110 note 2 Duckett, op. cit., II, pp. 31, 32, 54, 55.
page 110 note 3 Ibid., II, p. 32.
page 110 note 4 Ibid., II, pp. 54, 55.
page 110 note 5 Waller, Monumental Brasses, Plate 35. The date of death is given wrongly as 1433 instead of 1432 ; it occurred while the prior of La Charite was in England (cf. Duckett, II, p. 39).
page 110 note 6 Rot. Pat., 5 Hen. VI, Pt. 1, m. 12.
page 110 note 7 Duckett, op. cit., II, p. 54.
page 110 note 8 Bibliotheca Cluniacensis (ed. Marrier et Duchesne), pp. 1675, 1676.
page 111 note 1 Denifle, La Désolation des églises et monastéres en France, e.g. I, pp. 45, 119, 165, 176, 209, 278, 279 ; II, pp. 429, 691, 709, 726.
page 111 note 2 Vaquier, A., “Une réforme de Cluny en 1428,” Revue Bénédictine, xxxv, p. 159.Google Scholar
page 111 note 3 Revue Bénédictine, xxxv, p. 164Google Scholar; Bibliotheca Cluniacensis (ed. Marrier et Duchesne), p. 1676.
page 111 note 4 Revue Bénéictine, xxxv, pp. 157–98.z
page 111 note 5 Ibid., p. 158.
page 111 note 6 Duckett, op. cit., II, pp. 33, 34.
page 112 note 1 Cartulaire de la Charité (ed. de Lespinasse, R.), p. 428Google Scholar; cf. Inventaire des Manuscrits de la Biblioth`que Nationale, Fonds de Cluny, ed. Delisle, L., p. 297.Google Scholar
page 112 note 2 Chancery Miscellanea, 20/5, P.R.O.
page 112 note 3 Episcopal Registers of Exeter, Lacey, (ed. Reichel, O.), p. 112Google Scholar.
page 112 note 4 Rot. Pat., 11 Hen. VI, Pt. 1, m. 6.
page 112 note 5 Duckett, op. cit., II, pp. 53–8.
page 113 note 1 Canon C. W. Foster has kindly informed me that there is no reference to these proceedings in the register of W. Gray, Bishop of Lincoln, 1431–6.
page 113 note 2 Rot. Pat., 16 Hen. VI, Pt. 1, m. 12.
page 114 note 1 Official Correspondence of Thomas Bekynton (ed. Williams, G.), I, pp. 121Google Scholar, 122 (R.S.); Cal. of Papal Letters, IX, p. 205; x, p. 133.
page 114 note 2 Cal. of Papal Letters, X, p. 305.
page 114 note 3 Official Correspondence of Thomas Bekynton, II, pp. 263–5.
page 114 note 4 Denifle, La Désolation des églises et monastéres en France, I, p. 576, No. 1039.
page 114 note 5 Suppliques Eugen., IV, No. 261, f. 141b. I am indebted to Dom U. Berliere, O.S.B., for a transcript of this document from the register at the Vatican.
page 114 note 6 Official Correspondence of Thomas Bekynton, II, pp. 263–5.
page 114 note 7 Ibid., I, pp. 55, 56.
page 115 note 1 Rymer, Fœdera, x, pp. 802, 803 (ed. 1710).
page 115 note 2 Rot. Pat., 22 Hen. VI, Pt. 2, m. 6.
page 115 note 3 Rot. Pat., 24 Hen. VI, Pt. 1, m. 15.
page 115 note 4 Newington Longeville Charters (ed. Salter, H. E.), p. x. (Oxfordshire Record Society).Google Scholar
page 115 note 5 Tanner, , Notitia Monastioa, p. 163.Google Scholar
page 115 note 6 Cal. of Letters Patent, 1441–46, p. 350.
page 115 note 7 Statutes of the Realm, II, p. 72.
page 116 note 1 Cal. of Papal Letters, X, pp. 124, 125.
page 116 note 2 Ibid., XI, p. 125.
page 116 note 3 Pearce, E. H., The Monks of Westminster, pp. 37, 138, 139.Google Scholar
page 116 note 4 Rot. Pat., 31 Hen. VI, Pt. 2, m. 11.
page 116 note 5 Cal. of Letters Patent, 1452–61, p. 17.
page 116 note 6 Duckett, op. cit., II, p. 60.
page 117 note 1 Bibliotheca Cluniacensis (ed. Marrier et Duchesne), pp. 1678–84.
page 117 note 2 Cal. of Papal Letters, XI, p. 559.
page 117 note 3 Bibliotheca Cluniacensis, p. 1680.
page 117 note 4 Duckett, op. cit., II, p. 73.
page 117 note 5 Registrum Abbatiæ Johannis Whethamstede (ed. Riley, H. T.), I, p. 317 (R.S.).Google Scholar
page 117 note 6 Duckett, op. cit., II, pp. 73–5, 83–5 (wrongly dated “about 1457 ”).
