Hostname: page-component-5c6d5d7d68-wtssw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-08T20:23:44.990Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Irradiation of poultry feed I. Microbial status and bird response

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

S. Leeson  and
M. Marcotte
S. Leeson
Affiliation:
Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
M. Marcotte
Affiliation:
Nordion International, Kanata, Ontario K2K 1X8, Canada
Get access

Abstract

Poultry feeds and especially their animal byproduct components are a primary source of microbes to poultry. Current methods of microbial feed control do not consistently achieve eradication of organisms such as salmonella. Irradiation of poultry feed at predetermined doses results in complete destruction of salmonellae, enterobacteria, moulds, fungi and insects. Effective doses range from 10 to 40 kGy. There are no reported instances of adverse performance from birds eating irradiated feed, and radiation status of feed in unaffected.

Keywords

Irradiationfeedsalmonellanutritive value
Type
Research Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 49 , Issue 1 , March 1993 , pp. 19 - 33
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamiker, D. (1979) Practical experiences with irradiation of laboratory animals' feed. Decontamination of animal feeds by irradiation. Panel Proceedings Series Joint FAO/IAEA, Division of Atomic Energy in Food and Agriculture. Sophia, Bulgaria, 17–21 10 1977Google Scholar
Allred, J.N., Walker, J.W., Beal, V.C. and Germaine, F.W. (1967) A survey to determine the salmonella contamination rate in livestock and poultry feeds. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association 161: 1857–1860Google Scholar
Anonymous (1971) Process for the Elimination of Salmonella from Animal Feeds by Gamma Radiation. A Technical Review. Bio Research Laboratories and Commercial Products Atomic Energy of Canada, Ottawa, CanadaGoogle Scholar
Aravindakshan, M., Chaubey, R.C., Chauran, P.S., Aiyar, A.S. and Sundaram, K. (1976) Multigeneration Feeding Studies with an Irradiated Animal Feed. Biochemistry and Food Technology Division, Bio-Medical Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay, IndiaGoogle Scholar
Begum, A., Rashid, H., Siddiqui, A.K. and Choudhury, N. (1989) Decontamination of poultry feed by irradiation. Nuclear Science and Applications 1: 36–39Google Scholar
Borsa, J., El-Din, M.D. and Farag, H. (1989) Radiation pasteurization of poultry feed: preliminary results of feeding tests. InterAmerican Meeting on Harmonization of Regulations Related to Trade in Irradiated Foods. Orlando, FloridaGoogle Scholar
Borsa, J., Farag, D.H. and Guenter, W. (1991) Radiation pasteurization of animal feed. In: Proceedings of 1991 Annual Meeting of Canadian Nuclear Association/Canadian Nuclear Society. Canadian Nuclear Association, Ottawa, CanadaGoogle Scholar
Brownell, L.E., Eckstein, H.C. and Burns, C.H. (1955) Wholesomeness of a gamma-irradiated diet fed to chickens. Contract #DA-49-007-MD-581. Office of Surgeon General. US Army ReportGoogle Scholar
Burkholder, W.E., Tilton, E.W. and Cogburn, R.R. (1966) Effects of gamma radiation on the grain mite, Acarus siro. Journal of Economic Entomology 59: 976CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, C.H., Brownell, L.E and Eckstein, H.C. (1959) Wholesomeness of a gamma-irradiated diet fed to chickens. Federal Proceedings 15: 910–917Google Scholar
Byun, M.W., Kwon, J.H., Cha, B.S. and Kim, Y.B. (1988) Effect of gamma irradiation on the decontamination of animal feeds: sterilization of protein sources. Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology 20: 112–118Google Scholar
Campbell, G.L., Classen, H.L. and Ballance, G.M. (1986) Gamma irradiation treatment of cereal grains for chick diets. Journal of Nutrition 116: 560–569CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, G.L., Classen, H.L., Reichert, R.D. and Campbell, L.D. (1983) Improvement of the nutritive value of rye for broiler chickens by gamma irradiation-induced viscosity reduction. British Poultry Science 24: 205–212CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chelack, W.S., Barsa, J., Marquardt, R.R. and Frohlich, A.A. (1991) Role of the competitive microbial flora in the radiation-induced enhancement of ochratoxin production by Aspergillus alutaceus var. alutaceus NRRL3174. Applied Environmental Microbiology 57: 2492–2496CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chotinsky, D., Tswetanov, I., Stanchev, H., Bochorov, O., Corudjiisky, N. and Djurov, A. (1987) A study on the effect of treatment of compound feed with ionizing radiation on feeding broiler chickens. Zhivotnov'd Nauri 24: 44–48Google Scholar
