^{page 19 note 1} Depoin, Cartulaire de St. Martin de Pontoise, p. 319.

^{page 19 note 2} For short notices of Waleran, cf. La Roque, Histoire Généalogique de la Maison de Harcourt, I, 59–69; L'Art de Vérifier les Dates, XII, 158–62; Delisle, Recueil des Actes de Henri II, Introduction, p. 466, and Depoin, op. cit., pp. 319–22, the last being copied by Bories, Histoire du Canton de Meulan, pp. 33–5. There is a longer but quite untrustworthy account by Réaux, Histoire du Comté de Meulan, pp. 173–220. On the English side there is a short article in the Dict. Nat. Biog. (sub Beaumont) by J. H. R[ound], and another in the Complete Peerage (2nd ed.), VII, 737–8, a full account being reserved for the article on “Worcester.” After I had written this paper, a friend kindly called my attention to an American account of Waleran by the Rev. A. Griscom, in his new edition of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniœ. I have added some references to this in footnotes.

^{page 19 note 3} Guillaume de Jumièges (ed. Marx), p. 324 (additions by Robert de Torigny). On the question whether Thorold's wife was Aveline or Wevie, cf. White, Genealogist, N.S., XXXVII, 57–8.

^{page 20 note 1} Vitalis, Ordericus, Historia Ecclesiastica (ed. Le Prévost, ), III, 480; IV, 169.Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 2} Ibid., IV, 191.

^{page 20 note 3} Cott. Vesp. Dx., f. 132. (I am indebted to Prof. Stenton for a copy of this charter.) The date is deduced from the words: “quicquid tenebat predictus comes in Anglia in secundo anno quod ego Normanniam prelio mihi subiugaui.”

^{page 20 note 4} Roger de Beaumont held lands in cos. Dorset and Gloucester (Domesday Book, I, 80, 168), which all passed to Waleran. If Roger did refuse the offer of lands in England, as stated by William of Malmesbury (De Gestis Regum, ed. Stubbs, pp. 482–3), he evidently thought better of it.

^{page 20 note 5} This was evidently the daughter born in 1102 and betrothed in 1103 to Amauri de Montfort, of Montfort-Amauri, afterwards Count of Evreux (Ord. Vit., IV, 191). Le Prévost identified her with Adeline, who married Hugh de Montfort, of Montfort-sur-Risle (Ibid., loc. cit., n. 3); but she was probably the daughter whose name and fate are unknown and who doubtless died young.

^{page 20 note 6} As the comté of Heulan was held of the King of France, it was of course ignored in Henry I's charter.

^{page 20 note 7} Ord. Vit., IV, 169.

^{page 21 note 1} Unless we accept Geoffrey of Monmouth's vague statement that Mother Philosophy sent him to the camps of kings, where he surpassed his comrades and became the terror of the foe under his father's auspices. Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniœ (ed. Griscom), p. 86.

^{page 21 note 2} Nichols, Hist. Leicestershire, I, pt. I, App., p. 48; cf. Porée, Histoire de I' Abbaye du Bec, II, 578.

^{page 21 note 3} Waleran's name follows that of his younger twin, and the counterseal is unusual (Nichols, op. cit., Plate XIV, fig. 1).

^{page 21 note 4} Le Prévost, Notes sur I'Eure, III, 98.

^{page 21 note 5} Ord. Vit., IV, 313.

^{page 21 note 6} Guil. de Jumièges, pp. 332–3.

^{page 21 note 7} Ord. Vit., IV, 438.

^{page 21 note 8} His son and successor held 63 1/2 knight's fees in Normandy, although his servitium debitum was only 15. Liber Rubeus de Scaccario (ed. Hall), p. 626.

^{page 22 note 1} Ord. Vit., IV, 438–9. But Orderic does not mention Waleran's lands in England.

^{page 22 note 2} On the question whether their father had held the earldom of Leicester, cf. White, Trans. R. Hist. Soc., 4th Series, XIII, 57.

^{page 22 note 3} Ibid., XIII, 77–78.

^{page 22 note 4} Ord. Vit., IV, 328.

