^{page 131 note 1} Walkden C[olliery] O[ffice], D. 3 (Bridgewater Trust General Accounts, 1811–30), p. 173. For permission to consult the records at Walkden I am indebted to the Area Secretary, National Coal Board, E. Lanes. Area.

^{page 132 note 1} Walkden CO., D. 3, Navigation Accounts, 1825. This conclusion has been reached by treating as carrying trade the traffic in coal and limestone and items listed as both ‘freight’ and ‘tonnage’. Those described as ‘tonnage, porterage, wharfage and warehouse room’ have been computed as tonnage traffic.

^{page 132 note 2} Walkden CO., D. 5 (Bridgewater Trust General Accounts, 1844–50), Revenue Accounts, Collieries, 1844–46. Also Fereday Smith to Loch, 24 Nov. 1837 (Southampton Ufniversity] Lfibrary], Loch-Egerton Papers (temporary deposit); these papers have been made available for inspection by courtesy of the sixth duke of Sutherland).

^{page 132 note 3} The Development of Transportation in Modern England, with a new introduction by W. H. Chaloner (London, 1962), pp. 494, 638.Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 4} Journal of the House of Commons, lxxx (1825–1826), p. 236.Google Scholar

^{page 133 note 1} Jeans, J.S., Jubilee Memorial of the Railway System (London, 1875), pp. 55–56.Google Scholar

^{page 133 note 2} Manchester Ship Canal Co., Bridgewater Department, Mersey and Irwell Navigation Co., Order Book, 1821–28, pp. 141–42. For access to the records in this office and for guidance in the use of them, I am obliged to the manager, Mr A. Hayman, and his staff.

^{page 133 note 3} Bradshaw to Loch, 20 Dec. 1818; Loch to Lord Stafford, 7 Feb. 1826 (Staffordshire C[ounty] R[ecord] Offfice], Sutherland Estate Papers).

^{page 133 note 4} Loch to Stafford, 18 Jan. 1826 (Shropshire C.R.O., Sutherland Estate Papers).

^{page 133 note 5} Bradshaw to Loch, 10 Oct. 1826 (ibid.).

^{page 133 note 6} Cf.Pollins, H., ‘The Finances of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway’, Economic History Review, 2nd Series, V. I (1952), pp. 90–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 134 note 1} Sandars, J., A Letter on the subject …, 3rd edn (Liverpool, 1825).Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 2} Ibid., p. 21.

^{page 134 note 3} ‘General State of His Grace the Duke of Bridgewater's Navigation, Colliery, Lime and Farm Concerns in Lancashire and Cheshire from Midsummer 1859’ (Northamptonshire C.R.O., Ellesmere Brackley Collection, Canal Papers, Box X, 474, vol. (i), p. 71).

^{page 135 note 1} Mersey and Irwell Navigation Co., Order Book, 1810–20, pp. 55, 60; Order Book, 1821–28, pp. 19, 36.

^{page 135 note 2} The following rates of freight were advertised for 1794 and 1797; Between Manchester and Liverpool: Cotton, 10s. 6d. per ton; Goods: 7s. 2d. per ton (Scholes' Manchester and Salford Directory (1794), p. 184, ibid., 2nd edn (1797), p. 183). My attention was drawn to these figures by reading an unpublished M. A. thesis on ‘The Financial Administration of the Bridgewater Estate, 1780–1800’, presented to the University of Manchester by Mrs E. Brickell (née Malley).

^{page 135 note 3} Loch to Lord Gower, 1 Jan. 1825 (Staffordshire C.R.O., Sutherland Estate Papers).

^{page 135 note 4} Edinburgh Review, 5 th edn, iv, Apr.-July 1804, pp. 303–29; Brougham and his Early Friends: Letters to James Loch, 1798–1809, ed. Atkinson, and Jackson, (London, 1908), ii, pp. 143–46.Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 5} Parkes invoked ‘the luminous works’ of Turgot, Adam Smith, Bentham, Say, Ricardo, Mill, McCulloch and Torrens in a pamphlet written in 1825, supporting the project for a railway between Birmingham and Liverpool (Buckley, Jessie K., Joseph Parkes of Birmingham (London, 1926), p. 28).Google Scholar

^{page 136 note 1} Veitch, G.S., The Struggle for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway (Liverpool, 1930), pp. 46–51.Google Scholar

^{page 136 note 2} Loch to Bradshaw, 26 Dec. 1824 (Shropshire C.R.O., Sutherland Estate Papers).

