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The Intellectual Influence of English Monasticism between the Tenth and the Twelfth Centuries

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 June 2009

Extract

At the opening of the tenth century monasticism was at its lowest ebb in England. King Alfred's attempts to revive the regular life had failed; some of the monasteries were homes of married priests, many more were ruinous and deserted. When Edgar had come into his kingdom, and was able to fulfil the vow which he had made as a boy to restore the monasteries to their former splendour, the time was ripe for success. The land had recovered from the ravages of war, and ‘the three torches’ of the Church—Dunstan, Athelwold, and Oswald—were ready to guide him. However, the brief but brilliant revival was checked by national disaster. From the time of the renewed Danish invasions monastic life steadily languished.

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Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Historical Society 1902

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References

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page 51 note 11 Böhmer, H., Die Fälschungcn Erzbischof Lanfrancs von Canterbury, p. 174Google Scholar; Dugdale, , Monasticon, vi. part ii. p. 615Google Scholar.

page 51 note 12 Dugdale, , Monasticon, vi. part i. pp. 304, 305Google Scholar.

page 52 note 1 Dugdale, , Monasticon, vi. parti, p. 240Google Scholar.

page 52 note 2 Gesta Abbatum Monasterii Sancti Albani, ed. Riley, H. T., i. 196Google Scholar.

page 52 note 3 Materials for the History of Thomas Becket, ed.Robertson, J. C., iii. 14Google Scholar.

page 52 note 4 Hope, W. H. St. John, The Abbey of St. Mary in Furness, pp. 34, 35Google Scholar.

page 52 note 5 Dugdale, , Monasticon, vol. vi. parti, p. xliiiGoogle Scholar.

page 52 note 6 There was a master of the schools at Malton in 1245. Cf. MS. Laud, 642, f. 3 (Bodleian Library).

page 52 note 7 Materials for the History of Thomas Becket, ed. Robertson, J. C., vol. iii. p. 4Google Scholar. Cf. Round, J. H., The Commune of London, p. 117Google Scholar.

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page 53 note 1 Chronicon Monasterii de Abingdon, ed. Stevenson, J., ii. 284Google Scholar. ‘Ad tantum [Abbas Ethelelmus] etiam devolutus est ut prohiberet ne aliqua memoria neque memoratio fieret de sancto Athelwoldo, neque de sancto Edwardo; dixit enim esse Anglicos msticos nee etiam debere ecclesias quas ibi fiindaverunt.’ Cf. Willelmi Malmesbiriensis De Gestis Pontificum, ed. Hamilton, N. E. S. A., p. 420Google Scholar; Eadmer, , Historia Novorum, ed. Rule, M., pp. 350353Google Scholar.

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page 53 note 5 Memorials of St. Edmund's Abbey, ed. Arnold, T., i. p. 62Google Scholar.

page 53 note 6 Ibid. p. 72.

page 53 note 7 Ibid. pp. 223, 297.

page 54 note 1 Cf. p. 24, note 8.

page 54 note 2 Gesta Abbatum Monasterii Sancti Albani, ed. Riley, H. T., i. 194196Google Scholar.

page 54 note 3 Rashdall, H., Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, i. 77Google Scholar.

page 54 note 4 Regula S. Benedicti, cap. lvii.

page 54 note 5 Labbe, , Sacrorum Conciliorum Collectio, ed. Cossart, , xxi. 528, cap. ixGoogle Scholar.

page 54 note 6 Vol. xxii. p. 373, cap. ii.

page 54 note 7 Vol. xxii. p. 1010, cap. xxii.

page 54 note 8 Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II, and Richard I., ed. Howlett, R., i. 131134Google Scholar.

page 54 note 9 Simeonis Monachi Opera Omnia, ed. Arnold, T., i. 3 (R.S.)Google Scholar; Wharton, , Anglia Sacra, ii. 123Google Scholar. Cf. Les Monuments primitifs de la Règie Cistercienne, ed. Guignard, Ph., p. 266Google Scholar; Dugdale, , Monasticon, vol. vi. part ii. p. liGoogle Scholar.

page 55 note 1 Descriptive Catalogue of Materials, ed. Hardy, T. D., ii. 82, 83 (R.S.)Google Scholar

page 55 note 2 Memorials of St. Edmund's Abbey, ed. Arnold, T., i. 2692Google Scholar.

page 55 note 3 Historians of the Church of York, ed. Raine, J., vol. i. p. lii, pp. 240260Google Scholar.

page 55 note 4 Memorials of St. Dunstan, ed. Stubbs, W., pp. 69161Google Scholar.

page 55 note 5 Wharton, , Anglia Sacra, ii. 123147Google Scholar.

page 55 note 6 Memorials of St. Dunstan, ed. Stubbs, W., 161249Google Scholar.

page 55 note 7 Wharton, , Anglia Sacra, ii. 7887Google Scholar.