Clise, J.D. and Swecker, E.E. (1965) Salmonellae from animal by-products. Public Health Report 80: 899–905CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, C., Nikolaiczuk, N. and Idziak, E.S. (1974) Poultry feed radicidation. 2. Long and short term poultry feeding trials with irradiated poultry feeds. Poultry Science 53: 619–624CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, N.A., Bailey, J.S., Thomson, J.E. and Junen, B.J. (1983) Salmonella and other Enterobacteriaceae found in commercial feed. Poultry Science 62: 2169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crane, F.M., Hansen, M. and Schugel, L. (1967) Salmonella in feedstuffs. Feedstuffs 8 July, p. 22Google Scholar
El-Zawahry, Y.A., Youssef, Y.A., Roushdy, H.M. and Aziz, N.H. (1985) Radiation deactivation of bacterial flora in some Egyptian poultry feed. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Food IrradiationWashington03 1985. IAEA, ViennaGoogle Scholar
Epps, N.A., and Idziak, E.S. (1970) Radiation treatment of foods. II. Public health significance of irradiation-recycled salmonella. Applied Microbiology 19: 338–344CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FAO/IAEA (1988) Status of practical application of of food irradiation. Food Irradiation Newsletter No. 12(2). FAO/IAEA Division of Isotope and Radiation ApplicationGoogle Scholar
Farag, M.D.El-Din, H., Shamsuzzaman, K. and Borsa, J. (1990) Radiation sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes in phosphate buffer, trypticase soy broth and poultry feed. Journal of Food Protection 53: 648–651CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandez, M.V.G. (1966) Control of Microbiological Infestation in Gamma-Irradiated Animal Feed at the University of Mexico. Department of Special Projects, Centrol de Estudios Nucleares, UNAM, MexicoGoogle Scholar
Giddings, G.G. (1991) Radiation disinfestation of agricultural commodities. Publ. Nordion. Int. 04 1991, Nordion, Kanata, OntarioGoogle Scholar
Hijikuro, S., Takemasa, M., Ita, H. and Kume, T. (1983) Effect of gamma irradiation on disinfection and the nutritive value of diets for chicks. Bulletin of National Institute of Animal Industry 40: 57–64Google Scholar
Hobbs, B.C. (1963) Salmonellae in foods and animal feeding stuffs. In: Radiation Control of Salmonella in Food and Feed Products. Technical Report Series 22. IAEA, ViennaGoogle Scholar
Ito, H., Kume, T., Takehisa, M. and Lizuka, H. (1981) Distribution of microorganisms in animal feeds and their disinfection by radiation. Physical Chemistry 18: 569–578Google Scholar
Izat, A.L. and Waldroup, P.W. (1989) Feed additives reduce salmonella on processed broilers. Feedstuffs 16 OctoberGoogle Scholar
Izat, A.L., Hierholzer, R.E., Kopek, J.M., Adams, M.H., Reiber, M.A. and McGinnis, J.P. (1990) Effects of D-mannose on incidence and levels of salmonella in ceca and carcass samples of market age broilers. Poultry Science 69: 2244–2247CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
John, R.E., Castaldo, D.J. and Sulaiman, S. (1989) Control at the mill. Feed Management August, p. 27Google Scholar
Jones, F. (1990a) Researchers pinpoint salmonella contamination sources. Feedstuffs January 29Google Scholar
Jones, F. (1990b) Microbial compound holds promise as salmonella control. Feedstuffs June 25Google Scholar
Landolt, L.A. (1981a) The use of irradiation for the pasteurization or sterilisation of pet foods and animal feeds. Ralston Purina Company, St. Louis, MissouriGoogle Scholar
Landolt, L.A. (1981b) Comparison of non-irradiated and irradiated rodent laboratory Chow 5001 when fed to rats. Protocol No. 810931. Ralston Purina Company, St. Louis, MissouriGoogle Scholar
Landolt, L.A. (1982) The use of irradiation for the pasteurization or sterilization of pet foods and animal feeds. Ralston Purina Company, St. Louis, MissouriGoogle Scholar
Lapidot, M. (1979) Radicidation and radappertization of animal feeds in Israel 1968–1977. A review. In: Decontamination of Animals Fed by Irradiation. IAEA, ViennaGoogle Scholar
Ley, F.J. (1963) Technological aspects of food irradiation with particular reference to salmonella elimination. In: Radiation Control of Salmonella in Food and Feed Products. Technical Report Series 22. IAEA, ViennaGoogle Scholar
Ley, F.J. (1972) The use of irradiation for the treatment of various animal feed products. Food Irradiation Information, No. 1, International Project in the Field of Food IrradiationGoogle Scholar
Ley, F.J., Bleby, J., Coates, , Marie, E. and Paterson, J.S. (1969) Sterilisation of laboratory animal diets using gamma radiation. Laboratory Animals 3: 221–254CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipstein, B. (1985) The nutritional value of treated kitchen waste in layer diets. Nutritional Report International 32: 693–698Google Scholar
Macauliffe, T., Zaviezo, D. and McGinnis, J. (1979) Effect of gamma irradiation, fractionation and penicillin supplementation on the rachitogenic activity of rye for chicks. Poultry Science 58: 329–332CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matin, M.A., Amin, M.R., Rahman, S., Rokeya, B. and Malek, M.A. (1985) Nutritional value of poultry feed decontamination by irradiation. Indian Veterinary Journal 62: 251–254Google Scholar