^{page 136 note 3} Library of the Patent Office, ‘Fourteen Letters from James Nasmyth to James and George Loch, 1824–60'. Lord Gower was the elder son and heir of the marquess of Stafford. Lord Francis was his younger brother, who, on his father's death, would inherit the Bridgewater properties under the will of the third duke of Bridgewater. The ‘Spooner’ to whom allusion is made is presumably Richard Spooner, a Birmingham banker and partner in business of Thomas Attwood, founder of the Birmingham Political Union. ‘Baring’ may be presumed to be a member of the famous London banking house, which had experienced a meteoric rise to affluence in the closing decades of the eighteenth century. The Baring family was buying up land on a considerable scale in the early nineteenth century, but a prejudice against raising its members to the peerage continued in the minds of Prime Ministers into the eighteen-thirties (Thompson, F.M.L., English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1963), p. 59). The author of the letter has been identified by Professor A. Aspinal as James Abercromby (1776–1858), later first Baron Dunfermline.Google Scholar

^{page 137 note 1} Shropshire C.R.O., Sutherland Estate Papers.

^{page 137 note 2} Loch to Gower, 1 Jan. 1825 (Staffordshire C.R.O., Sutherland Estate Papers).

^{page 138 note 1} Ibid., loc. cit.

^{page 138 note 2} Loch to Jessop, 3 Jan. 1825 (ibid.).

^{page 138 note 3} Loch to Eyre Lee, 7 July 1825 (ibid.); Loch to Bradshaw, 26 Dec. 1824 (Shropshire C.R.O., Sutherland Estate Papers).

^{page 138 note 4} Gladstone to Huskisson, 14 Nov. 1824 (Bfritish] M[useum], Add. MS. 38746).

^{page 138 note 5} Loch remarked to Lord Gower in a letter dated 29 Dec. 1825 that ‘Huskisson's opinion was so much in favour of compromise that it was agreed to’ (Staffordshire C.R.O., Sutherland Estate Papers).

^{page 139 note 1} Draft dated 18 Feb. 1825 (B.M., Add. MS. 38746).

^{page 139 note 2} Booth, H., An Account of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway (Liverpool, 1830), pp. 9–14, 25–31.Google Scholar

^{page 139 note 3} Marshall, C.F. Dendy, Centenary History of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway (London, 1930), p. 14.Google Scholar

^{page 140 note 1} Loch to Bradshaw, 9 Jan. 1830; Bradshaw to Loch, 13 Jan. 1830 (Staffordshire C.R.O., Sutherland Estate Papers).

^{page 140 note 2} Bradshaw to Loch, 13, 17, 21 and 28 Mar. 1833; Loch to Moss, 23 Mar. 1833 (ibid.).

^{page 141 note 1} ‘… as to the public and parliament’, he observed, ‘we don't attempt to oppose our interests to theirs. We only ask for a hedge’ (Loch to Currie, 28 June 1830: ibid.).

^{page 141 note 2} By 1833 he was talking of buying between five hundred and a thousand shares in a proposed new north line to Liverpool promoted by the Manchester Bolton and Bury railway company. His reason was not stated, but it was probably a desire to gain a new outlet to market for the Worsley coals (Currie to Loch, 3, 18 and 24 Sept. 1833: Shropshire C.R.O., Sutherland Estate Papers).

^{page 141 note 3} Loch to Bradshaw, 25 May 1830 (Staffordshire C.R.O., Sutherland Estate Papers); Moss to Loch, 5 July 1830, and Bradshaw to Loch, 31 May 1830 (Shropshire C.R.O., Sutherland Estate Papers).

^{page 142 note 1} Currie to Loch, 10 Sept. 1831; Loch to Currie, 30 Sept. 1831; Winter to Loch, Sept. 1831 (Staffordshire C.R.O., Sutherland Estate Papers).

^{page 142 note 2} Loch to Moss, 28 Oct. 1833 (ibid.).

^{page 142 note 3} Gatty to Loch, 14 Nov. 1833 (Shropshire C.R.O., Sutherland Estate Papers).

^{page 142 note 4} Memorandum by Loch, 10 Mar. 1837 (Northamptonshire C.R.O., Ellesmere Brackley Collection, Box 1739).

^{page 143 note 1} Mersey and Irwell Navigation Co., Order Book, 1834-41, pp. 11-13, 165. Fereday Smith to Loch, 30 Nov. 1837, 23 Apr. and 15 May 1841, 23 Apr. and 20 May 1842, and 1 June 1843; Fereday Smith to Loch, 20 Jan. 1838 (Southampton U.L., Loch-Egerton Papers). G. to J. Loch, 5 Apr. 1841; Extract from railway board minutes, 5 Apr. 1841, enclosed in Booth to Loch, 5 Apr. 1841 (Staffordshire C.R.O., Sutherland Estate Papers). ‘Statement on the Part of the Bridgewater Trustees, 1850’ (Manchester Ship Canal Co., Bridgewater Department).