^{page 22 note 5} Le Prévost reads “adhuc puer,” but Round (probably correctly) “adhuc puerulus,” which seems not at all a suitable term for a boy of nearly or more than 14, especially at a time when boys matured early. The same words are used, much more appropriately, of the future Conqueror, when his father sent him to present a gift to the abbey, aged about seven. Le Prévost, op. cit., III, 300. Gallia Christiana, XI, Instr. col. 200–1.

^{page 23 note 1} Ibid., Ill, 129. Cf. Round, Cal. Docts. France, No. 331.

^{page 23 note 2} Ord. Vit., IV, 346–7.

^{page 23 note 3} Recueil des Chartes de St. Nicaise de Meulan (ed. Houth), No. 3. Haskins, Norman Institutions, p. 295.

^{page 23 note 4} Will. Malmesbury, De Gestis Regum (ed. Stubbs), II, 482.

^{page 23 note 5} Chartes de St. Nicaise, No. 4.

^{page 23 note 6} Farrer, Outline Itinerary of Henry I, No. 455.

^{page 23 note 7} Ord. Vit., IV, 440–1. Cf. Annals of Waverley—Ann, Mon. (ed. Luard), II, 219.

^{page 23 note 8} Ibid., IV, 441.

^{page 24 note 1} Ord. Vit., IV, 461–2. Morin had been a benefactor to the abbey of Préaux in the time of Count Robert. Le Prévost, op. cit., II, 491. As steward, he would be the head of the count's household. Stenton, First Century of English Feudalism, pp. 73–6. His brother, William du Pin, constantly attests Waleran's charters.

^{page 24 note 1} Ibid., IV, 441.

^{page 24 note 3} Hugh de Montfort IV was son of Gilbert de Gant (Cartulaire de St. Ymer, ed. Bréard, No. 11) by Alice, daughter of Hugh II and stepsister of Hugh III and Robert I (Guil. de Jumèges, ed. Marx, pp. 260, 261).

^{page 24 note 4} Hugh fitz Gervase was son of Gervase (of Chateauneuf jure uxoris) by Mabel, daughter of Hugh de Chateauneuf by Mabel, daughter of Roger de Montgomery, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, by Mabel, daughter of William de Bellême. Henry I had intended to marry one of his illegitimate daughters to Hugh, but Yves, Bishop of Chartres, forbade the marriage on the ground of consanguinity (Migne, Patrologia, CLXII, Ep. CCLXI). But de Romanet thinks that Gervase was the son, not son-in-law, of Hugh de Chateauneuf, Geographie du Perche, p. 145.

^{page 24 note 5} William Louvel was son of Ascelin Goel and succeeded to Ivry on the death of his brother Robert (Ord. Vit., IV, 441).

^{page 24 note 6} Ibid., IV, 440–1. Amauri de Montfort III was son of Simon I by Agnes, sister and heir of William, 3rd Count of Evreux, and granddaughter of Robert, ist Count of Evreux and Archbishop of Rouen, son of Richard I of Normandy (Ibid., II, 403–4; IV, 294).

^{page 25 note 1} Ibid., IV, 442–3, 450, 455–8, 461–3. A.-S. Chronicle (ed. Thorpe), I, 375. Henry of Huntingdon (ed. Arnold), p. 245. Robert de Torigny (ed. Howlett), pp. 105, 107.

^{page 25 note 2} A.-S. Chronicle, I, 377.

^{page 25 note 3} Hugh made a gift to the priory of Bellomer as a thankoffering, “postea quam de vinculis regis Anglorum exivi.” De Romanet, Géographie du Perche: Cartulaire, p. 217.

^{page 25 note 4} A.-S. Chronicle, I, 379. Ord. Vit., IV, 463.

^{page 25 note 5} Haskins, op. cit., pp. 94–6.

^{page 26 note 1} Cartulaire de Beaumont (ed. Deville), No. Ill; Le Prévost, op. cit., I, 221. His gift of the tithes of Charmoie (Cart. No. XVIII) may be of later date.

^{page 26 note 2} Round, Cal. Docts. France, Nos. 122–3.

