¹ See, for example, the resolutions on boundaries adopted at the Pan-African Congress, Manchester, 1945; the All African People's Conference, Accra, 1958; and the Tunis Conference, 1960, reproduced in the appendix to Legum, Colin, Pan-Africanism (New York 1962).Google Scholar

² Emerson, Rupert, From Empire to Nation (Boston 1960), 105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³ Deutsch, Karl W., “Some Problems in the Study of Nation-Building,” in Deutsch, Karl W. and Foltz, William J., Nation-Building (New York 1963), 1–16Google Scholar; also Rupert Emerson, “Nation Building in Africa,” in Deutsch and Foltz; Coleman, James S., “The Politics of Sub-Saharan Africa,” in Almond, Gabriel A. and Coleman, James S., eds., The Politics of the Developing Areas (Princeton 1960), 366–68Google Scholar; Mehden, Fred von der, Politics of the Developing Nations (Englewood Cliffs 1964), 33–38.Google Scholar

⁴ See Boggs, S. Whittemore, International Boundaries: A Study in Boundary Functions and Problems (New York 1940), 6ff.Google Scholar, which still remains the best thorough study of political boundaries. Also Boggs, Stephen B., “Boundary Concepts in the Setting of Time and Place,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, XLIX (September 1959), 241–55.Google Scholar

⁵ This classification is based on the typology advanced originally by Hartshorne, Richard in his “Suggestions on the Terminology of Political Boundaries,” Mitteilungen des Vereins der Geographen an der Universitaet Leipzig, Fascicule 14/15 (1936), 180–92.Google Scholar

⁶ Resolution No. 2, All African People's Conference, Accra, December 13, 1958.

⁷ See, for example, Hill, Norman, Claims to Territory in International Law and Relations (New York 1945), 22–142Google Scholar, which analyzes in some detail the nature of territorial claims advanced at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919.

⁸ Hartshorne, Richard, “A Survey of the Boundary Problems of Europe,” in Colby, Charles C., ed., Geographic Aspects of International Relations (Chicago 1938), 164.Google Scholar

⁹ These delimitation treaties are compiled in Herstlet, Edward, Map of Africa by Treaty, 3 vols. (London 1909).Google Scholar

¹⁰ “Calculated very approximately” by Barbour, in “A Geographical Analysis of Boundaries in Inter-Tropical Africa,” in Barbour, K. M. and Prothero, R. M., Essays in African Populations (London 1961), 305.Google Scholar

¹¹ According to one calculation, approximately 25,000 miles of African boundaries still have to be demarcated; see Hodgson, Robert D. and Stoneman, Elvyn A., The Changing Map of Africa (Princeton 1963), 66–67.Google Scholar

¹² Robinson, Ronald and Gallagher, John, Africa and the Victorians (New York 1961), 472.Google Scholar

¹³ Barbour, 312–13. The unreliability of this estimate stems partly from Barbour's reliance on the tribal map of Africa reproduced in Murdock, George P., Africa: Its Peoples and Their Culture History (New York 1959)Google Scholar, which uncritically treats a variety of types of entities such as language groups, centralized chieftaincies, clans, and subclans as distinct “tribes.”

¹⁴ As seen for example in the Italo-Abyssinian Convention of 1908, which stipulated that the eastern boundary of Abyssinian jurisdiction should follow the “territorial boundaries between the tribes of the Rahanuin which remain dependent on Italy and all other tribes to its north, which remain dependent on Abyssinia” (Article I), in Herstlet, 11, 1223.

¹⁵ See, for example, the Annex to the Anglo-Abyssinian Treaty of 1897 delimiting the boundary between Abyssinia and the British Somaliland Protectorate, ibid., 1, 428.

¹⁶ For a discussion of the role of political boundaries in the shaping of emergent cultural features, see Fischer, Eric, “On Boundaries,” World Politics, 1 (January 1948), 196–222CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Weigand, Guido, “Effects of Boundary Changes in South Tyrol,” Geographical Review, XL (July 1950), 364–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁷ This count excludes the twenty additional boundaries between independent African states and adjacent colonial territories, such as the boundaries between Guinea and Portuguese Guinea, Cameroons and Rio Muni, Morocco and Ifni, or South Africa and Swaziland.

