* We would like to thank Anna Kelley, Daniel Reynolds, James Cogbill, Rachael Helen Banes, and the anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this article. Any errors are our own.

1 See Winfield, D., ‘The British contribution to fieldwork in Byzantine Studies in the twentieth century: an introductory survey’ in Cormack, R. and Jeffreys, E. (eds.), Through the Looking Glass. Byzantium through British Eyes (Aldershot 2000) 57–65Google Scholar (59) and, more recently, Kakissis, A. (ed.), Byzantium and British Heritage: Byzantine influences on the Arts and Crafts movement (Abingdon 2023)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

2 M. Greensted, ‘The Arts and Crafts Movement: exchanges between Greece and Britain (1876–1930’), MPhil thesis, University of Birmingham 2010, 71–2; Brandon, M- J., The Lost Jewel in the Arts and Crafts Crown. The Church of the Wisdom of God. (Southampton 2001) 32–3Google Scholar; The Church of the Wisdom of God [guidebook] (2001), 1; Slinn, J., A History of Freshfields (London 1984) 131–2Google Scholar; Comino, M., Gimson and the Barnsleys. ‘Wonderful furniture of a commonplace kind’ (London 1980) 37–42Google Scholar.

3 See White, F., The Cambridge Movement: the Ecclesiologists and the Gothic Revival (Cambridge 1962) 178–97Google Scholar.

4 On the rediscovery of the Byzantine style in Britain, see J. B. Bullen, Byzantium Rediscovered (London 2003) 165–85; N. Karydis, ‘Discovering the Byzantine art of building: Lectures at the RIBA, the Royal Academy and the London Architectural Society, 1843–1858’, Architectural History 63 (2020) 171–90. The writings of Ruskin, Lethaby and William Morris were influential, but still it is not clear what was the reception by Freshfield's environment.

5 M. Greensted, ‘Sidney Barnsley, Byzantium, and Furniture-Making’, in Kakissis, Byzantium and British Heritage, 217–39.

6 Bullen, Byzantium Rediscovered, 168–172; Comino, Gimson and the Barnsleys, 37; Brandon, The Lost Jewel, 14–15.

7 For Freshfield's support, see Comino, Gimson and the Barnsleys, 37; Brandon, The Lost Jewel, 15–16. For Schultz and Barnsley as students, see the BSA annual report 1887–1888, 5; BSA Annual report 1889–90, 4,5, 8 12–13; BSA annual report 1889–90, 10, 11–13, 25; BSA annual report 1890–91, 4–5, 14, 20–29: for their past work: BSA annual report 1891–2, 4–7, 23. On Lord Bute, see R. Macrides, ‘ “What I want is to locate my dome”: the Byzantinism of the Third Marquess of Bute’, in Kakissis, Byzantium and British Heritage, 81–109.

8 E. Freshfield, ‘On Byzantine churches and the modifications made in their arrangements owing to the necessities of the Greek ritual’, Archaeologia: or Miscellaneous tracts relating to antiquity 44 (1873/74) 383–92. E. Freshfield, ‘Notes on the church now called the Mosque of the Kalenders at Constantinople’, Archaeologia: or Miscellaneous tracts relating to antiquity 55.2 (1897) 431–8.

9 Freshfield first travelled to the Levant first in 1854 and found himself stuck on the Black Sea during the Crimean War. In these years, he met Zoë Charlotte Hanson, the daughter of Mr James Frederick Hanson, a member of the Levant Company in Smyrna (admitted 1820). The couple were married in 1860 in Smyrna by the Rev. John Minet Freshfield, Edwin's brother: Slinn, A History, 129–33.

10 See n. 7 above.

11 Their notebooks, records, and account books are now preserved at the BSA Byzantine Research Fund. Interestingly, among the subscribers to the fund, there were also Messrs George and Peto, the architectural office for which Schultz worked before joining the BSA: BSA Annual Report 1889–90, 24. On Schultz's career, see G. Stamp, Robert Weir Schultz Architect and his Work for the Marquesses of Bute. An essay (Mount Stuart 1981); D. Ottewill, ‘Robert Weir Schultz (1860–1951): an Arts and Crafts architect’, Architectural History 22 (1979) 88–115, 161–72.