^{page 26 note 3} Haskins, op. cit., pp. 299–300.

^{page 26 note 4} Chartres de St. Nicaise, No. 5.

^{page 26 note 5} Cartulaire de Beaumont, No. III.

^{page 26 note 6} Round, Cal. Docts. France, No. 373.

^{page 26 note 7} Farrer, op. cit., No. 654.

^{page 26 note 8} Robert de Torigny, p. 123.

^{page 26 note 9} Ord. Vit., V, 50.

^{page 26 note 10} Le Prévost, op. cit., II, 553–4. La Roque, op. cit., III, 38.

^{page 26 note 11} Round, Cal. Docts. France, p. xxxiii.

^{page 27 note 12} Cartulaire de Tiron (ed. Merlet), Nos. LV, LVI; both assigned by the editor to c. 1122. For a discussion of theloneum (tonlieu), cf. Fachan, Finances Féodales, pp. 43–4, 47–9.

^{page 27 note 1} Chartes de l'Abbaye de Jumièges (ed. Vernier), No. LVII (1127–42).

^{page 27 note 2} Lot, L'Abbaye de St. Wandrille, No. 32 (wrongly assigned to c. 1183).

^{page 27 note 3} This is deduced from the statement (under 1141) that Waleran had held the castle of Montfort since the death of Henry I, Robert de Torigny, p. 142.

^{page 27 note 4} Ord. Vit., IV, 463.

^{page 27 note 5} Ibid., V, 58.

^{page 27 note 6} Migne, Pairologia, CLXII, Ep. XLV; cf. Waters, Gundrada de Warrenne (2nd ed.), pp. 16–17, and Merlet, Lettres de St. Ives, p. 87.

^{page 27 note 7} Chronicon Valassense (ed. Somménil), p. 8.

^{page 27 note 8} Thus he is styled Lord of Worcester (Domini Wigon. [sic]) on his counter-seal. Millin de Grandmaison, Antiquités Nationales, IV, Art. XLIX, pl. 2. Henry of Huntingdon states subsequently that the city of Worcester had been given to Waleran by Stephen (p. 282).

^{page 28 note 1} Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, pp. 262–3. It was probably in April or May, 1136, that Geoffrey of Monmouth dedicated his Historia Regum Britanniœ to the Earl of Gloucester and Waleran jointly. Griscom, op. cit., pp. 83–4.

^{page 28 note 2} Roger de Tosny descended from the Roger de Tosny who was killed, with two of his sons, in a combat with the twins' grandfather, Roger de Beaumont, during the minority of the Conqueror. Ord. Vit., II, 40, 41.

^{page 28 note 3} Ord. Vit., V, 58–9, 64–5, 76–7. Cf. Robert de Torigny, p. 131. Henry de la Pommeraye, who had fought against Waleran at Bourgtéroude (Ord. Vit., IV, 456) and was an assistant constable in the royal household under Henry I (Liber Rubeus de Scaccario, ed. Hall, p. 812), was the eldest son of Joslen, lord of Berry Pomeroy (Round, Cal. Docts. France, Nos. 1455–6; Ord. Vit., IV, 453).

^{page 28 note 4} Ord. Vit., V, 81.

^{page 28 note 5} “Apud Portesmut in transitu meo.” Cal. Charter Rolls, III, 338, No. 9.

^{page 28 note 6} Ord. Vit., V, 85.

^{page 28 note 7} Round, Cal. Docts. France, No. 570. Haskins, op. cit., p. 127.

^{page 28 note 8} Ibid., Nos. 292–4, 1055, 1404. Delisle, op. cit., Introduction, pp. 117–19.

^{page 28 note 9} Ord. Vit., V, 91.

^{page 28 note 10} “Round, Ancient Charters, No. 21.

^{page 28 note 11} John of Worcester (ed. Weaver), p. 52.

^{page 29 note 1} Ord. Vit., V, 108–9, 114–15.

^{page 29 note 2} White, Notes and Queries, cl. 328; Transactions R. Hist. Soc, 4th Ser., XIII, 72.