page 117 note 7 Ibid., II, p. 85.
page 118 note 1 Duckett, II, p. 84;Bibliotheca Cluniacensis, pp. 1594–1615.
page 118 note 2 Ibid., op. cit., II, p. 75.
page 118 note 3 Ibid., II, pp. 59, 60.
page 118 note 4 Ibid., II, p. 217.
page 118 note 5 Registrant Whethamstede, I, p. 317.
page 118 note 6 Duckett, op. cit., II, pp. 76–80, “Secunda Supplicatio.”
page 119 note 1 Ibid., II, pp. 80–3, ‘Tertia Supplicatio.’
page 119 note 2 Registrum Whethamstede, I, pp. 318–21.
page 119 note 3 Medieval England (ed. H. W. C. Davis), p. 561.
page 119 note 4 Registrum Whethamstede, I, pp. 321, 322 ; cf. Medieval England, PP. 565. 566.
page 119 note 5 Ibid., I, p. 330.
page 120 note 1 T. Tanner, Notitia Monastica, p. xv, note (c); Duckett, op. cit., II, p. 7.
page 120 note 2 Rot. Pat., 39 Hen. VI, mm. 15, 20 ; Rymer, , Fœdera, XI, pp. 464, 465.Google Scholar
page 120 note 3 Rot. Pat., 13 Ed. IV, Pt. 2, mm. 14, 16.
page 120 note 4 Duckett, op. cit., II, pp. 87–90.
page 120 note 5 Ibid., II, pp. 90, 91.
page 120 note 6 Ibid., II, pp. 92, 93.
page 121 note 1 Ibid., II, pp. 92–8.
page 121 note 2 Cariulaire de la Charité (ed. R. de Lespinasse), p. 428
page 121 note 3 Schofield, C. L., The Life and Reign of Edward IV, II, pp. 169, 170.Google Scholar
page 121 note 4 Chancery Warrants, Series I, No. 1787.
page 121 note 5 Rot. Pat., 12 Ed. IV, Pt. 2, m. 32.
page 121 note 6 Lincoln Episcopal Registers, Gravesend, p. 104 ; cf. p. 114 (Canterbury and York Society).
page 122 note 1 Stubbs, W., Registrum Sacrum Anglicanum, p. 199 (ed. 1897).Google Scholar
page 122 note 2 Rot. Pat., 13 Ed. IV, Pt. 1, m. 13.
page 122 note 3 Rot. Pat., 13 Ed. IV, Pt. 1, m. 17; cf. Rot. Pat., 1 Hen. V, Pt. 1, m. 18; Rot. Pat., 11 Hen. VI, Pt. 1, m. 9.
page 122 note 4 Rot. Pat., 13 Ed. IV, Pt. 1, m. 13.
page 122 note 5 Rot. Pat., 13 Ed. IV, Pt. 2, mm. 14, 16.
page 123 note 1 Rot. Pat., 20 Ed. IV, Pt. 1, m. 3.
page 123 note 2 Rot. Pat., 19 Ed. IV, m. 25 ; cf. Rot. Pat., 11 Ed. IV, Pt. 1, m. 10.
page 123 note 3 Rot. Pat., 8 Ed. IV, Pt. 2, m. 23.
page 123 note 4 Chancery Warrants, Series I, No. 1787.
page 123 note 5 Rot. Pat., 20 Ed. IV, Pt. 1, m. 3.
page 123 note 6 Rot. Pat., 22 Ed. IV, Pt. 1, m. 22.
page 123 note 7 Early Chancery Proceedings, Bundle 47, No. 58.
page 124 note 1 Rot. Pat., 1 Hen. VII, Pt. 2, m. 22 (4).
page 124 note 2 Cal. of Letters Patent, 1485–94, p. 110.
page 124 note 3 Archiepiscopal Registers of Canterbury, Morton, I, fi. 8, 8V.
page 124 note 4 Rolls of Parliament, VI, p. 434.
page 125 note 1 cal, of Letters Patent, 1485–94, p. 300.
page 125 note 2 Archiepiscopal Registers of Canterbury, Morton, I, f. 29.
page 125 note 3 Ibid.
page 126 note 1 Cal. of Letters Patent, 1485–94, p. 373.
page 126 note 2 Register of Wenlock, ff. 47–48. I wish to express my grateful thanks to Lord Forester for the loan of this manuscript.
page 126 note 3 Wilkins, Concilia, III, pp. 630–2 ; cf. p. 619.
page 127 note 1 L. Guilloreau,“Les Prieurés Anglais de l'Ordre de Cluny,”Congrés du Milléaire de Cluny (Académie de Mâcon, 1910), I, p. 291–373 ; and Revue Mabillon, viii, pp. 1–42, 159–88.
page 129 note 1 Became Benedictine in the thirteenth century, cf. p. 121, note 6.
page 130 note 1 V. C. H., Yorkshire, III, pp. 91–93.
