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TIME AND DISTANCE: REFLECTIONS ON LOCAL AND GLOBAL HISTORY FROM EAST AFRICA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 November 2019

Richard Reid*
Affiliation:
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

Abstract

This paper is concerned with East Africans’ perceptions of the intersection between their own, highly charged and contested, local histories, and the global past, as well as their place in it. The two case studies on which the paper is based – Eritrea and Uganda – have much in common in terms of recent history, not least in their experience of prolonged violence, and thus taken together they elucidate distinctive characteristics. Yet they also illustrate broader phenomena. On one level, particular interpretations of local history – both the deeper, precolonial past and the more recent, twentieth-century past – are utilised to critique the flow of global history, as well as the impositions of globalisation, and to emphasise the bitter experience of marginality and lack of agency. At the same time, the global past – conceptualised as the evolution of an intrusive, imperialist, hypocritical global order imposed by foreigners, usually Western in provenance – is seen as omnipresent and pervasive, and thus the arguments made around marginality serve to remind us, paradoxically, how central these communities are (or should be) to the framing of global history.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Historical Society 2019 

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References

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23 This formed part of a Leverhulme Trust-funded project between 2012 and 2015 concerned with historical culture and consciousness in Uganda since the mid-nineteenth century. In their interviews, conducted in selected communities across the country in the attempt to achieve geographical spread, the research team aimed for a cross section in terms of age, gender and occupation. Informants included teachers, priests, farmers, shopkeepers and traders. They were asked – in a mixture of English and vernacular languages – about the importance of ‘national history’, and of history as a subject more broadly, including as taught at school. What follows is a modest sample of those interviews, which are anonymised to protect informants.

24 Interview, Bugobero, farmer, c. forty-three years old, 25 January 2014.

25 There is a wider literature exploring these issues: see for example History and Ethnicity, ed. Tonkin, Elizabeth, McDonald, Maryon and Chapman, Malcolm (London and New York, 1989)Google Scholar; Recasting the Past: History Writing and Political Work in Modern Africa, ed. Peterson, Derek R. and Macola, Giacomo (Athens, OH, 2009)Google Scholar.

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30 Interview, Bugobero, teacher, c. thirty-five years old, 26 September 2013.

31 Interview, Mbale, teacher, c. twenty-eight years old, 26 January 2014.

32 Interview, Mbale, teacher, c. fifty years old, 1 February 2014.

33 Interview, Mbale, farmer, c. sixty years old, 24 January 2014.

34 Interview, Bugobero, teacher, c. thirty-five years old, 26 September 2013.

35 Interviews in Bugobero, farmer, c. forty-three years old, 25 January 2014; Mbale, teacher, c. twenty-eight years old, 26 January 2014.

36 Interview, Mukono, agricultural consultant, c. forty years old, 22 January 2014.

37 Interviews in Mbale, teacher, c. twenty-eight years old, 26 January 2014; Kitindya, priest, c. fifty years old, 6 February 2014.

38 Interview, Mbale, teacher, c. twenty-eight years old, 26 January 2014.

39 Interview, Mbale, teacher, c. fifty years old, 1 February 2014.

40 Interview, Bubutu, unemployed, c. forty years old, 15 January 2014.

41 Interviews in Mukono, agricultural consultant, c. forty years old, 22 January 2014; Mbale, teacher, c. twenty-eight years old, 26 January 2014.

42 Interview, Bubutu, unemployed, c. forty years old, 15 January 2014.

43 Interview, Bugobero, teacher, c. thirty-five years old, 26 September 2013.

44 Interview, Mukono, agricultural consultant, c. forty years old, 22 January 2014.

45 Interview, Kitindya, priest, c. fifty years old, 6 February 2014.

46 Interview, Mbale, farmer, c. sixty years old, 24 January 2014.

47 Interview, Hoima, priest, c. sixty years old, 17 January 2013.

48 Interview, Hoima, priest, c. sixty years old, 17 January 2013.

49 Chameleon, or Chameleone, is a Ugandan Afrobeat singer, born Joseph Mayanja.

50 Born Robert Kyagulanyi, Bobi Wine is a popular musician who made international headlines briefly in 2014 when he was denied a UK visa on account of his virulently homophobic lyrics. He is now a political activist and an increasingly vocal and influential critic of Museveni.

51 Interview, Bulucheke, trader, c. forty-five years old, 20 February 2014.

52 Interview, Mukono, agricultural consultant, c. forty years old, 22 January 2014.

53 Interview, Bulucheke, trader, c. forty-five years old, 20 February 2014.

54 Interview, Manafwa, local councillor, c. sixty-seven years old, 20 October 2013.

55 Interview, Bulucheke, trader, c. forty-five years old, 20 February 2014.

56 Interview, Hoima, priest, c. sixty years old, 17 January 2013.

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65 For an overview of the Italian period, see Bereketeab, Redie, Eritrea: The Making of a Nation, 1890–1991 (Trenton, NJ, 2007)Google Scholar, ch. 4.

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67 Author's field notes and informal interviews, Eritrea, between May 1998 and September 2002.

68 Author's field notes and informal interviews, Eritrea, between December 2002 and August 2008. See also Reid, Richard, ‘Mourning and Glory: Toward Affective Histories of Violence in Africa over la longue durée’, Emotions: History, Culture, Society, 1 (2017), 113–36Google Scholar.

69 Council on Foreign Relations, ‘Authoritarianism in Eritrea and the Migrant Crisis’, 16 September 2016, www.cfr.org/backgrounder/authoritarianism-eritrea-and-migrant-crisis.

70 Author's conversations with asylum-seekers in London, since c. 2002.

71 Sally Tomlinson and Danny Dorling, ‘Brexit has its roots in the British Empire – so how do we explain it to the young?’, New Statesman, 9 May 2016; Julianne Schulz, ‘Why the dream of Empire 2.0 is still “cobblers”’, The Guardian, 11 February 2018.

72 For example, Priyamvada Gopal, ‘Yes, we must decolonize: our teaching has to go beyond elite white men’, The Guardian, 27 October 2017.