^{page 143 note 2} Smith to Loch, 11 Mar. 1842 (Southampton U.L., Loch-Egerton Papers).

^{page 143 note 3} ‘Statement on the Part of the Bridgewater Trustees, 1850’ (Manchester Ship Canal Co., Bridgewater Department).

^{page 144 note 1} Mersey and Irwell Navigation Co., Order Book, 1834–41, pp. 21–22. Smith to Loch, 20 Jan. 1838 (Southampton U.L., Loch-Egerton Papers).

^{page 144 note 2} G. to J. Loch, 19 Oct. 1840, 5 Apr. 1841; Extract from railway board minutes, enclosed in Booth to Loch, 5 Apr. 1841 (Staffordshire C.R.O., Sutherland Estate Papers). Loch to Smith, 20, 24 Sept. and 7, 11 Oct. 1840; Smith to Loch, 7 Oct. 1840 (Southampton U.L., Loch-Egerton Papers). Mersey and Irwell Navigation Co., Order Book, 1834–41, pp. 162– 163, 165–66.

^{page 144 note 3} Booth to Smith, 6 Dec. 1841, enclosed in Smith to Loch, 7 Dec. 1841 (Southampton U.L., Loch-Egerton Papers). Moss to Loch, 26 Feb. 1842; Loch to Lawrence, 25 Feb. 1842 (Staffordshire C.R.O., Sutherland Estate Papers).

^{page 145 note 1} He wrote as follows: ‘I should be sorry to do anything of the sort, but, if the contest is continued, without any apparent cause, it must be considered how the duke of Sutherland's interest can be best secured even at loss’ (Loch to Lawrence, 25 Mar. 1842: ibid.).

^{page 145 note 2} Loch to Booth, 12 Apr. 1841 (ibid.).

^{page 145 note 3} Southampton U.L., Loch-Egerton Papers, bundle of letters marked ‘1841. Mr Loch's Correspondence with Captain Laws about Connexion Railway’. Smith to Loch, 10, 12 Feb. 1842 (ibid.).

^{page 146 note 1} In March 1854 the duke appointed the marquess of Stafford to a directorship in the company (British Transport Commission Archives, London and North Western Railway Company Board Minutes, 2288, 11 Mar. 1854).

^{page 146 note 2} Dow, G., Great Central (London, 1959), i, p. 128.Google Scholar Smith to Loch, 20 July 1844 (Southampton U.L., Loch-Egerton Papers). James to George Loch, 24 July 1844 (Northamptonshire C.R.O., Ellesmere Brackley Collection, Box 1739).

^{page 146 note 3} Smith to Loch, 1 Jan. 1846; Loch to Smith, 2 Jan. 1846 (Southampton U.L., Loch-Egerton Papers).

^{page 147 note 1} Mitchell to Smith, 4 Dec. i860, enclosed in Smith to Egerton, 7 Dec. 1860; Smith to Egerton, 20 Jan. 1859 (ibid.).

^{page 147 note 2} The negotiations leading up to these agreements and the results obtained by concluding them are described in immense detail in the Loch-Egerton Papers, Jan. 1851–June 1855.

^{page 147 note 3} The branch line which was constructed as part of the scheme was opened on 19 Oct. 1853 (Grierson to Smith, 20 Oct. 1853, enclosed in Smith to Loch, 21 Oct. 1853: Southampton U.L., Loch-Egerton Papers).

^{page 147 note 4} Select Committee on Railway and Canal Bills, 3rd Rep., minutes of ev., 1777; 1852–53 (246) XXXVIII.

^{page 148 note 1} Smith to Egerton, 9, 28 Jan. 1862; 7,24 July and 16 Oct. 1860 (Southampton U.L., Loch-Egerton Papers).

^{page 148 note 2} Loch to Gower, 1 Jan. 1825 (Staffordshire C.R.O., Sutherland Estate Papers). In 1838 Loch was disposed to accept an opinion which was put to him ‘that long railways will beat long canals but that short canals will keep their ground with railways’ (Loch to Smith, 4 June 1838: Southampton U.L., Loch-Egerton Papers).

^{page 148 note 3} ‘General State of His Grace the Duke of Bridgewater's Navigation … ’ (Northamptonshire C.R.O., Ellesmere Brackley Collection, Canal Papers, Box X, 474, vol. (i), p. 71).

^{page 148 note 4} Walkden CO., Box 786, General Abstracts of Accounts, 1830, p. 5; 1831, p. 5; 1832, p. 5; 1833, p. 5.