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page 55 note 9 Ibid. ii. 1–59.

page 55 note 10 Ibid. ii. 42.

page 55 note 11 Cf. Gervasii Monachi Cantuariensis Opera Historica, ed. Stubbs, W., i. 86(R.S.)Google Scholar

page 55 note 12 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ed. Thorpe, B., ii. 235Google Scholar.

page 56 note 1 Cf. Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi Benedicti Abbatis, ed. Stubbs, W., vol. i. p. xiGoogle Scholar.

page 56 note 2 Gervasii Monachi Cantuariensis Opera Historica, ed. Stubbs, W., i. 87Google Scholar.

page 56 note 3 Florence of Worcester, Chronicon ex Chronicis, ed. B. Thorpe, English Historical Society.

page 56 note 4 Chronicon Abbatia Rameseiensis, ed. W. D. Macray.

page 56 note 5 Chronicon Monasterii de Abingdon, ed. J. Stevenson.

page 56 note 6 Liber Eliensis, ed. D. J. Stewart, Anglia Christiana Society.

page 56 note 7 Beati Lanfranci Archiepiscopi Cantuariensis Opera Omnia, ed. Giles, J. A., i. 281313Google Scholar.

page 56 note 8 Eadmeri Opuscula duo de Vita S. Anselmi, ed. Rule, M., pp. 305424Google Scholar.

page 56 note 9 Wharton, , Anglia Sacra, ii. 244249Google Scholar.

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page 56 note 11 Memorials of St. Edmund's Abbey, ed. Arnold, T., i. 209336Google Scholar.

page 57 note 1 MS. Cotton, Cleopatra, B I, ff. 33–168.

page 57 note 2 Eadmeri Hisloria Novorum in Anglia, ed. Rule, M., p. 1 (R.S.)Google Scholar

page 57 note 3 Willelmi Malmesbiriensis De Gestis Ponlificum Anglorum, ed. Hamilton, N. E. S. A., p. 4Google Scholar.

page 57 note 4 William of Malmesbury, , De Gestis Regum Anglorum, ed. Stubbs, W., ii. 467Google Scholar.

page 57 note 5 Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II, and Richard I., ed. Howlett, R., i. 3Google Scholar.

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page 58 note 1 Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II., and Richard I., ed. Hewlett, R., i. 11, 18Google Scholar.

page 58 note 2 Ibid. pp. 11–18.

page 58 note 3 Memorials of St. Dunstan, ed. Slubbs, W., p. 289Google Scholar.

page 58 note 4 Ibid. pp. 251–253.

page 58 note 5 Willelmi Malmesbiriensis De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum, ed. Hamilton, N. E. S. A., pp. 330, 331Google Scholar.

page 58 note 6 Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II., and Richard I., ed. Howlett, R., i. 80, 81Google Scholar.

page 58 note 7 Ibid. pp. 84, 308.

page 59 note 1 Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II., and Richard I., ed. Hewlett, R., i. 11Google Scholar.

page 59 note 2 Ibid. p. 12.

page 59 note 3 Memorials of St. Dunstan, ed. Stubbs, W., p. 250Google Scholar.

page 59 note 4 Ibid. p. 288.

page 59 note 5 Memorials of St. Edmund's Abbey, ed. Arnold, T., i. 107Google Scholar.

page 59 note 6 Liber Eliensis, ed. Stewart, D. J., p. 94Google Scholar.

page 59 note 7 Memorials of St. Edmund's Abbey, ed. Arnold, T., i. 2692Google Scholar.

page 59 note 8 Historians of the Church of York, ed. Raine, J., ii. 6097Google Scholar.

page 60 note 1 Eadmeri Historia Novorum in Anglia, ed. Rule, M., p. 52Google Scholar.

page 60 note 2 Ibid.

page 60 note 3 Florence of Worcester, Chronicon ex Chronicis, ed. Thorpe, B., ii. 29, 99Google Scholar.

page 60 note 4 Willelmi Malmesbiriensis De Gestis Regum, ed. Stubbs, W., ii. 498Google Scholar, and De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum, ed. Hamilton, N. E. S. A., p. 85Google Scholar.

page 60 note 5 Eadmeri Historia Novorum in Anglia, ed. Rule, M., p. 57Google Scholar.

page 60 note 6 Ibid. p. 63.

page 60 note 7 Ibid. pp. 58–63.