^{page 29 note 3} Hist, et Cart. S. Petri de Gloucestria (ed. Hart), II, 71, 129. According to the List of Donations this was confirmed by Stephen in the time of Abbot Walter de Lacy (Ibid., I, 119), who died at the beginning of February, 1139 (Ibid., I, 17). The first witness is Aubrey de Vere, the Master Chamberlain, who was killed in a riot in London on the 15 May, 1141 (Matt. Paris, Chron. Majora, II, 174), not the 9 May, as I stated in Trans., 4th Ser., XIII, 70: an error which I must have copied (quite inexcusably) from Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 81.

^{page 29 note 4} Monasticon, IV, 56.

^{page 30 note 1} Valin, Le Due de Normandie et sa Cour, pp. 260–1 (No. VI). Haskins, op cit., pp. 91–2.

^{page 30 note 2} Chartes de St. Nicaise, No. 12, wrongly assigned to 1140 (when the 5 March fell on a Tuesday) by Porée, op. cit., I, 401.

^{page 30 note 3} Haskins, op. cit., p. 321.

^{page 30 note 4} Simeon of Durham (ed. Arnold), II, 300. According to Orderic, Henry fell in love with Adeline. Ord. Vit., V, 114.

^{page 30 note 5} Gesta Stephani (ed. Howlett), pp. 46–8. Ord. Vit., V, 120.

^{page 30 note 6} There is no doubt that “Philippus decanus,” mentioned in Waleran's charter granting the church of Beaumontel to Beaumont, was Philip de Harcourt, although he is not identified by Le Prévost, op. cit., I, 221.

^{page 31 note 1} Ord. Vit., V, 121; early in September, according to Henry of Huntingdon, p. 266; on the 30 September, according to Will. Malmesbury, Hist. Novella, p. 555; in October, according to John of Worcester, p. 55.

^{page 31 note 2} He attests a charter for Reading Abbey issued by Stephen at Arundel. Andrews, Antiquaries’ Journal, XIV, 10.

^{page 31 note 3} Will. Malmesbury, op. cit., p. 556.

^{page 31 note 4} Harold of Sudeley and Ewyas was son of Ralf Earl of Hereford, son of Dreu Count of the French Vexin, by Godgifu, sister of Edward the Confessor. A. S. Ellis, Landholders of Gloucestershire in Domesday Book, pp. 90–2.

^{page 31 note 5} John of Worcester, p. 57.

^{page 31 note 6} Salisbury Charters and Documents (ed. Jones and Macray), No. 9.

^{page 31 note 7} John of Worcester, p. 60.

^{page 31 note 8} Ibid., p. 60.

^{page 31 note 9} Howlett, Gesta Stephani, p. xxxii.

^{page 31 note 10} Monasticon, IV, 176; Cal. Charter Rolls, IV, 482.

^{page 31 note 11} Their names are followed by an impossible “H. comite de Wiltes,” but the text is known only from an Inspeximus.

^{page 32 note 1} Monasticon, II, 145–6.

^{page 32 note 2} Annals of Waverley—Ann. Mon. (ed. Luard), II, 228.

^{page 32 note 3} John of Worcester, pp. 60–1.

^{page 32 note 4} Ord. Vit., V, 123.

^{page 32 note 5} Cont. Flor. Wig. (ed. Thorpe), II, 124; Ann. Wav., loc. cit. Gallia Christiana, XI, col. 362.

^{page 32 note 6} Monasticon, V, 407.

^{page 32 note 7} Annals of Burton—Ann. Mon. (ed. Luard), I, 186.

^{page 32 note 8} Harleian, ch. 43, c. 13. Printed by Birch, On the Great Seals of King Stephen, pp. 23–4.

^{page 33 note 1} Birch believed that the 2nd seal was made on the release of Stephen from captivity in 1141 (op. cit., pp. 15–16), but Round showed that it was in use in 1140 and suggested that it was made after the arrest of Roger the chancellor in June, 1139 (Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 51).

^{page 33 note 2} Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, p. 50.

^{page 33 note 3} Will. Malmesbury, Hist. Novella, p. 569.

