^{page 51 note 1} Bergk, , De Carm. Saliar. relig. p. ivGoogle Scholar. By an unaccountable aberration I gave this reference to Festus in my previous paper (page 54, note 2).

^{page 51 note 2} See Preller, , Römische Myth. p. 287Google Scholar, and Babelon, , Monnaies de la République Romaine, i. 234 and 235.Google Scholar

^{page 53 note 1} Cred. of Early Rom. Hist. i. 169 and 170.Google Scholar

^{page 53 note 2} There is considerable ambiguity in regard to it, and I venture to think the old authorities have made a mistake which has been followed by all modern historians. Caesar's two biographers, Plutarch and Suetonius, tell us that he was elected a military Tribune. Of the military Tribunes, twenty-four, being the Tribunes of the first four legions, were elected by the people; the rest were appointed by the consuls or dictators who commanded the armies. These elected officers were known as Tribuni Comitiales. As Polybius tells us, they were picked soldiers, and had to be qualified by a certain amount of distinguished service. They formed a kind of staff to the army, and were ranked among the magistrate (see the lex Acilia de repetundis, C.I.L. i. 198Google Scholarpassim), and wore a gold ring. That a young man who had virtually seen no service like Caesar should have been elected to a post like this seems incredible. It is equally incredible if he had been so that when his country was in such great military stress as that involved in the threefold campaigns of the Spanish, the Mithridatic and the Slave War (especially the last, when the supply of officers ran short), Caesar should have taken no part whatever in them, for no one ever accused him of being lax in his duties or of shirking them. There seems, therefore, an insuperable objection to the notion, generally accepted, that Caesar was elected a military Tribune, and very strong reason for supposing that both Plutarch and Suetonius were mistaken in so calling him, and it would seem that what he was in fact elected to was the College of Tribunes of the people, whose functions were entirely civil and not military. This is made almost certain when we turn to Suetonius, who, having said that Caesar was elected a military Tribune, proceeds to say that he utilised the position to help with all his power those who desired to restore the Tribunitian power to the ancient status which Sulla had curtailed, and he supported the Plotian law under which his brother-in-law, Lucius Cinna, with the rest who had attached themselves to the cause of Lepidus in the recent troubles, and who after his death had joined Sertorius, were recalled, and he made a speech on the subject (op. cit. Caesar, ch. v.). This is surely quite inconsistent with the rôle of a military Tribune, and quite consistent with the duties and functions of a civilian one, which I hold Caesar now really became. This conclusion is not certain, but it seems to be a very probable solution of the difficulty.

^{page 56 note 1} Plutarch, , Pompey.Google Scholar

^{page 56 note 2} N. H. xxxvi. 151, 109, 24, 4.Google Scholar

^{page 57 note 1} Cicero, ii. 2Google Scholar; Verr, . iii. 91.Google Scholar

^{page 59 note 1} Plutarch, , Sertorius.Google Scholar

^{page 59 note 2} Plutarch, , op. cit.Google Scholar

^{page 62 note 1} Mommsen, , iv. 284.Google Scholar

^{page 65 note 1} Op. cit. ii. 30.Google Scholar

^{page 66 note 1} See Mommsen, , iv. 293.Google Scholar

^{page 66 note 2} Appian, , C. W. i. 108.Google Scholar

^{page 66 note 3} Op. cit i. 109.Google Scholar

^{page 67 note 1} See Plutarch, , Pompey.Google Scholar

^{page 67 note 2} See Long, , op. cit. ii. 472.Google Scholar

^{page 68 note 1} See Duruy, , op. cit. ii. 752Google Scholar, note I.

^{page 70 note 1} Mommsen, , iv. 300.Google Scholar

^{page 70 note 2} Stratag. ii. 3, 5.Google Scholar

^{page 70 note 3} Appian, , Civ. Wars, i. 112.Google Scholar

^{page 71 note 1} Plutarch, , Sertorius.Google Scholar

^{page 74 note 1} Quoque diutius armata iuventus sua viscera visceribus suis aleret, infelices cadaverum reliquias sallire non dubitavit.—Val. Max. vii. 6. 3.Google Scholar

^{page 74 note 2} Mommsen, , iv. 304.Google Scholar

^{page 75 note 1} Op. cit. ii. 480.Google Scholar

^{page 76 note 1} Mith. Wars, 56.Google Scholar

^{page 76 note 2} Plutarch, , Lucullus.Google Scholar

^{page 77 note 1} Flaccus is described by Cassius Dio as exceedingly avaricious, appropriating even a part of the soldiers' allowance for food, and Fimbria seems to have had reason to suspect that he had an intention to undo him. We must always remember that what we know of Fimbria is probably largely derived from the memoirs of his great enemy, Sulla.