12 R. W. Schultz and S. Barnsley, The Monastery of Saint Luke of Stiris in Phocis, and the dependent Monastery of Saint Nicolas in the Fields, near Skripou, in Boeotia (London 1901).

13 Greensted, The Arts and Crafts Movement, 75–6; Brandon, The Lost Jewel, 46–52.

14 Greensted, The Arts and Crafts Movement, 72–3.

15 Photo of the southern façade BRF/02/01/15/004; drawing of the southern façade BRF/01/01/15/019.

16 Greensted, The Arts and Crafts Movement, 77.

17 Greensted, The Arts and Crafts Movement, 77; The Church of the Wisdom of God, 7–9. On the reconstruction of Freshfield's network and the mosaicist in St Paul's Cathedral, see Brandon, The Lost Jewel, 84–101.

18 Brandon, The Lost Jewel, 6–15, Appendices C-D. Mentions of the drawings feature in three articles in The British Architect on 26 March 1886; 16 April 1886; 23 April 1886. R. W. Schultz, ‘Reason in Building’ in T. R. Davison (ed.), The Arts Connected with Building (London 1909) 37.

19 An exception is Bullen, Byzantium Rediscovered, 166–8.

20 R. W. Schultz, ‘Reason in Building’, 3–40.

21 E. Freshfield, A Memorandum giving a short account of the Byzantine Capitals placed in the Church of the Wisdom of God, Lower Kingswood (1903). Some of the capitals mentioned there have been studied by Rowena Loverance, in D. Buckton (ed.), Byzantium: Treasures of Byzantine Art and Culture from British Collections (London 1994) 56 n. 42, 91, cat. nos 92–3.

22 Byzantine Research Fund (BRF) – Athens, BRF offprint publications, BRF press cuttings, ‘The Builder, 29th May 1909’.

23 Freshfield, A Memorandum, 1.

24 Society of Antiquaries of London, FRC formerly known as MS 829, Lists and papers rel to Christian churches and other building in Constantinople; P.J. Willetts, Catalogue of manuscripts in the Society of Antiquaries of London (Woodbridge 2000) 394, n. 829.

25 Transactions of the St. Paul's Ecclesiological Society I (London, 1881–5), XII, XXXVI, 169, iii.

26 Rare Map C 26 Stolpe's Plan of Constantinople (with annotations), digitized at https://www.bsa.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/MapC26_Constantinople.jpg.

27 A.G. Paspates, Βυζαντιναί μελέται (Constantinople 1877). See also R. Ousterhout, ‘The rediscovery of Constantinople and the beginning of Byzantine archaeology: a historiographic survey’, in Z. Bahranı, Z. Çelik, E. Eldem (eds.), Scramble for the Past. A story of Archaeology in The Ottoman Empire, 1753–1914 (Istanbul 2011) 181–211 (195).

28 E. Freshfield, ‘Dr Paspati’, The Athenaeum 3351 (1892) 92.

29 E. Freshfield, ‘On the Byzantine origin of the Church of St. Vitalis in Ravenna, with remarks on other churches in that City’, Archaeologia: or Miscellaneous tracts relating to antiquity 45.2 (1880) 417–26; ‘The Little Mosque of Santa Sophia’, The Athenaeum 3016 (1885) 217.

30 E. Freshfield, ‘Notes on the church now called the Mosque of the Kalenders at Constantinople’, 431–8.

31 A. Van Millingen, Byzantine Churches in Constantinople. Their history and architecture (London 1912) 183–7, 92. Together with Freshfield, Van Millingen obtained a permit for W.S. George to study Hagia Eirene. Freshfield sponsored the publication of these results (London 1912), and Van Millingen wrote a preface. See A. Taddei, ‘Remarks on the decorative wall-mosaics of Saint Eirene at Constantinople’ in M. Şahin, Mosaics of Turkey and Parallel Developments in the Rest of the Ancient and Medieval World: questions of iconography, style and technique from the beginnings of mosaic until the late Byzantine era (Istanbul 2011) 883–96 (883–4 with bibliography).