^{page 33 note 4} Stephen collected his army after Christmas (Ord. Vit., V, 125). This would be compatible with the rather vague statements that the siege began “infra Natale” (Henry of Huntingdon, p. 268), “a diebus Natalis Dominici” (Will. Newburgh, I, 39), “in ipsis Natalis Dominici feriis” (Will. Malmesbury, loc. cit.).

^{page 33 note 5} The earldom of Norfolk must obviously have been created within the same two months.

^{page 33 note 6} Birch, op. cit., p. 24.

^{page 33 note 7} Haskins, op. cit., p. 129.

^{page 33 note 8} White, Trans. R. Hist. Soc, 4th Ser., XIII, 73–4.

^{page 34 note 1} Farrer, op. cit., Nos. 28, 42, 178, 296; also pp. 17, 74, 104, 110.

^{page 34 note 2} Cart. St. John of Colchester (ed. Moore), I, 36–7.

^{page 34 note 3} Gesta Stephani, p. 70; Henry of Huntingdon, p. 273; Ord. Vit., V, 128; Robert de Torigny, p. 140.

^{page 34 note 4} Ord. Vit., V, 130. The earldom of Northampton was claimed by the Empress's uncle, the King of Scots.

^{page 35 note 1} Ibid., V, 131–2.

^{page 35 note 2} Pembroke had married Waleran's sister Elizabeth, previously mistress of Henry I.

^{page 35 note 3} Monasticon, V, 452. Another witness was Geoffrey de Mandeville, Earl of Essex, who obtained a charter from the queen about this date. Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, pp. 118–20.

^{page 35 note 4} Mr. Howlett wrote that the charter was “dated 26 December and given in 1141—for the convent met in August 1142” (Gesta Stephani, p. xli), but the date “xxvi die Decembris” is the date of the Inspeximus at Bury St. Edmunds (Cal. Charter Rolls, III, 479); and although the Monasticon quotes: “Anno 1142, facta est abbatia de Cogeshala… Eodem anno convenit conventus apud Cogesalam iij nonas Augusti,” this passage is given (with slight variations) under 1140 by Ralf de Coggeshall (ed. Stevenson), p. 11. The foundation of Coggeshall has been assigned to 1137, 1140, 1141 and 1142 (Monasticon, V, 452).

^{page 35 note 5} Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, pp. 314–15.

^{page 35 note 6} Robert de Torigni, p. 142.

^{page 36 note 1} It is attributed to 1141 by Depoin (op. cit., p. 322) and by Houth (op. cit., p. ix); but it must have been earlier if Waleran's eldest son were about 25 in 1166, as stated by Le Prévost (op. cit., I, 208–9). In view of his betrothal to Stephen's little daughter, marriage to another before he broke with the king is unlikely, unless the child was dead.

^{page 36 note 2} “Noverit universitas vestra me fundasse abbaciam Sancte Marie de Voto… pro anima Almarici comitis ebroicensis patris mei” (Chronicon Valassense, p. 49). Cf. Round, Cal. Docts. France, No. 311; Depoin, op. cit., p. 320; Robert de Torigny, p. 227.

^{page 36 note 3} Depoin, op. cit., p. 320. Cf. Complete Peerage (2nd ed.), VII, 738.

^{page 36 note 4} Chron. Valassense, p. 54.

^{page 36 note 5} Somménil, Origines de l'Abbaye du Valasse, p. 17.

^{page 36 note 6} Houth states definitely that this charter was granted by Waleran on his marriage (op. cit., p. ix). Possibly he took this to be implied by the clause: “Saepe contingere solet ut bene gesta parentum perturbet successio filiorum.”

^{page 36 note 7} Chartes de St. Nicaise, No. 13, dated MCXLI.

^{page 36 note 8} As dean of Lincoln he issued a charter in favour of the Knights Templars (Monasticon, VI, 820; cf. Gallia Christiana, XI, col. 361). Cf. Eyton, Court, Household and Itinerary of Henry II, p. 21.

^{page 36 note 9} Harl. Ch., 45, I, 30. Printed by Nichols, History of Leicestershire, I, App., p. 37.