¹⁸ “Some Problems in the Study of Nation-Building,” 14.

¹⁹ See Hill, passim.

²⁰ Reyner, Anthony M., “Morocco's International Boundaries,” Journal of Modern African Studies, I (September 1963), 313–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar; also Arab Information Center, The Problem of Mauretania (New York 1961)Google Scholar; The Delegation of Mauretania to the United Nations, The Islamic Republic of Mauretania and the Kingdom of Morocco (New York, n.d.); and Zartman, I. William, “The Politics of Boundaries,” Journal of Modern African Studies, III (August 1965), 155–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²¹ Marian, Mesfim Wolde, “The Background of the Ethiopian-Somalian Boundary Dispute,” Journal of Modern African Studies, 11 (July 1964), 189–219CrossRefGoogle Scholar; also the Ethiopian memorandum supporting the claim before the General Assembly of the United Nations, reproduced as United Nations Document A/C.I/8 (October 20, 1948).

²² Ashford, Douglas E., “The Irredentist Appeal in Morocco and Mauretania,” Western Political Quarterly, XV (December 1962), 641–51.Google Scholar

²³ The choice of the name “Ghana” as an “inspiration for the future” was emphasized by Nkrumah in his speech before the Gold Coast Assembly on May 18, 1956. Portions of the speech are reprinted in his I Speaks of Freedom (New York 1961), 67–68.Google Scholar

²⁴ The most complete discussion of the Ewe unification problem is Coleman, James S., “Togoland,” International Conciliation, No. 509, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (New York, September 1956)Google Scholar; see also Olympio, Sylvanus E., “African Problems and the Cold War,” Foreign Affairs, XL (October 1961), 50–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Austin, Dennis, “The Ghana-Togo Frontier,” Journal of Modern Ajrican Studies, 1 (June 1963), 139–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁵ Herstlet, 423–29.

²⁶ Hunt, John A., A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate, 1944–1950 (London 1951).Google Scholar

²⁷ For example, Touval, Saadia, Somali Nationalism (Cambridge, Mass., 1963)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Costagno, A. A., “The Somali-Kenyan Controversy,” Journal of Modern African Studies, 11 (July 1964), 165–88Google Scholar; Drysdale, John, The Somali Dispute (London 1964).Google Scholar

²⁸ Article 6, Clause 4; for a commentary see Stramacci, Mauro, Le Costituzioni Degli Stati Africa (Milan 1963), 309–26.Google Scholar

²⁹ II Corriere della Somalia (Mogadiscio), September 30, 1964.Google Scholar

³⁰ The Somali Republic and African Unity, Somali Government official publication 20681/22962 (Mogadiscio 1962).Google Scholar See also Lewis, I. M., “Pan Africanism and Pan Somalism,” Journal of Modern African Studies, 1 (June 1963), 147–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³¹ The most thorough discussion of this is to be found in the writings of Lewis, I. M.. See his A Pastoral Democracy (London 1961)Google Scholar; The Somali Lineage System and the Total Genealogy, mimeographed (Hargeisa 1957)Google Scholar; and “Force and Fission in a Northern Somali Clan,” American Anthropologist, LXIII (February 1961), 94–112.Google Scholar

³² See the excellent discussion of the dysfunctional role of traditional attachments in the creation of nontraditional territorial loyalties by Geertz, Clifford, “The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States,” in Geertz, , ed., Old Societies and New States (New York 1963), 105–57.Google Scholar

³³ This general problem is explored at greater length in my forthcoming study of political and administrative integration in the Somalilands.

³⁴ Article III, Clause 3, of the Charter of the Organization of African Unity calls for “respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of each State and for its inalienable right to independent existence.” This had led some observers to infer an implied acceptance of an African uti possidetis by the members of the OAU. There has thus far been no formal acceptance of this doctrine however. See Boutros Ghali, Boutros, “The Addis Ababa Charter,” International Conciliation, No. 546 (January 1964), 29–30.Google Scholar