32 The circumstances related to the construction of this building are still unclear and require additional investigation. Records of the activity of Culshaw's and Sumners’ firm are now at the Lancashire Archives, but in this collection, there are no drawings of St Nicholas at Toxteth, which was probably designed only by Sumners. https://archivecat.lancashire.gov.uk/calmview/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=DDX+162 [accessed 8th June 2023] On Culshaw and Sumners, J. Sharples, ‘William Culshaw (1807–74) and Henry Sumners (1825–95): rebuilding Victorian Liverpool’, in C. Webster, The Practice of Architecture. Eight architects, 1830–1930 (Reading 2012) 49–78.

33 Greensted, The Arts and Crafts Movement, 49.

34 Lists and papers rel to Christian churches. Freshfield, A Memorandum, 5. Through his translations of Greek hymns, the Ecclesiologist John Mason Neale (1818–1866) had already promoted Anglican-Orthodox connections: S. Drain, Neale, John Mason, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-19824 [accessed 22 November 2023].

35 E.H. Freshfield, ‘Some Sketches made in Constantinople in 1574’, Byzantinische Zeitschrift 30 (1929) 519–22. On the album, N. Westbrook, ‘The Freshfield Folio view of the Hippodrome in Istanbul and the Church of St. John Diippion’, in G. Nathan and L. Garland (eds.), Basileia: essays on imperium and culture. In honour of E.M. Jeffreys and M.J. Jeffreys (Leiden 2011) 231–62.

36 C.G. Curtis, Broken Bits of Byzantium (London 1869–91) II, pl. 42. Thanks to the late Claudia Barsanti, who was working towards a critical edition of this material, modern scholarship has rediscovered Broken Bits as a valuable source for the study of Byzantine Constantinople. See C. Barsanti and A. Paribeni, ‘Broken Bits of Byzantium: frammenti di un puzzle archeologico nella Costantinopoli di fine Ottocento’, in A. Calzona, R. Campari, and M. Mussini (eds.), Immagine e ideologia. Studi in onore di Arturo Carlo Quintavalle (Milan 2007) 550–65 (556). See also C. Barsanti, ‘Restes de la reine des villes/Broken bits of Byzantium. Introduction à l’édition critique’, Eurasian Studies 10 (2012) 127–52 (132–3); and ‘Restes de la reine des villes/Broken bits of Byzantium. Introduction à l’édition critique. Deuxième partie. Con una nota introduttiva di Andrea Paribeni’ in S. Pedone and A. Paribeni (eds.), Di Bisanzio dirai ciò che è passato, ciò che passa e che sarà. Scritti in onore di Alessandra Guiglia, I (Rome 2018) 235–49 (236; 243–4).

37 Freshfield, A Memorandum, 5–6.

38 Until mid-2023, on the Web, it was possible to watch an amateur video made before cleaning of the area, which showed a group of people ‘finding’ an additional late Byzantine capital in site of the Boğdan Sarayı. This video has now been removed.

39 S. Eyice, Istanbul, Petit guide à travers les monuments byzantins et turcs (Istanbul 1955) 73, no. 104; T.F. Mathews, The Byzantine Churches of Istanbul. A Photographic Survey (London 1976) 36–9; W. Müller-Wiener, İstanbul'un Tarihsel Topografyası. 17. Yüzıl Başlarına Kadar Byzantion-Konstantinopolis-İstanbul [1977] (Istanbul 2016) 108; S. Eyice, Son devir Bizans mimarisi (Istanbul 1980) 43–5; V. Kidonopoulos, Bauten in Konstantinopel 1204–1328: Verfall und Zerstörung, Restaurierung, Umbau und Neubau von Profan- und Sakralbauten (Wiesbaden 1994) 143–4; V. Marinis, Architecture and Ritual in the Churches of Constantinople. Ninth to Fifteenth Centuries (New York 2014) 129–30.

40 Van Millingen, Byzantine Churches 280–7; J. Papadopoulos, ‘Note sur quelques découvertes récentes faites à Constantinople’, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres - Comptes Rendues 64 (1920) 59–66 (63–5); R. Janin, La Géographie Ecclésiastique de l'Empire Byzantin, Première partie, Le siège de Constantinople et le patriarcat Œcuménique, Tome III, Les églises et les monastères (Paris 1953) 442–3.

