Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-sh8wx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-18T05:23:06.975Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Fascism and Modernization: Some Addenda

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 July 2011

A. James Gregor
A. James Gregor
Affiliation:
die University of California
Get access

Extract

Henry Ashby Turner's recent suggestions concerning the analysis of fascism in terms of its relationship to the processes we have come to understand as “modernization” are too important and interesting to pass without critical comment. So much of what Turner says is persuasive that we run the risk of uncritically accepting what might be the chaff of his discussion along with its welcome substance.

There are at least two types of reservations with respect to Turner's account. One type turns on the general thesis he entertains; the second deals with the specifics of his argument.

Type
Research Note
Information
World Politics , Volume 26 , Issue 3 , April 1974 , pp. 370 - 384
Copyright
Copyright © Trustees of Princeton University 1974

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Turner, Henry A. Jr., “Fascism and Modernization,” World Politics, XXIV (July 1972). 547–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

2 Cf. Black, Cyril E., The Dynamics of Modernization (New York 1967), particularly chap. 1Google Scholar; Hunter, Guy, Modernizing Peasant Societies (New York 1969)Google Scholar; Apter, David E., The Politics of Modernization (Chicago 1965)Google Scholar.

3 Cf. Horowitz, Irving L., Three Worlds of Development (New York 1966)Google Scholar; Rostow, Walt W., The Stages of Economic Growth (New York 1960)Google Scholar; Holt, Robert T and Turner, John E., The Political Basis of Economic Development (Princeton 1966)Google Scholar; Organski, A. F. K., “Fascism and Modernization” in Woolf, S. J., ed., The Nature of Fascism (New York 1969)Google Scholar.

4 Turner (fn. 1), 548.

5 Ibid., 556.

6 Ibid., 562.

7 Ibid., 550.

8 Ibid., 555f.

9 Marinetti, Filippo T., “Fondazione e Manifesto del Futurismo,” and “La nuova religione-morale della velodtà,” in Teoria e invenzione futurista (Verona 1968), 10, 111ffGoogle Scholar.

10 Ibid., “L'uomo moltiplicato e il regno della macchina,” 255ft.

11 “Per una Società di Protezione delle Macchine,” in Scrivo, Luigi, ed., Sintesi del futurismo: storia e documenti (Rome 1968), 186fGoogle Scholar.

12 Marinetti (fn. 9), “Al di là del Comunismo,” 419f.

13 Joll, James, Three Intellectuals in Politics (New York 1960), 135Google Scholar.

14 Corradini, Enrico, “Nationalismo e socialismo,” in Discorsi Politici (Florence 1924), 214–29Google Scholar.

15 Ibid., “Le nazioni proletarie e il nazionalismo,” 18off; “Nazionalismo e democrazia,” 161; “Per la guerra d'ltalia,” 302; and “Commemorazione dei soldati morti in battaglia,” 314.

16 Ibid., “Diritti e doveri nazionali dei produttori,” 341, 354f.

17 Ibid., “Politica ed economia della Nazione e delle classi,” 376f, 388f.

18 Mussolini, Benito, “‘Tu quoque,’ Jouhaux?” Opera Omnia (Florence 1953), XI, 357fGoogle Scholar.

19 Ibid., XII, “Il sindacalismo nazionale: per rinascere!” 11–14.

20 Ibid., “Nel mondo sindacale italiano: rettifiche di tiro,” 250.

21 Ibid., “Atto di nascita del fascismo,” 325, 327; and “La politica nazionale: primo squillo,” 223.

22 Ibid., XIII, “Per l'intesa e per l'azione: fra gli interventisi di sinistra,” 254.

23 Ibid., XV, “Discorso di Cremona,” 186.

24 “Per una economia di massimo produzione,” Postulati del programma fascista (May 1920), in De Felice, Renzo, Mussolini il rivoluzionario (Turin 1965), 747Google Scholar.

25 Ansaldo, Giovanni, “Il fascismo e la piccola borghesia tecnica,” in Casucci, Costanzo, ed., Il fascismo (Bologna 1961), 208, 210; emphasis addedGoogle Scholar.