^{page 80 note 1} Mith. Wars, 66.Google Scholar

^{page 80 note 2} Appian, , Mith. Wars, 69.Google Scholar

^{page 80 note 3} Appian, , op. cit., says 140,000.Google Scholar

^{page 81 note 1} Appian, , op. cit. 71.Google Scholar

^{page 82 note 1} Appian, , op. cit. 72Google Scholar. Plutarch says 2,500 cavalry.

^{page 83 note 1} Appian, , Mith. Wars, 74.Google Scholar

^{page 83 note 2} Op. cit. 75.Google Scholar

^{page 85 note 1} Appian, , Mith, Wars, 77.Google Scholar

^{page 85 note 2} Plutarch.

^{page 85 note 3} Appian, , 77.Google Scholar

^{page 86 note 1} Op. cit. 115.Google Scholar

^{page 86 note 2} Plutarch, , Luc. 14Google Scholar; App. Mith. 78.Google Scholar

^{page 86 note 3} Plutarch, , loc. cit.Google Scholar

^{page 88 note 1} Plutarch, , Lucullus.Google Scholar

^{page 91 note 1} Long, , iii. 80.Google Scholar

^{page 91 note 2} Ibid.

^{page 92 note 1} Plutarch, , op. cit.Google Scholar

^{page 93 note 1} Plutarch, , LucullusGoogle Scholar.

^{page 96 note 1} Ferrero, , i. 156 and 157.Google Scholar

^{page 97 note 1} Plutarch, , Lucuilus.Google Scholar

^{page 97 note 2} Duruy, , ii. 805, n.Google Scholar

^{page 98 note 1} Plutarch, , op. cit.Google Scholar

^{page 98 note 2} Dio, Cassius, xxxvi. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 105 note 1} Lectures, , ii. 431.Google Scholar

^{page 106 note 1} See Long, , Roman Republic, iii. 37.Google Scholar

^{page 106 note 2} Mommsen, , iii. 359.Google Scholar

^{page 111 note 1} Plutarch, , Lives of Crassus and Pompey.Google Scholar

^{page 112 note 1} Plutarch, , Marcellus.Google Scholar

^{page 112 note 2} Plutarch, , Pompey.Google Scholar

^{page 114 note 1} Sallust, , Fragments, i. 63Google Scholar; Mommsen, , iv. 380.Google Scholar

^{page 115 note 1} Plutarch, , Pompey.Google Scholar

^{page 117 note 1} Mommsen, , iv. 123.Google Scholar

^{page 118 note 1} Suetonius, , Caes. vi.Google Scholar

^{page 118 note 2} Tacitus, , Annals, iv. 9.Google Scholar

^{page 118 note 3} Plutarch, , Caes.Google Scholar

^{page 118 note 4} Vie de César, i, 290.Google Scholar

^{page 119 note 1} Dio, Cassius, xliv. 39, 141.Google Scholar

^{page 119 note 2} Appian, , Commentaries on the Spanish War, xlii.Google Scholar

^{page 119 note 3} Suetonius, , Caesar, vii.Google Scholar

^{page 119 note 4} Ibid.

^{page 120 note 1} Plutarch, , Pompey, xxiv.Google Scholar

^{page 122 note 1} Plutarch, , Pompey.Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 1} Mommsen, , iv. 388–9.Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 1} Georgics, iv. 125–148.Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 2} Pharsalia, ii. 577.Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 3} Plutarch, , Caesar, vGoogle Scholar; Suet, . Caesar, x.Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 1} Long, , op. cit. iii. 220.Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 2} Hist. Nat. xxiii. 3.Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 1} Plutarch, , Caesar, vi.Google Scholar