41 Janin, La Géographie, 384–5.

42 Marinis, Architecture and Ritual, 129.

43 Paspates, Βυζαντιναί μελέται, 360.

44 Van Millingen, Byzantine Churches, plate LXXX.

45 Van Millingen, Byzantine Churches, 280–7; Papadopoulos, ‘Note sur quelques découvertes récentes’, 63–65; Janin, La Géographie, 442–3.

46 Van Millingen, Byzantine Churches, 282; R. Janin, ‘Les sanctuaires du quartier de Pétra (Constantinople)’, EO 34 (1935) 402–13 (408–9); R. Janin, ‘Les sanctuaires du quartier de Pétra (Constantinople) (fin)’, EO 35 (1936), 51–66 (55–62); Janin La Géographie, 443.

47 N. Asutay-Effenberger, ‘Das Kloster des Ioannes Prodromos τής Пέτρας in Konstantinopel und seine Beziehung zur Odalar und Kasιm Ağa Camii’, Millennium 5 (2008) 299–325; C. Barsanti, ‘Una ricerca sulle sculture in opera nelle cisterne bizantine di Istanbul: la Ipek Bodrum Sarnicı (la cisterna n. 10)’, in A. Rigo, A. Babuin, and M. Trizio (eds.), Vie per Bisanzio. VII Congresso Nazionale dell'Associazione Italiana di Studi Bizantini, Venezia, 25–28 novembre 2009, I (Bari 2013) 477–508; J. Varsallona, ‘Kefeli Mescidi in Istanbul. A preliminary analysis of its features and historical context’, Eurasian Studies 20.1 (2022) 69–87.

48 S. Eyice, Son devir Bizans mimarisi (Istanbul 1980) 43–5.

49 Marinis, Architecture and Ritual, 129–130. E. Zanini, ‘Materiali e tecniche costruttive nell'architettura paleologa a Costantinopoli: un approccio archeologico’, in A. Iacobini and M. della Valle (eds), L'arte di Bisanzio e l'Italia al tempo dei Paleologi 1261–1453 (Rome 1999) 301–20.

50 Van Millingen, Byzantine Churches, 285.

51 Van Millingen, Byzantine Churches, 287, fig. 98.

52 Paspates, Βυζαντιναί μελέται, 360; Van Millingen, Byzantine Churches, plate LXXX; Marinis, Architecture and Ritual, 130.

53 Mathews, Byzantine Churches, 36–9.

54 Papadopoulos, ‘Note sur quelques découvertes récentes’, 63–5; Janin La Géographie, 442–3.

55 J. Durand, Byzance : L'art byzantin dans les collections publiques françaises, Paris, Musée du Louvre, 6 novembre 1992 - 1er février 1993 (Paris 1992), 432, n. 321. S. Brooks, ‘Capital with monogram’, in H.C. Evans (ed.), Byzantium Faith and Power 1261–1557. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (New Haven 2004) 112, no. 57; E.S. Moutafov, ‘A Byzantine monogram of a lady on a marble capital from the Louvre’, Revue Roumaine d'Histoire de l'Art 51 (2014) 129–35. See also A. Héron de Villefosse, Catalogue sommaire des marbres antiques (Paris 1922) 181.

56 N. Melvani, Late Byzantine Sculpture (Turnhout 2013) 183, no.12, 193.

57 R. Loverance, ‘211 - Marble capital’, in D. Buckton (ed.), Byzantium. Treasures of Byzantine Art, 197.

58 Curtis, Broken Bits, pl. II, figs 60–3. Barsanti, ‘Restes de la reine des villes’, 130–2.

59 Εν Κωνσταντινουπόλει Ελληνικός Φιλολογικός Σύλλογος, Σύγγραμμα Περιοδικόν ις’, 1881–2 (1885), appendix 138, 33–4.

60 Drawing 60 is instead dated 18.7.1877.

61 Papadopoulos, ‘Note sur quelques découvertes récentes’, 61.

62 I thank Leslie Brubaker, who pointed me in the direction of copies and forgers.

63 An initial search through the archives of the Patriarchate of Constantinople has been unsuccessful for the identification of ‘Monsignor Gabriel’. His two bricks are recorded as MNC 1160 and MNC 1161 in the Louvre inventories. I thank Laura Favreau of the Museum of the Louvre for having facilitated the research by sharing the related inventorial data and reports, and specifically the minute of the Commission des Musées Nationaux dated 4^th November 1886, where it is possible to read the details about this acquisition.