26 Garruccio, Ludovico, L'industrializzazione tra nazionalismo e rivoluzione (Bologna 1969), 105fGoogle Scholar.

27 Cf. Panunzio, Sergio, Che cosa è il fascismo? (Milan 1924), 24Google Scholar.

28 Mezzetti, Nazareno, Mussolini e la questione sociale (Rome 1931), 27Google Scholar.

29 Volpe, Gioacchino, History of the Fascist Movement (Rome 1936), 48Google Scholar.

30 Cf. Volpe, , Lo sviluppo storico del fascismo (Rome 1928)Google Scholar, passim.

31 Cf. Welk, William, Fascist Economic Policy (Cambridge 1938), 191–205Google Scholar; Benni, Antonio S., “Lo sviluppo industriale dell'Italia fascista,” in Sillani, Tomaso, ed., Lo Stato Mussoliniano (Rome 1930), 97–105Google Scholar, updated as “The Industrial Growth of Fascist Italy,” in Sillani, , ed., What Is Fascism and Why? (New York 1931), 281–89Google Scholar.

32 Maddison, Angus, Economic Growth in the West (New York 1964), Appendices A, E, H, IGoogle Scholar.

33 Organski (fn. 3), 37ft. Cf. Delzell, Charles F., Mediterranean Fascism, 1919–1945 (New York 1970), 138CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

34 Sarti, Roland, Fascism and the Industrial Leadership in Italy, 1919–1940 (Berkeley 1971), 122fGoogle Scholar. Cf. Garruccio (fn. 26), 140.

35 Lopukhov, Boris R., “Il problema del fascismo Italiano negli scritti di autori sovietici,” Studi storici, VI, No. 2 (1965), 255Google Scholar.

36 Galkin, Alexander, “Capitalist Society and Fascism,” Social Sciences: USSR Academy of Sciences, II (1970), 128–38Google Scholar.

37 Vajda, Mihaly, “The Rise of Fascism in Italy and Germany,” Telos, XII (Summer 1972), 12fGoogle Scholar.

38 Borkenau, Franz, “Zur Soziologie des Faschismus,” in Nolte, Ernst, ed., Theorien über den Faschismus (Cologne-Berlin 1967), 156–81.Google Scholar

39 Rosenberg, Arthur, “Der Faschismus als Massenbewegung,” in Abendroth, Wolfgang, ed., Faschismus und Kapitalismus (Frankfurt 1967), 75–141Google Scholar.

40 Otto Bauer, “Der Faschismus,” ibid., 143–67.

41 Aquila, Giulio, “Il fascismo italiano,” in De Felice, R., ed., Il fascismo e i partiti politici italiani (Rocca San Casciano 1966), 437Google Scholar.

42 Organski, A. F. K., The Stages of Political Development (New York 1967), 170–77Google Scholar.

43 Garruccio, Ludovico, “Le tre età del fascismo,” Il Mulino, CCXIII (January-February 1971), 53–73Google Scholar.

44 Panunzio, Sergio, Lo stato fascista (Bologna 1925), 1456Google Scholar.

45 Nasti, Agostino, “L'Italia, il bolcevismo, la Russia,” Critica Fascista, XV (March 15, 1937), 162Google Scholar.

46 Napolitano, Tomaso, “Il ‘fascismo’ di Stalin ovvero l'U.R.S.S. e noi,” Critica Fascista, XV (October 1, 1937), 397Google Scholar.

47 Trotsky, Leon, The Revolution Betrayed (New York 1937), 278Google Scholar.

48 Rizzi, Bruno, Le lezioni dello Stalinismo (Rome 1962), 38Google Scholar.

49 Wiles, Peter, “Comment on Tucker's ‘Movement-Regimes,’” American Political Science Review, LV (June 1961), 293Google Scholar.

50 In my The Fascist Persuasion in Radical Politics (Princeton 1974)Google Scholar, I have used the terms “fascist” and “fascistic” to cover the entire class of mass-mobilizing, developmental dictatorships under single-party auspices with the conviction that this use will outrage most of my colleagues. I am hopeful that such usage will also provoke my colleagues to reconsider some intuitive and commonsensical ordinary language classifications that suggest that the terms “fascist” and “Marxist” refer to mutually exclusive classes.