page 60 note 8 ‘Epistolarum Sancti Anselmi’ lib. iii. No. C; Migne, , Patrologiæ Cursus Completes, clix. 138Google Scholar.

page 60 note 9 Historians of the Church of York, ed. Raine, J., ii. 110Google Scholar: ‘Sed si fas est dici, adhuc habet ecclesia decimantes mentam et anethum, et colantes culicem et deglutientes camelum, de manuali investituta tumultuantes, de electionis et consecrationis libertate nihil mutientes.’

page 61 note 1 Historians of the Church of York, ed. Raine, J., ii. 98220Google Scholar.

page 61 note 2 Printed for the first time as an appendix to Kirche undStoat in England and in der Normandie im XI. und XII. Jahrhundert, by Böhmer, H., pp. 436497Google Scholar.

page 61 note 3 Historians of the Church of York, ed. Raine, J., ii. 228258Google Scholar.

page 61 note 4 Böhmer, H., Kirche und Staat, p.480Google Scholar: ‘Hoc itaque decretum inter eos ordinavit beatus Gregorius et hoc reverenter exsecutus est beatus Augustinus, nec legitur quod alter ab altero consecratus sit vel professionem fecerit. Hoc, inquam, decretum nulli unquam mutare vel destruere jure licuit, nec etiam apostolicæ sedi. Sicut dicit papa Zozimus scribens Narbonensibus: “Contra statuta patrum aliquid concedere vel mutare, nee huius sanctæ sedis potest auctoritas.” Apud nos enim inconvulsis radicibus vivit antiquitas, cui sancti patres sanxere reverentiam.’ Cf. Historians of the Church of York, ed. Raine, J., ii. 248Google Scholar: ‘Solent enim Romani pontifices de observandis indeclinabiliter decretis antecessorum suorum ante consecrationem suam profiteri, et mihi quisquam audeat imponere quatinus ecclesise meæ privilegia debeam evacuare? Quod si forte alicuius occasionis tantum nefas presumam attingere, certum est quod spiritalis reus adulterii quia primam fidem irritam feci. Hinc profecto beatus Gregorius scribit ita: “Grave nimis,” inquit, “et contra sacerdotale constat esse propositum velle cuiusquam ecclesiæ privilegia olim indulta confundere.” Quod autem nee ipsi summo pontifici liceat sanctorum patrum traditionibus contraire Zosimus papa sic testatur: “Contra statuta,” inquit, “patrum aliquid concedere vel mutare, nee huius quidem sedis potest auctoritas.”’

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page 62 note 3 Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II., and Richard I., ed. Howlett, R., i. 56Google Scholar.

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page 63 note 2 Dugdale, , Monasticon, vol. vi. part ii. p. xviiGoogle Scholar.

page 63 note 3 E.g. the following sought papal protection:—St.Augustine's, Canterbury, in 1139, Jaffé, , Regesta Pontificum Romanorum, ed. 1885, No. 8004Google Scholar; Malmesbury, in 1151, ibid. No. 9466; Sherborne, in 1146, ibid. No. 8855; Rochester, in 1146, ibid. No. 8870; Westminster, in 1146, ibid. No. 8878; Peterborough, in 1146, ibid. No. 8965; Abingdon, in 1152, ibid. No. 9567. Malmesbury and Peterborough also obtained privileges of election and exemption from episcopal jurisdiction. Cf. Jaffé, No. 9466, Registrum Malmesbiriense, ed. Brewer, J. S., i. 346, 348Google Scholar.

page 63 note 4 Chronicon Abbatiæ Rameseiensis, ed. Macray, W. D., pp. 99, 176Google Scholar.

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page 64 note 4 ‘De Fide Ecclesiæ contra Judeos,’ addressed to Anselm by Gilbert Crispin; Migne, , Patrologiæ Cursus Completus, clix. 1063Google Scholar.

page 64 note 5 Martyred in 1144; cf. The Jews of Angevin England, ed. Jacobs, J., p. 19Google Scholar.

page 64 note 6 Martyred in 1168; cf. ibid. p. 45.

page 64 note 7 Martyred in 1181; cf. ibid. p. 75.

page 64 note 8 ‘Arma contra Judeos,’ ‘Magister Andrea contra Judeos,’ ‘[Liber] qui vocatur Bartholomeus contra Judeos;’ cf. W. B. Rye, A Memorial of the Priory of St. Andrew at Rochester.

page 64 note 9 ‘Petrus Aleunei contra Judeos;’ cf. Supplement to Coates, History of Reading, ed. 1802.

page 64 note 10 Jewish Quarterly, July 1898.

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