64 A. Leval, ‘Inscription grecque de Constantinople’, Revue Archéologique 8 (1886) 45; A. Leval, ‘Inscription de Constantinople’, Revue Archéologique 9 (1887) 347–50; A. Leval, Catalogue explicatif des principales mosaïques peintures et sculptures existant à Kahrié-Djami à Constantinople et photographiées par Pascal Sébah (Constantinople 1886).

65 Freshfield, ‘The Little Mosque of Santa Sophia’, 217.

66 A. Leval, ‘Αρχαιολογικά’, Εν Κωνσταντινουπόλει Ελληνικός Φιλολογικός Σύλλογος, Σύγγραμμα Περιοδικόν. Εικοσιπενταετηρίς 1861–1886 (1888) 615–20. According to J. Bardill, Brickstamps of Constantinople (Oxford 2004) I.64, at the Louvre, there is the record of Gedeon's gift (July 1886), but the items cannot be located. Their inventory number is MNC 1162 and MNC 1163.

67 On the society, A. Papatheodorou, ‘The Hellenic Literary Society at Constantinople between Ottomanism and Greek irredentism’, Yıllık - Annual of Istanbul Studies 4 (2022) 115–19 and ‘Ottoman policy-making in an age of reforms: unearthing Ottoman archaeology in the 19^th and early 20^th centuries’, DPhil diss., University of Oxford 2017, esp. ch. 4. I thank Dr Papatheodorou for sharing her unpublished work with me, which has been crucial in reconstructing Freshfield's contacts in Istanbul.

68 Papatheodorou, ‘Ottoman policy-making’, 311. Another member of the Society was Albert Solin-Dorigny. In 1874, he donated three Constantinopolitan bricks (from the area out of the west entrance of Hagia Sophia) to the Musée des Antiquités Nationales de Saint-Germain-en-Laye in Paris, thus demonstrating a common pattern of collection-donation of some of the international members of the society. Bardill, Brickstamps of Constantinople, 159 and C. Barsanti, ‘Un taccuino di disegni costantinopolitani al Victoria & Albert Museum di Londra’, in O. Brandt and P. Pergola, Marmoribus vestita: miscellanea in onore di Federico Guidobaldi (Vatican City 2011) 136–57 (156). Solin-Dorigny made donations of antiquities to the Louvre as well, Héron de Villefosse, Catalogue, 135, 156–8, 159, and 181.

69 Papatheodorou, ‘Ottoman policy-making’, 319.

70 Papatheodorou, ‘Ottoman policy-making’, 295–345.

71 Papatheodorou, ‘Ottoman policy-making’, 306–7.

72 Freshfield, A Memorandum, 5.

73 Pseudo-Kodinos, Treatise on Offices, ed. R. Macrides, J. A. Munitiz, D. Angelov (Farham, 2013) 97, 181 n. 508, 199, 374; R. Macrides, ‘The citadel of Byzantine Constantinople’, in S. Redford and N. Ergin (eds), Cities and Citadels in Turkey: from the Iron Age to the Seljuks (Leuven 2013) 280, 288.

74 P. Magdalino, ‘Pseudo-Kodinos’ Constantinople’, in P. Magdalino, Studies on the History and Topography of Byzantine Constantinple (Aldershot 2007) study XII, 3.

75 As discussed above, Freshfield openly states the use of Paspates’ volume in Freshfield, ‘Notes on the Church now called the Mosque of the Kalenders at Constantinople’, 431.

76 Paspates, Βυζαντιναί μελέται, 98 other mentions are also in 91, 92, 97.

77 The map is available here: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10100721v/f1.item.zoom# [accessed 30/10/2023]. For a preliminary study of Jacques Pervititch, see M. Sabancıoğlu, ‘Jacques Pervititch and his insurance maps of Istanbul’, Dubrovnik Annals 7 (2003) 89–98.

