Kenilworth Avenue locality

Corals of the Whirlpool Formation documented in the present study are from the Kenilworth Avenue locality in Hamilton, Ontario (Fig. 1.1, 1.2). This locality was described in detail by Rutka (Reference Rutka1986). The Whirlpool Formation is ~2.5 m thick (Rutka, Reference Rutka1986, figs. 4-16, 4-17b, 4-19; Brusse et al., Reference Brusse, Duke, Fawcett, Middleton, Rutka, Salas and Duke1987, figs. 27, 28). The lower part, overlying the Queenston Formation, is a low-angle cross-laminated sandstone (Rutka, Reference Rutka1986, fig. 3-5). The upper part of the formation includes symmetrical ripple cross-laminated sandstone, trough and planar cross-laminated sandstone, interbedded sandstone and shale, and hummocky to bioturbated, amalgamated hummocky cross-stratified sandstone (Rutka, Reference Rutka1986, figs. 3-10a, b, 4-17b, 4-18). The upper part of the Whirlpool Formation is overlain by the Manitoulin Formation. Rutka (Reference Rutka1986) considered the Whirlpool at this locality anomalous in being relatively thin, with a thin lower part. This was attributed to substantial reworking and/or scouring during the transgression in which the upper part of the formation was deposited.

Rutka (Reference Rutka1986, tables 5-1, 5-2, 5-3) listed various trace fossils, microfossils, and macrofossils from the upper part of the Whirlpool Formation at the Kenilworth Avenue locality. The microfossils include spore-like forms, acritarchs, and tube-like fragments. Macrofossils include solitary rugose corals (identified as Streptelasma sp.) and unidentifiable brachiopods, crinoids, and bivalves. In the present study, corals from the Kenilworth Avenue locality are assigned to Streptelasma rutkae n. sp. (Fig. 2).

Figure 2. Streptelasma rutkae n. sp., transverse thin sections (1–4, 7, 8, 10–13; oriented with apical direction of corallum into the page and cardinal septum in six o'clock position) and longitudinal thin sections (5, 6, 9; oriented in cardinal-counter plane with cardinal fossula on left side and apical direction of corallum toward bottom of the page). (1) GSC 143183. (2–6) Holotype GSC 143181. (7) GSC 143188. (8) Paratype GSC 143182. (9) GSC 143186. (10, 11) GSC 143189. (12, 13) GSC 143187. Upper Ordovician, Hirnantian; sandstone bed 1.2 m above base of Whirlpool Formation; Kenilworth Avenue locality, Hamilton, Ontario.

Jolley Cut locality

The cephalopod documented in the present study is from the Jolley Cut locality in Hamilton, Ontario (Fig. 1.1, 1.3). The entire Jolley Cut locality was described in detail by Rutka (Reference Rutka1986). Exposures occur over a lateral distance of 260 m (Rutka, Reference Rutka1986, figs. 4-14, 4-15; Brusse et al., Reference Brusse, Duke, Fawcett, Middleton, Rutka, Salas and Duke1987, figs. 29, 30; Brett et al., Reference Brett, Cheel, Duke, Goodman, LoDuca, Middleton, Pratt, Rutka, Salas and Cheel1991, figs. 45, 46). The Whirlpool Formation has a maximum thickness of 4.3 m, including the lower and upper parts of the formation. The Whirlpool is underlain by the Queenston Formation and overlain by the Manitoulin Formation.

Rutka (Reference Rutka1986, tables 5-1, 5-2, 5-3) listed various trace fossils, microfossils, and macrofossils from the upper part of the Whirlpool Formation at the Jolley Cut locality. The microfossils include spore-like forms, acritarchs, chitinozoans, tube- and cuticle-like fragments, and scolecodonts. Macrofossils include solitary rugose corals, brachiopods, and gastropods. A single cephalopod was collected from a quarry at the Jolley Cut by Grant (Reference Grant1892, Reference Grant1897a, Reference Grantb, Reference Grant1900), who identified the specimen as Orthoceras Bruguière, Reference Bruguière1789. It was reassigned to Gorbyoceras by Hewitt (Reference Hewitt1986) and is described as Gorbyoceras sp. in the present study (Fig. 3). The occurrence of this cephalopod in the upper part of the Whirlpool Formation indicates normal marine, certainly not brackish, conditions during the transgression above the terrestrial lower part of the formation.

Figure 3. Gorbyoceras sp., cast on underside of sandstone bed, ventral view with anterior direction toward top of page; RM 1108. A, anterior end of annulated shell on lateral side of specimen; B, parallel grooves and ridges of uncertain origin; C, siphuncle; D, annulations of shell appear to wedge into each other along hyponomic sinus; E, horizontal Planolites trace; F, traces of vertical burrows; G, septa weathered out as grooves; H, horizontal Planolites traces; I, posterior end of shell is missing. Upper Ordovician, Hirnantian; sandstone bed 0.15 m above base of upper part of Whirlpool Formation; Jolley Cut locality, Hamilton, Ontario.