^{page 37 note 1} Additional Ch., 20419. Printed by Dugdale, Monasticon, V, 410.

^{page 37 note 2} Cf. White, Trans. R. Hist. Soc., 4th Ser., XIII, 63–4.

^{page 37 note 3} When she held councils at Devizes: Davis, Poole Essays, p. 189.

^{page 37 note 4} Monasticon, V, 409; Birch, Fasciculus of the Charters of Mathildis, No. 14.

^{page 37 note 5} Additional Ch., 20420; printed by Birch, Fasciculus, No. 15.

^{page 37 note 6} The names of the witnesses are out of order and include William Cumin, who was probably in the north; and the seal looks suspicious.

^{page 37 note 7} Bertrand de Broussillon, La Maison de Craon, pp. 74–6.

^{page 37 note 8} Cartulaire de Beaumont, No. IV; Round, Cal. Docts. France, No. 370.

^{page 37 note 9} Philip became bishop in 1142; cf. Robert de Torigny, p. 145.

^{page 38 note 1} Waleran's gifts are known only from the confirmation-charter of the Archbishop of Rouen. Le Prévost, op. cit., I, 546; the date is given as 1114 (? 1141) by La Roque, op. cit., III, 36–7.

^{page 38 note 2} Round, Cal. Docts. France, No. 380.

^{page 38 note 3} Robert de Torigny, p. 148.

^{page 38 note 4} Haskins, op. cit., pp. 148, 205, 211; Harcourt, His Grace the Steward, pp. 35–6; Delisle-Berger, Recueil, I, p. 2, No. 4.

^{page 38 note 5} Haskins, op. cit., pp. 152–3, 208.

^{page 38 note 6} Cartulaire de Beaumont, No. VI.

^{page 38 note 7} Delisle, op. cit., Introduction, p. 466.

^{page 38 note 8} Davis, Poole Essays, pp. 170–1. Round (Dict. Nat. Biog.) and Davis (toc. cit.) took this to refer to the Crusade of 1147; so also Griscom (op. cit., p. 83); but this would not be the normal meaning of “peregrinacio,” although the word occurs in connexion with a crusade in Chartes du Prieuré de Longueville (ed. Le Cacheux), No. XLV. Davis dates the order 1145; if this is correct, it could hardly refer to the Crusade of 1147.

^{page 38 note 9} Assigned to the autumn of 1144 by Reaux, op. cit., p. 206, and Porée, op. cit., I, 341; before 1144 by L'Art de Vérifier les Dates, XII, 160–1.

^{page 38 note 10} Réaux, op. cit., p. 206; L'Art de Vérifier les Dates, XII, 160–1; Millin de Grandmaison, op. cit., Art. XLIX, p. 16; Bories, op. cit., p. 129.

^{page 39 note 1} Robert de Torigny, p. 152. Cf. Annals of Waverley—Ann. Mon., II, 231.

^{page 39 note 2} Valin, op. cit., pp. 264–5, No. IX; Le Prévost, op. dt., II, 63. Valin dates this case “avant 1147,” but evidently means before July, 1147, as he argues that the knight's journey to Jerusalem which followed the dispute was the second crusade (op. cit., p. 201); but Haskins points out that this was not necessarily the case (op. cit., p. 230), although elsewhere he refers to this case as “a case of 1147” (Ibid., p. 173).

^{page 39 note 3} Réaux, op. cit., p. 207; Depoin, op. cit., p. 321. Le Prévost, op. cit., I, 208.

^{page 39 note 4} Osbern, De Expugnatione Lyxbonensi (ed. Stubbs, pref. to Itinerarium Regis Ricardi), pp. cxliv seqq.

^{page 39 note 5} Pertz, Mon, Germ, Hist., XVII, 27–8.

^{page 40 note 1} Cf. Round, Commune of London, pp. 110–11.

^{page 40 note 2} But Miss Norgate thinks that “Dorobernensis” probably means “of Dover” here. England under the Angevin Kings, I, 363.

^{page 40 note 3} Robert de Torigny, p. 142.