78 A. Van Millingen, Byzantine Constantinople. The walls of the city and adjoining historical sites (London 1899) 115 (map), 116–19, 128, 130, 152, 164, 165–6, 169, 174, 195, 196, 197, 201; J. B. Papadopoulos, Les Palais et les églises des Blachernes (Thessaloniki 1928) 121. Paspates identified the church of the Blachernai in the Téké Seïk-Sélim area. More recently on the topography of the Blachernaei, N. Asutay-Effenberger, ‘The Blachernai Palace and its defence’, in Redford and Ergin, Cities and citadels, 253–75.

79 Van Millingen, Byzantine Constantinople, 115.

80 Asutay-Effenberger, ‘The Blachernai Palace and its defence’, 264.

81 Freshfield, A Memorandum, 5.

82 R. Kautzsch, Kapitellstudien. Beiträge zu einer Geschichte des spätantiken Kapitells im Osten vom 4. bis ins 7. Jahrhundert (Leipzig 1936) 59–60, fig. 353 tab. 22. 184 Table 14, 226, 230 tab. 16; C. Barsanti, ‘L'esportazione di marmi dal Proconneso nelle regioni pontiche durante il IV-VI secolo’, Rivista dell'Isitituto Nazionale di Acheologia e Storia dell'Arte, S III, XII (1989) 125–35; A. Pralong, ‘Recherches sur les chapiteaux corinthiens tardifs en marbre de Proconnèse’ PhD diss., Université Paris 1 (Panthéon-Sorbonne 1997) 115–17, cat. N. 539–42, 545–46, 552, 555, 570; C. Barsanti, ‘Capitelli di manifattura costantinopolitana a Roma’, in F. Guidobaldi and A. Guiglia Guidobaldi, Ecclesiae Urbis, Atti del Congresso Internazionale di studi sulle chiese di Roma (IV-X secolo), Roma, 4–10settembre 2000 (Vatican City 2000) III 1464–71; A. Pralong, ‘La typologie des chapiteaux corinthiens tardifs en marbre de Proconnèse et la production d'Alexandrie’, Revue Archéologique, n.s. 1 (2000) 87, 88, 93, 96, 97.

83 A. Guiglia, C. Barsanti and A. Paribeni, ‘Saint Sophia Museum Project 2008: The Byzantine marble capitals in the Ayasofya Müzesi, Istanbul’, in 27. Araştırma sonuçları toplantısıç 1. Cilt. (2009) 416, 426 fig. 3.

84 Freshfield, A Memorandum, 5.

85 Ibid.

86 Ibid.

87 M. Dennert, Mittelbyzantinische Kapitelle. Studien zu Typologie und Chronologie (Bonn 1997) 121, cat. n. 262, pl. 47.

88 I am grateful to Emrah Kahramah from the İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri for his invaluable help with this capital's record. For the Hebdomon area, see A. Taddei, ‘Notes on the so-called “Palace of Ioukoundianai” at Hebdomon (Constantinople)’, Hortus Artium Medievalium 20.1 (2014) 77–84.

89 Th. Pazaras, ‘Γύψινες ανάγλυφες διακοσμήσεις της μεσοβυζαντινής εποχής στο καθολικό της Μονής Ιβήρων’, Μακεδονικά 36 (2007) 47–64.

90 F. Vanni, ‘Byzantine stucco decoration (ca 850–1453). Cultural and economic implications across the Mediterranean’. PhD diss. University of Birmingham 2021, 85–93.

91 B. Martin-Hisard, ‘La Vie de Georges l'Hagiorite (1009/1010–29 juin 1065). Introduction, traduction du texte géorgien, notes et éclaircissements’, Revue des études byzantines 64–65 (2006–7) 132–48; F. Vanni, ‘Byzantine stucco decoration’, 120–9.

92 John Skylitzes, A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057, ed. J. Wortley (Cambridge 2010) 348, n. 275.

93 See for example Kautzsch, Kapitellstudien; A. Grabar, Sculptures byzantines de Constantinople (IVe - Xe siècle) (Paris 1963) and Sculptures byzantines du Moyen Âge. II (XI-XIV siècle) (Paris 1976); Dennert, Mittelbyzantinische Kapitelle; N. Melvani, Late byzantine sculpture (Turnhout 2014); C. Vanderheyde, La sculpture byzantine du IXe au XVe siècle. Contexte - Mise en oeuvre -Décors (Paris 2020). See also bibliography in nn. 82–3 and 89–90 above.