Type species

Streptelasma corniculum Hall, Reference Hall1847 (p. 69 as Streptoplasma corniculum, but generic name was corrected to Streptelasma on page facing p. 338; pl. 25, figs. 1a–d; fig. 1e was mentioned on p. 69 but not included in pl. 25), by subsequent designation (Roemer, Reference Roemer1861, p. 19); lectotype selected by Neuman (Reference Neuman1969, p. 10), original number AMNH 645/1(a), current number AMNH 29548; from lower part of Trenton Limestone (Upper Ordovician, lower Katian; Mohawkian, Chatfieldian), Middleville, New York, USA.

Remarks

The suprageneric classification below phylum level follows Hill (Reference Hill and Teichert1981). Many morphologically simple Ordovician and Silurian streptelasmatid species and genera are poorly understood because their ontogeny and/or variability are insufficiently known. As new data and interpretations have emerged, numerous synonyms or possible synonyms have been suggested, as in the case of Streptelasma (e.g., Neuman, Reference Neuman1969; McLean, Reference McLean1974; Elias, Reference Elias1982; McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990; McLean and Copper, Reference McLean and Copper2013). Comparison with type species is an essential consideration in making generic assignments. Knowledge of the type species of Streptelasma is currently based only on the lectotype and a few additional specimens identified as S. corniculum from the Trenton Group of New York. They are documented in the following.

The lectotype of S. corniculum from Middleville was described and illustrated by Neuman (Reference Neuman1969, p. 10, 11, figs. 4–6) and McLean and Copper (Reference McLean and Copper2013, p. 20, 21, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2, 6, 11). Transverse sections show only one side of the corallum, which was cut longitudinally in the cardinal-counter plane. The major septa are moderately dilated and meet in small groups at the corallum axis in the early ontogenetic stage. They become thinner, shorter, and slightly wavy by the late stage (corallum diameter 17 mm), a short distance below the base of the calice, where their length is ~0.6 of the corallum radius and the axial region is open. Minor septa are generally confined to the narrow stereozone, extending a short distance beyond it in the late stage. Although the cardinal septum was removed by longitudinal cutting of the specimen, sediment beside its presumed location in the late stage suggests that tabulae were depressed in a fossula. In longitudinal section, tabulae are thin and widely spaced. They are convex upward in the septal region, with some slightly upturned where they join the stereozone, and slightly depressed in the axial region.

McLean and Copper (Reference McLean and Copper2013, p. 21, pl. 1, figs. 3–5, 7) also described and illustrated paralectotype AMNH 29551 from Middleville, which they considered conspecific with the lectotype. Moderately dilated major septa extending to the axis and the presence of a cardinal fossula are confirmed in transverse sections representing the intermediate stage. Features in a longitudinal section of the late stage are like those of the lectotype. Cox (Reference Cox1937, pl. 1, fig. 1) published a camera lucida drawing of the longitudinal section of USNM 322D, identified as S. corniculum from Middleville. Depression of tabulae in the axial region is less apparent than in the lectotype and paralectotype, but this section may be off-center or oblique.

McLean and Copper (Reference McLean and Copper2013, p. 21, pl. 1, figs. 8–10, 12) documented two relatively small paralectotypes, AMNH 29547 and AMNH 29549 from Watertown, which they suggested may represent juvenile forms of S. corniculum. The major septa are moderately dilated and extend to the axis in the early ontogenetic stage. Stumm (Reference Stumm1963, pl. 1, figs. 4–6) illustrated transverse sections of UMMP IP 44327, identified as S. corniculum from near Watertown. However, the magnification and resolution of his figures are insufficient to verify certain details. Therefore, new photographs are presented here. In the early stage (Fig. 4.1), moderately to strongly dilated major septa extend to the axis. In the intermediate stage (Fig. 4.2), major septa meet in small groups at or near the axis. The long cardinal septum is thinner than other major septa, and it occurs in a prominent, straight-sided fossula that is sediment-filled, indicating depression of tabulae. In the late stage, the corallum diameter is 16 mm at the base of the calice (Fig. 4.3). The major septa are thin, slightly wavy, and shorter, reaching to ~0.8 of the corallum radius, with a few septal lobes extending into the axial region. The cardinal septum is distinctly shorter than other major septa. Minor septa extend a short distance beyond the stereozone.