^{page 40 note 4} Robert de Torigny, p. 160; Roger Hoveden (ed. Stubbs), I, 211. The year is given as 1148 in the Chron. Normanniœ (ed. Duchesne, Hist. Norm. Scriptores, p. 984).

^{page 40 note 5} Chron. Valassense, pp. 8–9. The shipwreck is said to have taken place in December, 1149, near the mouth of the Rhone. Réaux, op. cit., p. 210.

^{page 40 note 6} Chron. Valassense, pp. 9 seqq.

^{page 40 note 7} Monasticon, V, 407.

^{page 40 note 8} Chron. Valassense, p. 52.

^{page 41 note 1} Ibid., p. 10.

^{page 41 note 2} Ibid., pp. 49–51.

^{page 41 note 3} Ibid., pp. 11–12.

^{page 41 note 4} Ibid., pp. 53–5. The first witness is Philip (de Harcourt), Bishop of Bayeux, who had also been the first witness to his wife's charter.

^{page 41 note 5} Ibid., pp. 12–13. Maud's charter is lost, but her gifts and those of Waleran were confirmed by Hugh Archbishop of Rouen in 1152. Ibid., pp. 58–60.

^{page 41 note 6} Haskins, op. cit., p. 130.

^{page 41 note 7} Ibid., p. 162, n. 28.

^{page 41 note 8} Henry of Huntingdon, pp. 282–3.

^{page 42 note 1} Davis, however, assumes that Waleran was present on both occasions (Poole Essays, p. 72); and Griscom states that in 1150 the castle was successfully defended by Waleran himself, but that in 1152 Stephen attacked again, this time with success. Op. cit., p. 83.

^{page 42 note 2} Delisle-Berger, op. cit., No. XIV*; Round, Cal. Docts. France, No. 109.

^{page 42 note 3} Delisle-Berger, op. cit., Nos. XXXV*, XLV*.

^{page 42 note 4} Round, Cal. Docts. France, No. 1260.

^{page 42 note 5} Chartes de St. Nicaise, No. 15.

^{page 42 note 6} Robert de Torigny, p. 167.

^{page 42 note 7} Ibid., pp. 177–8.

^{page 43 note 1} Delisle-Berger, op. cit., No. XCVIII; Round, Cal. Docts. France, No. 299 (1156–9).

^{page 43 note 2} Delisle-Berger, op. cit., No. CXXXIV.

^{page 43 note 3} Delisle-Berger, op. cit., No. CXVII.

^{page 43 note 4} Haskins, op. cit., p. 166, n. 58.

^{page 43 note 5} Depoin, op. cit., p. 321.

^{page 43 note 6} Robert de Torigny, pp. 203–4.

^{page 43 note 7} Round, Cal. Docts. France, No. 338.

^{page 43 note 8} Delisle-Berger, op. cit., No. CXLI.

^{page 43 note 9} Depoin, op. cit., p. 321.

^{page 43 note 10} Robert de Torigny, p. 209.

^{page 43 note 11} Waleran's son did not inherit it; but it is doubtful whether Waleran lost it at the beginning of the new reign or in 1161, or whether he retained it until his death. Cf. White, Trans. R. Hist. Soc., 4th Ser., XIII, 59–61.

^{page 44 note 1} Haskins, op. cit., pp. 218–19.

^{page 44 note 2} Lot, op. cit., No. 85. Round, Cal. Docts. France, No. 171.

^{page 44 note 3} Round, Cal. Docts. France, No. 337.

^{page 44 note 4} Gallia Christiana, XI, col. 835. Le Prévost, op. cit., II, 549.

^{page 44 note 5} Chartes de St. Nicaise, Nos. 12 bis, 19.

^{page 44 note 6} Round, Cal. Docts. France, Nos. 241, 243.

^{page 44 note 7} Cart. Beaumont, Nos. X, XI.

^{page 44 note 8} La Roque, op. cit., III, 1621.

^{page 44 note 9} Cal. Charter Rolls, III, 310.

^{page 44 note 10} Guéry, Histoire de l'Abbaye de Lyre, p. 119.

