Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-5nwft Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-07T16:52:41.251Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Gender and Precarity across Time: Where Are the Writing Working Women?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 January 2024

Lena Wånggren*
Affiliation:
University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Abstract

The end of the nineteenth century in Britain saw a range of “newnesses”; New Unionism signified a boom in trade unionism, while the New Woman figure symbolized women's struggle for independence. However, both as literary figures and as real-life writers, such New Women were largely middle class and educated. Where are the working women within the sphere of literary and cultural production, and how are they represented within the New Unionism? Against a dominant trade unionism that argued for a “family wage” and considered women's organizing as a threat, the Women's Trade Union League (1874), the National Federation of Women Workers (1906), the 1888 Match Girls strike, and writers and labor activists such as Annie Besant and Clementina Black noted women's roles within labor. Attempting to locate a working New Woman in the trade union movement, this paper is a reflective work-in-progress, an exploration rather than a finished argument. Written by a precariously employed woman trade unionist in the twenty-first century, struggling to find time to write, examining the works of precariously employed women workers one hundred years earlier, the essay poses questions about what happens to politically engaged scholarship in a time of increasingly precarious working conditions and knowledges.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Works Cited

Blackburn, Sheila C. “‘No Necessary Connection with Homework’: Gender and Sweated Labour, 1840–1909.” Social History 22, no. 3 (1997): 269–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blell, Mwenza, Liu, Shan-Jan Sarah, and Verma, Audrey. “‘A one-sided view of the world’: Women of Colour at the Intersections of Academic Freedom.” International Journal of Human Rights 26, no. 10 (2022): 1822–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonello Rutter Giappone, Krista, and Wånggren, Lena. Working Conditions in a Marketised University System: Generation Precarity. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2023 (forthcoming).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boston, Sarah. Women Workers and the Trade Unions. 3rd rev. ed. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 2015.Google Scholar
Brown, Roger, and Carasso, Helen. Everything for Sale? The Marketisation of UK Higher Education. London: Society for Research into Higher Education, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busby, Nicole. “Women's Labour and Trade Unionism: A Dangerous Combination?Dangerous Women Project, 2016, https://dangerouswomenproject.org/2016/06/20/womens-trade-unionism.Google Scholar
de Beauvoir, Simone. “Existentialism and Popular Wisdom.” Translated by Timmermann, Marybeth. In Simone de Beauvoir: Philosophical Writings, edited by Simons, M. A., 203–20. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Drake, Barbara. Women in Trade Unions. London: Virago, 1984.Google Scholar
Gill, Rosalind. “Breaking the Silence: The Hidden Injuries of Neo-Liberal Academia.” In Secrecy and Silence in the Research Process: Feminist Reflections, edited by Ryan-Flood, Róisín and Gill, Rosalind, 228–44. Abingdon: Routledge, 2010.Google Scholar
Grand, Sarah. “The New Aspect of the Woman Question.” North American Review 158 (1894): 270–76.Google Scholar
Günel, Gökçe, Varma, Saiba, and Watanabe, Chika. “A Manifesto for Patchwork Ethnography.” Cultural Anthropology, 2020, https://culanth.org/fieldsights/a-manifesto-for-patchwork-ethnography.Google Scholar
Lewenhak, Sheila. Women and Trade Unions. London: Ernest Benn, 1977.Google Scholar
Livesey, Ruth. Socialism, Sex, and the Culture of Aestheticism in Britain, 1880–1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopes, Ana, and Dewan, Indra Angeli. “Precarious Pedagogies? The Impact of Casual and Zero-Hour Contracts in Higher Education.” Journal of Feminist Scholarship 7, no. 8 (2014): 2842.Google Scholar
Lutes, Jean Marie. “Beyond the Bounds of the Book: Periodical Studies and Women Writers of the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries.” Legacy 27 (2010): 336–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacArthur, Mary. “Editorial.” The Woman Worker 1, no. 1 (September 1907), www.wcml.org.uk/our-collections/object-of-the-month/the-woman-worker-september-1907-volume-1-number-1.Google Scholar
Murray, Órla, Crowley, Muireann, and Wånggren, Lena. “Feminist Work in Academia and Beyond.” In Being an Early Career Feminist Academic: Global Perspectives, Experiences, and Challenges, edited by Thwaites, Rachel and Godoy-Pressland, Amy, 215–35. London: Palgrave, 2016.Google Scholar
Oakley, Ann. “Fact, Fiction and Method in the Early History of Social Research: Clementina Black and Margaret Harkness as Case-Studies.” Women's History Review 28, no. 3 (2019): 360–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pankhurst, Sylvia. “How to Meet Industrial Conscription.” Woman's Dreadnought, March 20, 1915.Google Scholar
Raw, Louise. Striking a Light: The Bryant and May Matchwomen and Their Place in Labour History. London: Continuum, 2011.Google Scholar
Sanders, Teela, and Hardy, Kate. “Students Selling Sex: Marketisation, Higher Education and Consumption.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 36, no. 5 (2013): 747–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soldon, Norbert C. Women in British Trade Unions, 1874-1976. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1978.Google Scholar
Trade Union Congress. “Clementina Black.” TUC, https://tuc150.tuc.org.uk/stories/clementina-black.Google Scholar
Trinder, Matt. “International Report Highlights Impact of Casualisation on Academic Freedom, Following Evidence from UCU.” Morning Star, 2022, https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/b/international-report-highlights-impact-casualisation-academic-freedom-following.Google Scholar
University and College Union (UCU). “Job Insecurities in Universities: The Scale of the Problem,” October 2019, www.ucu.org.uk/media/10502/Job-security-in-universities---the-scale-of-theproblem/pdf/ucu_casualisation-inhe_graphic_oct19.pdf.Google Scholar
University and College Union (UCU). Making Ends Meet: The Human Cost of Casualisation in Post-Secondary Education. London: UCU, 2015.Google Scholar
University and College Union (UCU). Precarious Work in Higher Education: A Snapshot of Insecure Contracts and Institutional Attitudes. London: UCU, 2016.Google Scholar
University and College Union (UCU). UCU Workload Survey 2016. Executive Summary. London: UCU, 2016.Google Scholar
University and College Union (UCU). Counting the Costs of Casualisation in Higher Education: Key Findings of a Survey Conducted by the University and College Union. London: UCU, 2019.Google Scholar
University and College Union (UCU). “Biggest Ever University Strikes Set to Hit UK Campuses over pay, Conditions and Pensions.” UCU, 2022, www.ucu.org.uk/article/12609/Biggest-ever-university-strikes-set-to-hit-UK-campuses-over-pay-conditions--pensions.Google Scholar
University and College Union (UCU). “University Staff Vote for UK-Wide Strike Action in Historic Ballot.” UCU, 2022, www.ucu.org.uk/article/12581/University-staff-vote-for-UK-wide-strike-action-in-historic-ballot.Google Scholar
Virdee, Satnam. “The Second Sight of Racialised Outsiders in the Imperialist Core.” Third World Quarterly 38, no. 11 (2017): 2396–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wånggren, Lena. “Feminist Trade Unionism and Post-Work Imaginaries.” Special Issue: Futures and Fractures in Feminist and Queer Education. Applied Social Theory 1, no. 2 (2018): 102–24.Google Scholar
Wånggren, Lena. “Feminist? Join a Union!Clitbait, 2020, https://clitbait.co.uk/feminist-join-a-union.Google Scholar
Weale, Sally. “Staff at 150 UK Universities Begin Three Days of Strikes.” The Guardian, March 20, 2023, www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/mar/20/staff-at-150-uk-universities-begin-three-days-of-strikes.Google Scholar