Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T15:24:46.230Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Factors affecting germination of jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) seed

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Lynn Fandrich  and
Carol A. Mallory-Smith
Carol A. Mallory-Smith
Affiliation:
Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3002
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Specific knowledge about the dormancy, germination, and emergence patterns of weed species aids the development of integrated management strategies. The after-ripening period for jointed goatgrass seed was quantified, and the effects of germination conditions and spikelet structures on jointed goatgrass seed germination were measured. As the duration of after-ripening increased, jointed goatgrass seed germinated earlier, at faster rates, and to greater final percentages compared to non–after-ripened seed. Both primary and secondary positioned seed within jointed goatgrass spikelets were nondormant after 16 wk after-ripening at 22 ± 2 C. Germination of dormant seed depended on incubation temperature and dark/light conditions. Sixty-seven percent of spikelets produced a radicle when exposed to low temperatures in the dark, and light at warm temperatures increased germination by 7%. The relationship between light and incubation temperature was similar also for germination of the primary positioned seed in nondormant spikelets; however, the magnitude of the effect increased. Light increased germination of seed incubated at warm temperatures by 18%. Coleoptile emergence was dependent on planting depth for three jointed goatgrass populations, winter wheat, and spring wheat. Under optimum conditions in the greenhouse, no planting depth selectively allowed wheat germination and emergence while preventing jointed goatgrass germination and emergence. Glume removal increased jointed goatgrass secondary positioned seed final germination percentage to 96%, increased the germination rate, and decreased the number of days required to reach 50% germination to 6 d. Glume removal also promoted germination of the primary seed within jointed goatgrass spikelets. Glume removal resulted in 80% of the spikelets having two coleoptiles, but did not alleviate dormancy completely in jointed goatgrass seed. Tillage and herbicide applications for jointed goatgrass control will be most effective in the fall when primary dormancy is lost, but before secondary dormancy is imposed.