Figure 4. (1–3) Streptelasma corniculum Hall, Reference Hall1847 of Stumm (Reference Stumm1963), relatively thick transverse thin sections mounted in Canada Balsam (oriented with cardinal septum in six o'clock position). UMMP IP 44327; photographs taken by J.E. Bauer; images provided by the University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 and published with permission here. Upper Ordovician, lower Katian (Mohawkian, Chatfieldian); Trenton Group (lower Cobourg); cut on Watertown–Syracuse Highway, ~9.7 km from Watertown (just within Watertown quadrangle), New York; collected by G.W. Sinclair. (4) Streptelasma subregulare (Savage, Reference Savage1913), transverse thin section (oriented with apical direction of corallum into the page and cardinal septum in six o'clock position). USNM 423141. Upper Ordovician, Hirnantian; Kissenger Limestone Member, Bryant Knob Formation; cut on west side of State Route 79 just west of Kissenger Hill, Missouri (stratigraphic interval 3 at section 18 of McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990; Fig. 1.1, area D).

Stumm (Reference Stumm1963) figured two specimens identified as S. corniculum from Martinsburg. Corallum UMMP IP 45676 is considered to represent the intermediate stage of development. The external view (Stumm, Reference Stumm1963, pl. 1, fig. 1; diameter at calice rim 16 mm) shows that major septa extend to near the axis at the base of the calice, with the cardinal septum being the longest. In a longitudinal section of UMMP IP 44328 (Stumm, Reference Stumm1963, pl. 1, fig. 7), tabulae are widely spaced and arched upward in the septal region. The nature of tabulae in the axial region is unclear.

There are several complicating factors in understanding S. corniculum and its variability, given the limitations of available data. The eight coralla documented in the preceding are from three geographic locations in New York, spanning a distance of ~50 km from Middleville to Watertown, with Martinsburg in between. Specimens may have been obtained from different stratigraphic positions within the Trenton Group. Lectotype AMNH 29548, selected from the collection on which Hall (Reference Hall1847) based the species, is from the lower part of the Trenton Limestone according to its original label (Neuman, Reference Neuman1969). However, it is uncertain how that relates to stratigraphic units within the Trenton Group as currently recognized (Cornell et al., Reference Cornell, Andrews, Agle, Thomas and Valentino2005). The three specimens illustrated by Stumm (Reference Stumm1963; UMMP IP 44327, 44328, 44376) were reportedly from the lower Cobourg. The term Cobourg was formerly used for the upper Trenton; the lower Cobourg is now known as the Rust Formation of the Trenton Group (Cornell et al., Reference Cornell, Andrews, Agle, Thomas and Valentino2005). Of the eight coralla documented in the preceding, only two provide information on the late ontogenetic stage. The length of major septa is ~0.6 of the corallum radius in lectotype AMNH 29548 and ~0.8 in UMMP IP 44327.

McLean and Copper (Reference McLean and Copper2013, p. 21, 27) distinguished Streptelasma, which they characterized as having “significantly shortened” major septa in the late ontogenetic stage, from Helicelasma Neuman, Reference Neuman1969 with “consistently longer” major septa. However, such a distinction seems arbitrary without quantification of a clear separation. The type species of Helicelasma is H. simplex Neuman, Reference Neuman1969 from the Dalmanitina Beds in Östergötland, Sweden. Those strata are now named the Loka Formation, which is Late Ordovician (Hirnantian) in age (Wang et al., Reference Wang, Zhan and Percival2019). The holotype of H. simplex is known only in longitudinal section (Neuman, Reference Neuman1969, figs. 23b, 26). A transverse section (diameter ~5 mm) from just below the calice of a small, preadult specimen shows that major septa nearly reach the corallum axis (Neuman, Reference Neuman1969, fig. 25c). In a larger, presumably mature individual, a transverse section (diameter ~8.5 mm) below the base of the calice has major septa that extend to ~0.8 of the corallum radius (Neuman, Reference Neuman1969, fig. 24e). The holotype of a large species, H. mutabile McLean and Copper, Reference McLean and Copper2013, is from early Silurian (Llandovery, Telychian) strata in the Jupiter River Formation on Anticosti Island, Québec (Fig. 1.1, crosshatched area). In a transverse section (diameter ~36 mm) of the late stage below the calice, the length of major septa is ~0.7–0.8 of the corallum radius (McLean and Copper, Reference McLean and Copper2013, pl. 4, fig. 6).