McCapes, R.H., Ekperigin, H.E., Cameron, W.J., Ritchie, W.L., Slagter, J., Strangeland, V. and Nagaraja, K.V. (1989) Effect of a new pelleting process on the level of contamination of poultry mash by E. coli and Salmonella. Avian Diseases 33: 103–111CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, G.A. (1991) Remarks of FDA's program for salmonella negative feeds. In: Proceedings of Ad Hoc Committee on Feed Safety of the United States Animal Health Association, San Diego, California, 31 October, pp. 18–22Google Scholar
Morehouse, L.G. and Wedman, E.E. (1961) Salmonella and other disease producing organisms in animal byproducts: a survey. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association 139: 989–994Google Scholar
Morris, G.K., Martin, W.T., Shelton, W.H., Wells, J.G. and Brachman, P.S. (1970) Salmonellae in fish meal plants: relative amounts of contamination at various stages of processing and a method of control. Applied Microbiology 19: 401–408CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mossel, D.A.A. (1986) Perspectives for the use of ionizing radiation in the decontamination (salmonella radicidation) of some frozen proteinaceous food and dry mixed feeds. In: Food Irradiation, Proceedings of a Symposium, Karlsrune, FAO/IAEAGoogle Scholar
Mossel, D.A.A. and De Groot, A.P. (1964) Experience with the use of pasteurizing doses of gamma irradiation for the destruction of salmonella and other enterobacteriaceae in some foods of low water activity. Internal Report, Department of Bacteriology and Toxicology, Central Institute of Nutrition and Food Red, Utrecht, The NetherlandsGoogle Scholar
Mossel, D.A.A., Van Schothorst, M. and Kampelmacher, E.H. (1967) Comparative study on decontamination of mixed feeds by radicidation and by pelletisation. Journal of Science, Food and Agriculture 18: 362–367CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nahir, N., Rashid, H., Begum, A., Choudhury, N., Siddique, A.K. and Sardar, A.H. (1990) Microbial load in irradiated poultry feed during storage. Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology 7: 101–104Google Scholar
Nakaya, T. (1980) Effects of gamma irradiation of rapeseed meal on its several constituents and on growth and thyroid weight of chicks fed irradiated meal. Japanese Poultry Science 17: 17–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odamtten, G.T., Appiah, V. and Langerak, D. (1985) In vitro studies on the effect of the combination treatment of heat and irradiation on spores of A. flavus. Acta Alimentaria 14: 139–150Google Scholar
Odamtten, G.T., Appiah, V. and Langerak, D.L. (1986) Preliminary studies of the effects of heat and gamma irradiation on the production of aflatoxin B1 in static liquid culture by A. flavus link NRRL 5960. International Journal of Food Microbiology 3: 114–118CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oyofu, B.A., Delouch, J.R., Carrier, D.E., Norman, J.O., Ziprin, R.L. and Mollenhauer, H.H. (1989) Effect of carbohydrates on Salmonella typhimurium colonization in broiler chickens. Avian Diseases 33: 531CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paster, W., Bartov, I., Menasherov, M., Padova, R. and Ross, I. (1991) Efficiency of gamma irradiation in preventing moldiness and preserving the nutritional value of corn grain for broiler chicks. Poutry Science 70: 823–829CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patel, M.B., Jami, M.S. and McGinnis, J. (1980) Effect of gamma irradiation, penicillin and/or pectic enzyme on chick growth depression and fecal stickiness caused by rye, citrus pectin and guar gum. Poultry Science 59: 2111–2120CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phelps, A. (1989) Organic acids found effective in killing salmonella in poultry feed, animal protein. Feedstuffs 3 JulyGoogle Scholar
Proctor, B.G. and Chappel, C.I. (1969) A study of the wholesomeness of irradiated poultry rations. Project No. 6742, Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.Google Scholar
Ralston Purina Co. (1985) FP2198 Irradiation of laboratory animal diets. Sub. USDA, 28 MayGoogle Scholar
Reddy, J.S., Publos, M.H. and McGinnis, J. (1979) The effect of gamma irradiation on nutritional value of dry field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) for chicks. Journal of Nutrition 109: 1307–1312CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsuji, K. (1983) Low dose cobalt-60 irradiation for reduction of microbial contamination in raw materials for animal health products. Food Technology 20: 48–53Google Scholar
Williams, J.E. (1981) Salmonellas in poultry feeds: a worldwide review. World's Poultry Science Journal 37: 97–106CrossRefGoogle Scholar