94 Ousterhout, ‘The rediscovery of Constantinople’, 183, 195–202.

95 I thank Amalia Kakissis, Archivist at the BSA, for her invaluable help in navigating the BSA and BRF collection.

96 Freshfield's interest in imperial palaces is testified in an early article on the Laskarid palatial complex at Nymphaion (Kemalpaşa), near Nicea (İznik), Freshfield, E., ‘The Palace of the Greek emperors of Nicea at Nymphio’, Archaeologia, 49.2 (1886) 382–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

97 Brandon, The Lost Jewel, Appendix F.

98 Slinn, A History of Freshfields, 131. On the relationship between Gladstone and Freshfield, see F. B. Yildizeli, ‘W. E. Gladstone and British policy towards the Ottoman Empire’, PhD diss., University of Exeter 2016, 109–111.

99 BSA Report of the executive committee, 1886. On Gladstone and the Hellenic Literary Society, see Papatheodorou, ‘The Hellenic Literary Society’, 115–16.

100 Yildizeli, ‘W. E. Gladstone and British policy towards the Ottoman Empire’, 110–11.

101 For the dates in the manuscript, see Lists and papers rel to Christian churches, n. 11 ‘Sekban Pasha Mesdjidi’ and n. λ ‘The stores close to the Church of St Thekla’.

102 Byzantine Research Fund (BRF) – Athens, ‘BRF committee, notes, accounts etc’, Letter from Edwin Freshfield to Professor Bury, 12 November 1902 (uncatalogued), 2.

103 Byzantine Research Fund (BRF) – Athens, ‘BRF committee, notes, accounts etc’, Letter from Edwin Freshfield to Professor Bury, 11 October 1900 (uncatalogued).

104 Byzantine Research Fund (BRF) – London, ‘BRF corporate records, series 4, Folders 1–6’, Letter from Walter S. George to Robert W. Schultz, 28 December 1909 (uncatalogued); Letter from Walter S. George to Robert W. Schultz, 6^th February 1910 (uncatalogued);

105 Byzantine Research Fund (BRF) – London, ‘BRF corporate records, series 4, Folders 1–6’, Letter from Robert W. Schultz to Walter S. George, 14 December 1909 (uncatalogued).

106 Byzantine Research Fund (BRF) – Athens, BRF offprint publications, BRF press cuttings, ‘The Builder, 29th May 1909’.

107 British School at Athens Annual Report 1889–1890, 4, 12; British School at Athens Annual Report 1890–1891, 5. A letter to Bury testifies of his connections in Istanbul: Letter from Edwin Freshfield to Professor Bury, 12 November 1902 (uncatalogued), 2; on page 7 he continued: ‘I found my old friend the Imaum there and we walked hand in hand to the amusement of his mates’.

108 Byzantine Research Fund (BRF) – Athens, BRF offprint publications, BRF press cuttings, ‘The Times, 17^th November 1909’.

109 This may have been the case for Freshfield's request for an introduction to Gladstone in 1871.

110 Papatheodorou, ‘Ottoman policy’, 161–74, 184–8.

111 Winfield, ‘The British contribution’, 59.

112 Archival records show that, through D'Alessio, in 1878, Freshfield requested a preliminary permission to start an archaeological excavation at Ephesos, which was not granted. Papatheodorou, ‘Ottoman policy’, 116–17. This is particularly relevant considering Freshfield's possessions in Asia Minor and that one of the capitals now at Lower Kingswood indeed comes from Ephesos.

113 Lists and papers rel to Christian churches; Freshfield, A Memorandum, 5.

114 Freshfield, ‘On Byzantine churches’.

115 The role of inscriptions and their location in neo-Byzantine architecture has not been investigated by scholars as a phenomenon of the Byzantine revival.

116 Anderson, B. and Ivanova, M., Is Byzantine Studies a Colonialist Discipline? Toward a critical historiography (University Park MD 2023)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

117 Indeed, the Ottoman law struggled to recognize as antiquities artefacts associated with religion, whether early Christian or Islamic: Papatheodorou, ‘Ottoman policy’, 89–192.