Keywords

Jointed goatgrass, Aegilops cylindrica Host, AEGCYwheat, Triticum aestivum L., TRZAWAfter-ripeningdormancylightspikelet
Type
Research Article
Information
Weed Science , Volume 54 , Issue 4 , August 2006 , pp. 677 - 684
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Baker, H. G. 1974. The evolution of weeds. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst 5:1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, C. C. and Baskin, J. M. 1998a. Ecology of seed dormancy and germination in grasses. Pages 30–83 in Cheplick, G. P. ed. Population Biology of Grasses. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baskin, C. C. and Baskin, J. M. 1998b. Seeds. Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. San Diego, CA: Academic. 666 p.Google Scholar
Bewley, J. D. and Black, M. 1994. Seeds. Physiology of Development and Germination. 2nd ed. New York: Plenum. 445 p.Google Scholar
Burke, I. C., Thomas, W. E., Spears, J. F., and Wilcut, J. W. 2003. Influence of environmental factors on broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) germination. Weed Sci 51:683–689.Google Scholar
Chen, F. S., MacTaggart, J. M., and Elofsen, R. M. 1982. Chemical constituents in wild oat (Avena fatua) and their effects on seed germination. Can. J. Plant Sci 62:155–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chippindale, H. G. 1933. The effect of soaking in water on the ‘seeds’ of Dactylis glomerata L. Ann. Bot 47:841–849.Google Scholar
Cleary, C. L. and Peeper, T. F. 1980. Growth and control of jointed goatgrass. Proc. South. Weed Sci. Soc 30:23.Google Scholar
Conover, D. G. and Geiger, D. R. 1984. Germination of Australian channel millet (Echinochloa turnerana) seeds. 1. Dormancy in relation to light and water. Aust. J. Plant Physiol 11:395–408.Google Scholar
Datta, S. C., Evenari, M., and Gutterman, Y. 1970. The heteroblasty of Aegilops ovata L. Israel J. Bot 19:463–483.Google Scholar
Donald, W. W. 1991. Seed survival, germination ability, and emergence of jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica). Weed Sci 39:210–216.Google Scholar
Donald, W. W. and Ogg, A. G. Jr. 1991. Biology and control of jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica), a review. Weed Technol 5:3–17.Google Scholar
Donald, W. W. and Zimdahl, R. L. 1987. Persistence, germinability, and distribution of jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) seed in soil. Weed Sci 35:149–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyer, A. R. 2004. Maternal and sibling factors induce dormancy in dimorphic seed pairs of Aegilops triuncialis . Plant Ecol 172:211–218.Google Scholar
Fandrich, L. 2005. Vernalization requirements and seed dormancy of jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica). . Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 164 p.Google Scholar
Fandrich, L. and Mallory-Smith, C. 2003. Duration of jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) dormancy affected by after-ripening. Proc. Weed Sci. Soc. Amer 43:20.Google Scholar
Fandrich, L. and Mallory-Smith, C. 2005. Temperature effects on jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) seed germination. Weed Sci 53:594–599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foley, M. E. 1994. Temperature and water status of seed affect afterripening in wild oat (Avena fatua). Weed Sci 42:200–204.Google Scholar
Gatford, K. T., Eastwood, R. F., and Halloran, G. M. 2002. Germination inhibitors in bracts surrounding the grain of Triticum tauschii . Funct. Plant Biol 29:881–890.Google Scholar
Gleichsner, J. A. 1987. Germination and growth characteristics of five accessions of jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica). . Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 133 p.Google Scholar
Grime, J. P. 1981. The role of seed dormancy in vegetation dynamics. Ann. Appl. Biol 98:555–558.Google Scholar
Hartmann, K. M. and Nezadal, W. 1990. Photocontrol of weeds without herbicides. Naturwissenschaften 77:158–163.Google Scholar
Hay, J. R. and Cumming, B. G. 1959. A method for inducing dormancy in wild oats (Avena fatua L). Weeds 7:34–40.Google Scholar
Heyne, E. G. 1950. Goatgrass seed used for livestock feed. Agron. J 42:615–616.Google Scholar
Hitchcock, A. S. 1950. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. 2nd ed. New York: Dover Publications. Pp. 245–246.Google Scholar
Johnston, C. O. and Parker, J. H. 1929. Aegilops cylindrica Host, a wheat-field weed in Kansas. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci 63:239–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klaffke, O. 1998. Why farmers should love the dark. New Sci 158:12.Google Scholar
Koller, D., Sachs, M., and Negbi, M. 1964. Germination-regulating mechanisms in some desert seeds. VII. Artemisia monosperma . Plant Cell Physiol 5:85–100.Google Scholar
LaVie, D., Levy, E. C., Cohen, A., Evenari, M., and Gutterman, Y. 1974. New germination inhibitor from Aegilops ovata L. Nature 249:388.Google Scholar
List, J., Thill, D., Carpenter, T., and Young, F. 1988. Jointed goatgrass longevity and dormancy in soil. Proc. West Soc. Weed Sci 41:32.Google Scholar
McGregor, R. L. 1987. Notes on Aegilops cylindrica, jointed goatgrass (Poaceae) in Kansas. Contrib. Univ. Kans. Herbarium No. 25. 5 p.Google Scholar
Milberg, P., Andersson, L., and Noronha, A. 1996. Seed germination after short-duration light exposure: implications for the photo-control of weeds. J. Appl. Ecol 33:1469–1478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milberg, P., Andersson, L., and Thompson, K. 2000. Large-seeded species are less dependent on light for germination than small-seeded ones. Seed Sci. Res 10:99–104.Google Scholar
Morrow, L. A., Young, F. L., and Flom, D. G. 1982. Seed germination and seedling emergence of jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica). Weed Sci 30:395–398.Google Scholar
Nyachiro, J. M., Clarke, F. R., DePauw, R. M., Knox, R. E., and Armstrong, K. C. 2002. Temperature effects on seed germination and expression of seed dormancy in wheat. Euphytica 126:123–127.Google Scholar
Schutz, W., Milberg, P., and Lamont, B. B. 2002. Seed dormancy, after-ripening and light requirements of four annual Asteraceae in south-western Australia. Ann. Bot 90:707–714.Google Scholar
Schweitzer, K., Mullin, B., Wichman, D., and Nelson, J. 1988. Survey of weeds in conservation and conventionally tilled grain fields in Montana. Proc. West. Soc. Weed Sci 41:133–143.Google Scholar
Shafii, B. and Barney, D. L. 2001. Drying and cold storage affect germination of black huckleberry seeds. Hortscience 36:145–147.Google Scholar
Simpson, G. M. 1990. Seed Dormancy in Grasses. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. 297 p.Google Scholar
Symons, S. J., Naylor, J. M., Simpson, G. M., and Adkins, S. W. 1986. Secondary dormancy in Avena fatua: induction and characteristics in genetically pure dormant lines. Physiol. Plant 68:27–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Symons, S. J., Simpson, G. M., and Adkins, S. W. 1987. Secondary dormancy in Avena fatua: effect of temperature and after-ripening. Physiol. Plant 70:419–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wurzburger, J. and Leshem, Y. 1969. Physiological action of the germination inhibitor in the husk of Aegilops kotschyi Boiss. New Phytol 68:337–341.Google Scholar
Wurzburger, J., Leshem, Y., and Koller, D. 1974. The role of gibberellin and the hulls in the control of germination in Aegilops kotschyi caryopses. Can. J. Bot 52:1597–1601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar