Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-4hhp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-20T11:12:34.943Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Halloysite behaving badly: geomechanics and slope behaviour of halloysite-rich soils

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Vicki Moon
Vicki Moon*
Affiliation:
School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
*
*E-mail: v.moon@waikato.ac.nz
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Halloysite-rich soils derived from in situ weathering of volcanic materials support steep stable slopes, but commonly fail under triggers of earthquakes or rainfall. Resulting landslides are slideflow processes, ranging from small translational slides to larger rotational failures with scarps characteristic of sensitive soils. Remoulding of failed materials results in high-mobility flows with apparent friction angles of 10–16°. The materials characteristically have high peak-friction angles (∼25– 37°), low cohesion (∼12–60 kN m−2) and plasticity ( plasticity index ∼10–48%), and low dry bulk density (∼480–1,080 kg m−3) with small pores due to the small size of the halloysite minerals. They remain saturated under most field conditions, with liquidity indexes frequently >1. Remoulded materials have limited cohesion (<5 kN m−2) and variable residual friction angles (15°–35°). Halloysite mineral morphology affects the rheology of remoulded suspensions: tubular minerals have greater viscosity and undrained shear strength than spherical morphologies.

Keywords

halloysitelandslideshear strengthsensitivityAtterberg limits
Type
Research Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 51 , Issue 3 , June 2016 , pp. 517 - 528
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2016

References

Allbrook, R.F. (1992) Shrinkage of some New Zealand soils and its implications for soil physics. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 31, 111–18.10.1071/SR9930111CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersson-Skold, Y., Torrance, J.K., Lind, B., Odén, K., Stevens, R.L. & Rankka, K. (2005) Quick clay - a case study of chemical perspective in Southwest Sweden. Engineering Geology, 82, 107–118.10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.09.014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arthurs, J.M. (2010) The nature of sensitivity in rhyolitic pyroclastic soils from New Zealand. PhD thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand.Google Scholar
Bain, J.A. (1971) A plasticity chart as an aid to the identification and assessment of industrial clays. Clay Minerals, 9, 1–17.10.1180/claymin.1971.009.1.01CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, S.D.G. & Parry, S. (2002) Report on the Investigation of Kaolin-rich Zones in Weathered Rocks in Hong Kong. GEO Report no. 132, Geotechnical Engineering Office, Hong Kong. Retrieved from http://www.cedd.gov.hk/eng/publications/geo_reports/geo_rpt132.html. 1 March 2016.Google Scholar
Chigira, M. & Yokoyama, O. (2005) Weathering profile of non-welded ignimbrite and the water infiltration behavior within it in relation to the generation of shallow landslides. Engineering Geology, 78, 187–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chigira, M., Nakasuji, A., Fujiwara, S. & Sakagami, M. (2012) Catastrophic landslides of pyroclastics induced by the 2011 off the pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake. Pp. 139–147 in: Earthquake-Induced Landslides (K. Ugai, H. Yagi & A. Wakai, editors). Proceedings of the International Symposium on Earthquake-Induced Landslides. Springer, Kiryu, Japan.Google Scholar
Churchman, G.J. & Lowe, D.J. (2012) Alteration, formation, and occurrence of minerals in soils. Pp. 20.1–20.72 in: Handbook of Soil Sciences. 2nd edition. Vol. 1: Properties and Processes (P.M. Huang, Y Li & M.E. Sumner, editors). CRC Press (Taylor & Francis), Boca Raton, Florida, USA.Google Scholar
Churchman, G.J., Pontifex, I.R. & McClure, S.G. (2010) Factors influencing the formation and characteristics of halloysites or kaolinites in granitic and tuffaceous saprolites in Hong Kong. Clays and Clay Minerals, 58, 220–237.10.1346/CCMN.2010.0580207Google Scholar
Corominas, J. (1996) The angle of reach as a mobility index for small and large landslides. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 33, 260–271.10.1139/t96-005Google Scholar
Crosta, G.B., Imposimato, S., Roddeman, D., Chiesa, S. & Moia, F. (2005) Small fast-moving flow-like landslides in volcanic deposits: The 2001 Las Colinas Landslide (El Salvador). Engineering Geology, 79, 185–214.10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.01.014Google Scholar
Cruden, D.M. & Varnes, D.J. (1996) Landslide types and processes. Pp. 36–75 in: Landslides: Investigation and Mitigation (A.K. Turner & R.L. Schuster, editors). National Research Council, Transportation Research Board Special Report, 247, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Cunningham, M.J. (2012) Sensitive rhyolitic pyroclastic deposits in the Tauranga region: mineralogy, geome-chanics and microstructure of peak and remoulded states. MSc Thesis, University of Waikato, New Zealand.Google Scholar
Duzgoren-Aydin, N.S. & Aydin, A. (2006) Chemical and mineralogical heterogeneities of weathered igneous profiles: implications for landslide investigations. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 6, 315–322.10.5194/nhess-6-315-2006Google Scholar
Fiorillo, F. & Wilson, R.C. (2004) Rainfall induced debris flows in pyroclastic deposits, Campania (southern Italy). Engineering Geology, 75, 263–289.10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.06.014Google Scholar
Garae, C.P. (2015) Estimating patterns and rates of coastal cliff retreat around Tauranga Harbour. MSc thesis, University of Waikato, New Zealand.Google Scholar
Geertsema, M., Cruden, D.M. & Schwab, J.W. (2006) A large rapid landslide in sensitive glaciomarine sediments at Mink Creek, northwestern British Columbia, Canada. Engineering Geology, 83, 36–63.10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.06.036Google Scholar
González De Vallejo, L.I., Jimenez Salas, J.A. & Leguey Jimenez, S. (1981) Engineering Geology of the tropical volcanic soils of La Laguna, Tenerife. Engineering Geology, 17, 1–17.10.1016/0013-7952(81)90018-1Google Scholar
Gray, C.W. & Allbrook, R. (2002) Relationships between shrinkage indices and soil properties in some New Zealand soils. Geoderma, 108, 287–299.10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00136-2Google Scholar
Gulliver, C.P. & Houghton, B.F. (1980) Omokoroa Point Land Stability Investigation. Report prepared by Tonkin & Taylor for Tauranga County Council (New Zealand).Google Scholar
Gylland, A.S., Jostad, H.P. & Nordal, S. (2013) Experimental study of strain localization in sensitive clays. Acta Geotechnica, 9, 227–240.10.1007/s11440-013-0217-8Google Scholar
Gylland, A.S., Rueslåtten, H., Jostad, H.P. & Nordal, S. (2014) Microstructural observations of shear zones in sensitive clay. Engineering Geology, 163, 75–88.Google Scholar
Hayashi, J.N. & Self, S. (1992) A comparison of pyroclastic flow and debris avalanche mobility. Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, 97, 9063–9071.10.1029/92JB00173Google Scholar
He, P., Ohtsubo, M., Higashi, T. & Kanayama, M. (2015) Sensitivity of salt-leached clay sediments in the Ariake Bay area, Japan. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 33, 429–436.10.1080/1064119X.2014.952854Google Scholar
Ishihara, K. & Hsu, H.-L. (1986) Considerations for landslides in natural slopes triggered by earthquakes. Proceedings of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 376, III–6.Google Scholar
Itami, K. & Fujitani, H. (2005) Charge characteristics and related dispersion/flocculation behaviour of soil colloids as the cause of turbidity. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 265, 55–63.10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.10.138Google Scholar
Iverson, R.M., Reid, M.E. & LaHusen, R.G. (1997) Debris-flow mobilization from landslides. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 25, 85–138.10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.85Google Scholar
Jacquet, D. (1990) Sensitivity to remoulding of some volcanic ash soils in New Zealand. Engineering Geology, 28, 1–25.10.1016/0013-7952(90)90031-UGoogle Scholar
Jorat, M.E., Mörz, T., Schunn, W., Kreiter, S., Moon, Y. & de Lange, W. (2014) Geotechnical Offshore Seabed Tool (GOST): CPTu measurements and operations in New Zealand. Pp. 217–223 in: Proceeding, 3rd International Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing. Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. http://www.cpt14.com/cpt14-papers. Google Scholar
Joussein, E., Petit, S., Churchman, G.J., Theng, B., Righi, D. & Delvaux, B. (2005) Halloysite clay minerals — a review. Clay Minerals, 40, 383–426.Google Scholar
Kanji, M.A. (1974) The relationship between drained friction angles and Atterberg limits of natural soils. Géotechnique, 24, 671–674.10.1680/geot.1974.24.4.671Google Scholar
Keam, M.J. (2008) Engineering geology and mass movement on the Omokoroa Peninsula, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. MSc Thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand.Google Scholar
Kemp, S.J. & Wagner, D. (2006) The Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Surface Area of Mudrocks From the London Clay Formation of Southern England. British Geological Survey, Nottingham, UK, 81 pp. (IR/06/060) (Unpublished). Available from: http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/7232/. Google Scholar
Kirchhof, G. (2006) Plastic properties. Pp. 1311–1313 in: Encyclopedia of Soil Science, 2nd edition (R. Lal, editor). CRC Press (Taylor & Francis), Boca Raton, Florida, USA.Google Scholar
Kirk, P.A., Campbell, S.D.G., Fletcher, C.J.N. & Merriman, R.J. (1997) The significance of primary volcanic fabrics and clay distribution in landslides in Hong Kong. Journal of the Geological Society, 154, 1009–1019.10.1144/gsjgs.154.6.1009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kluger, M.O., Moon, V., Kreiter, S., Lowe, D.J., Churchman, G.J., Hepp, D.A., Seibel, D. & Mörz, T. (under review). A new attraction-detachment model for explaining landsliding in clay-rich tephras. Submitted to Geology, September, 2016.Google Scholar
McSaveney, M.J., Beetham, R.D. & Leonard, G.S. (2005) The 18 May 2005 Debris Flow Disaster at Matata: Causes and Mitigation Suggestions. GNS Science Client Report 2005/71.Google Scholar
Moon, V.G., Cunningham, M.J., Wyatt, J.B., Lowe, D.J., Mörz, T. & Jorat, M.E. (2013) Landslides in sensitive soils, Tauranga, New Zealand. Pp. 537–544 in: Proceedings 19th New Zealand Geotechnical Society Symposium. Hanging by A Thread — Lifelines, Infrastructure, and Natural Disasters (C.Y. Chin, editor). The Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand, Queenstown, November 2013.Google Scholar
Moon, V.G., de Lange, W.P., Garae, C.P., Mörz, T., Jorat, M.E. & Kreiter, S. (2015a) Monitoring the landslide at Bramley Drive, Tauranga, New Zealand. Pp. 737–744 in: ANZ 2015 Changing the Face of the Earth, Geomechanics and Human Influence, 12th Australia New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics. Wellington 22-25 February 2015.Google Scholar
Moon, V.G., Lowe, D.J., Cunningham, M.J., Wyatt, J.B., Churchman, G.J., de Lange, W.P., Mörz, T., Kreiter, S., Kluger, M.O. & Jorat, M.E. (2015b) Sensitive pyro-clastic-derived halloysitic soils in northern New Zealand: interplay of microstructure, minerals, and geomechanics. Pp. 3–21 in: Volcanic Rocks and Soils. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Volcanic Rocks and Soils, Lacco Ameno, Ischia Island, Italy, 24-25 September, 2015 (T Rotonda, M. Cecconi, F. Silvestri & P. Tommasi, editors). Taylor and Francis Group, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, R. (1991) The chemical and mineralogical controls upon the residual strength of pure and natural clays. Géotechnique, 41, 35–47.Google Scholar
Morgenstern, N.R. & Tchalenko, J.S. (1967) Microscopic structures in kaolin subjected to direct shear. Géotechnique, 17, 309–328.Google Scholar
Nakano, M., Chigira, M. & Lim, C.-S. (2013) Landslides of pumice fall deposits induced by the 2009 Padang earthquake and the formation of halloysite. Japan Geoscience Union Meeting, 19-24 May 2013, Makuhari, Chiba, Japan.Google Scholar
Parry, S., Campbell, S.D.G. & Churchman, G.J. (2004) The origin and shear strength of kaolin-rich zones in Hong Kong and their implications for slope stability. Pp. 1342–1353 in: Advances in Geotechnical Engineering: The Skempton Conference (R.J. Jardine, D.M. Potts & K.G. Higgins, editors). Thomas Telford, London.Google Scholar
Quinn, P.E., Hutchinson, D.J., Diederichs, M.S. & Rowe, R.K. (2011) Characteristics of large landslides in sensitive clay in relation to susceptibility, hazard, and risk. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 48, 1212–1232.10.1139/t11-039Google Scholar
Reading, A.J. (1991) Stability of tropical residual soils from Dominica, West Indies. Engineering Geology, 31, 27–44.10.1016/0013-7952(91)90055-PGoogle Scholar
Rigo, M.L., Pinheiro, R.J.B., Bressani, L.A., Bica, A.V.D. & da Silveira, R.M. (2006) The residual shear strength of tropical soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 43, 431–447.10.1139/t06-015Google Scholar
Santamarina, J.C. & Cho, G.C. (2004) Soil behaviour: the role of particle shape. Pp. 604–617 in: Advances inGeotechnical Engineering: The Skempton Conference (R.J. Jardine, D.M. Potts & K.G. Higgins, editors). Thomas Telford, London.Google Scholar
Simon, A.B., Bidló, G. & Liautaud, G. (1975) On the black cotton soils of North Cameroon.. EngineeringGeology, 9, 351–357.Google Scholar
Skempton, A.W. (1964) Long-term stability of clay slopes. Géotechnique, 14, 77–102.10.1680/geot.1964.14.2.77Google Scholar
Skempton, A.W. & Northey, R.D. (1952) The sensitivity of clays. Géotechnique, 3, 30–53.10.1680/geot.1952.3.1.30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smalley, L.J., Ross, C.W. & Whitton, J.S. (1980) Clays from New Zealand support the inactive particle theory of soil sensitivity. Nature, 288, 576–577.Google Scholar
Tanaka, K. (1992) Slope hazards and clay minerals. Journal of the Clay Science Society of Japan(Nendokagaku), 32, 16–22.Google Scholar
Terzaghi, K., Peck, R.B. & Mesri, G. (1996) Soil Mechanicsin Engineering Practice, 3rd edition. Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Theng, B.K.G. & Wells, N. (1995) The flow characteristics of halloysite suspensions. Clay Minerals, 30, 99–106.Google Scholar
Tonkin & Taylor (2011a) Bramley Drive Landslip HazardAssessment. Report prepared for Western Bay of Plenty District Council by Tonkin and Taylor Ltd. 851378.150 June 2011.Google Scholar
Tonkin & Taylor (2011b) Landslip Assessment —Ruamoana Place, Omokoroa. Report prepared for Western Bay of Plenty District Council by Tonkin and Taylor Ltd. 851378.150 August 2011.Google Scholar
Vingiani, S., Mele, G., De Mascellis, R., Terribile, F. & Basile, A. (2015) Volcanic soils and landslides: a case study of the island of Ischia (southern Italy) and its relationship with other Campania events. Solid Earth, 6, 783–797.10.5194/se-6-783-2015Google Scholar
Wang, G., Suemine, A., Zhang, F., Hata, Y., Fukuoka, H. & Kamai, T. (2014) Some fluidized landslides triggered by the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake (Mw 9.0), Japan. Geomorphology, 208, 11–21.10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.11.009Google Scholar
Wen, B.P. & Aydin, A. (2003) Microstructural study of a natural slip zone: quantification and deformation history. Engineering Geology, 68, 289–317.10.1016/S0013-7952(02)00234-XGoogle Scholar
Wesley, L. (1973) Some basic engineering properties of halloysite and allophane clays in Java, Indonesia. Géotechnique, 23, 471–494. 10.1680/geot.1973.23.4.471Google Scholar
Wesley, L. (1977) Shear strength properties of halloysite and allophane clays in Java, Indonesia. Géotechnique, 27, 125–136.10.1680/geot.1977.27.2.125Google Scholar
Wesley, L. (2001) Consolidation behaviour of allophane clays. Géotechnique, 51, 901–904.10.1680/geot.2001.51.10.901Google Scholar
Wesley, L. (2009) Behaviour and geotechnical properties of residual soils and allophane clays. Obras y Proyectos, 6, 5–10.Google Scholar
Wesley, L.D. (2003) Residual strength of clays and correlations using Atterberg limits. Géotechnique, 53, 669–672.10.1680/geot.2003.53.7.669Google Scholar
Wesley, L.D. (2010) Volcanic soils. Pp. 189–222 in: Geotechnical Engineering in Residual Soils. Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersy, USA.10.1002/9780470943113.ch9Google Scholar
Wyatt, J.B. (2009) Sensitivity and clay mineralogy of weathered tephra-derived soil materials in the Tauranga region. MSc Thesis, University of Waikato, New Zealand.Google Scholar
Wyatt, J., Lowe, D.J., Moon, V.G. & Churchman, G.J. (2010) Discovery of halloysite books in a ∼270,000 year-old buried tephra deposit in northern New Zealand. Pp. 39–42 in: Proceedings, 21st Biennial Australian Clay Minerals Society Conference (G.J. Churchman, J.L. Keeling & P.G. Self, editors). 7-8 August 2010 QUT, Brisbane. (Available at http://www.smectech.com.au/ACMS/ACMS_Conferences/ACMS21/ACMS21.html).Google Scholar