^{page 149 note 1} Mersey and Irwell Navigation Co., Order Book, 1828–34, pp. 128–29.

^{page 149 note 2} Ibid., pp. 106, 141, 145.

^{page 149 note 3} Bradshaw to Loch, 24 Sept. 1832 (Shropshire C.R.O., Sutherland Estate Papers).

^{page 149 note 4} Walkden CO., D. 5 (Bridgewater Trust General Accounts, 1844–50), Annual profit and loss account.

^{page 149 note 5} Select Committee on Railway and Canal Bills, 3rd Rep., minutes of ev., 1652; 1852–53 (246) XXXVIII.

^{page 150 note 1} Smith to Loch, 10 Sept. 1840, 13 Oct. 1841 (Southampton U.L., Loch-Egerton Papers).

^{page 150 note 2} Loch to Lord Francis Egerton, 5 Oct. 1841 (Northamptonshire C.R.O., Ellesmere Brackley Collection, Box 1739).

^{page 150 note 3} ‘Statement on the Part of the Bridgewater Trustees, 1850’ (Manchester Ship Canal Co., Bridgewater Department).

^{page 150 note 4} Select Committee on Railway and Canal Bills, 3rd Rep., minutes of ev., 1650; 1852–53 (246) XXXVIII. Marsden to Smith, 18 Feb. 1846, in Smith to Loch, 25 Feb. 1846 (Southampton U.L., Loch-Egerton Papers).

^{page 151 note 1} Smith to Loch, 29 Mar. and 22 Apr. 1843; Loch to Smith, 3 July 1843 (Southampton U.L, Loch-Egerton Papers). G. to J. Loch, 13 Aug. 1844, minute by James Loch (Northamptonshire C.R.O., Ellesmere Brackley Collection, Box 1739).

^{page 151 note 2} Opposition of the Bridgewater Navigation Co. Ltd to the Manchester Ship Canal Bill, 1885, minutes of ev., 11540 (Manchester Ship Canal Co., Bridgewater Department).

^{page 151 note 3} Herapath's Railway and Commercial Journal, 23 Feb. 1850, p. 173.

^{page 151 note 4} With a fall much greater than that of the trend in 1849, the year of the severe contest with the railway companies (Walkden CO., D. 5 (Bridgewater Trust General Accounts, 1844–50), Annual profit and loss account).

^{page 151 note 5} Select Committee on Railway and Canal Bills, 3rd Rep., minutes of ev., 1652; 1852–53 (246) XXXVIII.

^{page 151 note 6} Smith to Loch, 7 June, and Loch to Smith, 9 June 1850 (Southampton U.L., Loch-Egerton Papers).

^{page 152 note 1} Financial report enclosed in Smith to Egerton, 9 June 1857 (ibid.).

^{page 152 note 2} Correspondence enclosed in Smith to Egerton, 22 Mar. 1862 (ibid.).

^{page 152 note 3} The figure for 1888 (Fourth and Final Report of the Royal Commission on Canals and Inland Navigations, Appendices, Table 25; 1910 [Cd. 5204] XII).

^{page 152 note 4} The Royal Commission on Canals and Inland Navigations quoted a figure of 2,769,513 tons for 1888 (ibid.). But this probably includes about 250,000 tons conveyed by the Bridgewater carrying department on waterways other than the Bridgewater Canal and Mersey and Irwell Navigation (Third Report, minutes of ev., 33,458–33,463; 1909 [Cd. 4839] XIII).

^{page 152 note 5} Smith to Egerton, 6 Feb. 1856 (Southampton U.L., Loch-Egerton Papers).

^{page 152 note 6} Manchester Ship Canal Co., Bridgewater Department, Diaries of George Forrester, engineer, entry for 1 Nov. 1864.

^{page 152 note 7} Contract for sale dated 3 July 1872, p. 2 (Northamptonshire C.R.O., Ellesmere Brackley Collection, Canal Papers, Box X, 474).

^{page 153 note 1} Loch to Egerton, 19 Oct. 1845 (ibid., Box 1739).

^{page 153 note 2} Thompson, op. cit., p. 264.

^{page 153 note 3} Loch to Egerton, 19 Oct. 1845 (Northamptonshire C.R.O., Ellesmere Brackley Collection, Box 1739).

^{page 154 note 1} The Canals of South Wales and the Border (Cardiff, 1960), pp. 28,Google Scholar 219.

^{page 154 note 2} Fourth and Final Report of the Royal Commission on Canals and Inland Navigations, Tables 22–41; 1910 [Cd. 5204] XII.