^{page 44 note 11} Sauvage, Histoire de l'Abbaye de Troarn, p. 166.

^{page 44 note 12} Somménil, Origines, pp. 47–8.

^{page 45 note 1} Chron. Valassense, p. 23.

^{page 45 note 2} Ibid., p. 117. His son Robert added a parcel of land in Meulan, on which the monks of Le Valasse might build a house in which they could stay to look after their vines. Somménil, L'Abbaye du Valasse, p. 23.

^{page 45 note 3} Chron. Valassense, p. 117.

^{page 45 note 4} Ibid., p. 118. His son Robert added another thousand herrings, and subsequently granted a thousand eels, to be received at Brionne. Somménil, L'Abbaye du Valasse, p. 23.

^{page 45 note 5} Chron. Valassense, pp. 83–4.

^{page 45 note 6} Ibid., p. 119.

^{page 45 note 7} As Somménil suggests. Origines, p. 63.

^{page 45 note 8} Robert de Torigny, p. 227.

^{page 45 note 9} The date is discussed in the Complete Peerage (2nd ed.), VII, 738.

^{page 45 note 10} Gallia Christiana, XI, col. 838.

^{page 46 note 1} Le Dragon Normand et autres Poèmes d'Etienne de Rouen (ed. Omont), p. 190; Chronicles of Reigns of Stephen, Henry II and Richard I (ed. Hewlett), II, 766–7. Henry of Huntingdon, pp. 269–70.

^{page 46 note 2} Cf. Depoin, op. cit., p. 319. The story of this philosophical discussion tallies well with Geoffrey of Monmouth's poetical statement that, when he was a child, Mother Philosophy took him on her lap and instructed him in the subtleties of her knowledge (op. cit., p. 86). The fact that Geoffrey joined Waleran with the Earl of Gloucester in the dedication of his history, although doubtless due in part to his position at the head of the Anglo-Norman nobility, may fairly be taken to imply that the count was interested in literature.

^{page 46 note 4} It is not likely that Waleran was in any way responsible for the invention of heraldry, but the chequered shield shown on the seal on which he is styled Lord of Worcester, and which was therefore engraved within the years 1136–8, is, to the best of my knowledge, the earliest evidence of the existence of heraldry in France, Normandy or England.

^{page 47 note 1} Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, passim.

^{page 47 note 2} Le Prévost takes a much more unfavourable view of his character: “Un bel esprit sur la loyauté duquel personne n'avait pu compter et qui, malgré l'étendue et l'importance de ses domaines, n'avait joué qu'un rôle fort misérable dans les transactions politiques de son époque.” Le Prévost, op. cit., I, 209.

^{page 47 note 3} For his children, see the Complete Peerage (2nd ed.), VII, 738–9.

^{page 48 note 1} Gallia Christiana, XI, col. 835.

^{page 48 note 2} Owing to an extraordinary slip by Eyton (op. cit., p. 243), Robert has been split into two persons, a father and son of the same name, and this mistake was copied by J. H. R[ound] in the Dict. Nat. Biog. I pointed out and explained the error in Notes and Queries, CXLVII, 101. Robert adhered to John and the King of France seized Meulan and the Norman baronies. His three sons predeceased him, and it was believed until recently that the representation of the family passed to his daughter Mabel, Countess of Devonshire (Stapleton, Mag. Rot. Scacc. Norm., II, cciii); but Mr. L. C. Loyd has discovered that Robert's eldest son Waleran, who was slain on crusade, left a legitimate son, from whom descended the barons of Courseulles (Complete Peerage, 2nd ed., VII, 741–2). This Waleran married Margaret, daughter of Ralf de Fougères, a great Breton baron (Cart. Beaumont, No. CCLV), and their descendants, besides the Norman barony of Courseulles, granted to their son Ralf by St. Louis in 1255 (Cart. Normand, ed. Delisle, No. 536), held 100 livres of rente at Fougères, until Ralf de Meulan sold it in 1282 (Cartulaire de la Seigneurie de Fougères, ed. Aubergé, No. XVI).