For comparison, Streptelasma subregulare (Savage, Reference Savage1913) is an extraordinarily variable species that occurs in Hirnantian strata of the Edgewood Province in the east-central United States (Fig. 1.1). In the holotype, the length of major septa is ~0.4–0.6 of the corallum radius at a diameter of ~30 mm (Elias, Reference Elias1982, pl. 4, fig. 7s). An extensive dataset including many specimens of S. subregulare shows a continuous range from major septa shorter than 0.4 of the corallum radius to major septa that extend to the corallum axis, even in the late stage of relatively large specimens at diameters of ≥25 mm (McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990, fig. 14). Figure 4.4 shows a transverse section (diameter 25 mm) with major septa extending to ~0.8 of the corallum radius in the late stage a short distance below the calice. Detailed analysis of S. subregulare indicates a general relation between septal length and a paleoenvironmental gradient (Elias and Young, Reference Elias, Young, Ezaki, Mori, Sugiyama and Sorauf2001, fig. 3). Major septa tended to be short in restricted, low-energy, high-turbidity conditions and progressively longer in more open, higher-energy, lower-turbidity conditions.

The preceding comparisons suggest that Streptelasma and Helicelasma cannot be clearly distinguished on the basis of major septal length in the late ontogenetic stage. Helicelasma is probably a junior synonym of Streptelasma.

Types

Holotype GSC 143181 (Fig. 2.2–2.6), paratype GSC 143182 (Fig. 2.8). Upper Ordovician, Hirnantian; sandstone bed 1.2 m above base of Whirlpool Formation; Kenilworth Avenue locality, Hamilton, Ontario.

Diagnosis

Corallum trochoid, length and diameter up to ~40 mm and ~35 mm, respectively. Major septa moderately dilated and long in early ontogenetic stage, becoming thin and shorter during ontogeny, with length ~0.7–0.8 of corallum radius and a few septal lobes in axial region in late stage. Cardinal septum and fossula conspicuous in all ontogenetic stages. Stereozone thin; minor septa become relatively long during ontogeny. Tabulae convex upward in septal region, strongly depressed in cardinal fossula, slightly depressed and more closely spaced in axial region.

Occurrence

Upper Ordovician, Hirnantian; Whirlpool Formation; Hamilton, Ontario.

Description

Corallum trochoid, straight to very slightly curved with convex cardinal side; estimated maximum length ~40 mm based on longest nearly complete specimen (holotype GSC 143181), estimated maximum diameter ~35 mm based on broadest nearly complete specimen (GSC 143186); exterior with septal grooves and interseptal ridges. All specimens silicified; original microstructure of wall, septa, and tabulae obliterated.

Relation between number of major septa and corallum diameter shown in Figure 5. During early ontogenetic stage (Fig. 2.1, 2.2, 2.10), major septa moderately dilated, extend nearly to corallum axis where they meet in small groups. During intermediate stage (Fig. 2.3, 2.7, 2.12), major septa become less dilated, slightly shorter, may become slightly wavy, form slight counterclockwise whorl in a few cases, meet in small groups from which a few septal lobes may extend. During late stage (Fig. 2.4, 2.8, 2.11, 2.13), major septa undilated and thin, shorter, slightly wavy; some ends meet; a few septal lobes extend axially. Relation between thickness of major septa and corallum diameter shown in Figure 6. Relation between length of major septa (as a fraction of corallum radius) and corallum diameter shown in Figure 7.

Figure 5. Relation between number of major septa and corallum diameter in Streptelasma rutkae n. sp. from Whirlpool Formation; data shown as filled circles, with numbers beside circles indicating frequencies greater than one and solid lines connecting data from same specimens. Shaded area shows range for S. subregulare from Edgewood Province, excluding a few anomalous values; dotted line used to compare data from different stratigraphic sections in Edgewood Province (see McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990, fig. 13).

Figure 6. Relation between thickness of major septa and corallum diameter in Streptelasma rutkae n. sp. from Whirlpool Formation; data shown as filled circles, with solid lines connecting data from same specimens. Dotted line used for comparison with S. subregulare at different stratigraphic sections in Edgewood Province (see McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990, fig. 15).

Figure 7. Relation between length of major septa and corallum diameter in Streptelasma rutkae n. sp. from Whirlpool Formation. Length of a typical septum was divided by corallum radius, yielding a value ≤1.0. Data shown as filled circles, with solid lines connecting data from same specimens. Asterisk is mean value (0.86) and dashed line is standard deviation (0.07) for transverse sections at corallum diameters of 5–15 mm (average 11.2 mm; based on 12 sections from 10 coralla). Shaded area shows range of typical data for S. subregulare from Edgewood Province; values as low as 0.2 occur in the province (see McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990, fig. 14, lower graph). For S. subregulare from stratigraphic intervals 3 and 4 at section 18, most values plot in the shaded and unshaded areas above dotted line (see McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990, fig. 14, upper graph).

Cardinal septum and fossula conspicuous in all ontogenetic stages (Fig. 2.1–2.4, 2.7, 2.8, 2.10–2.13). Compared with typical major septa, cardinal septum usually thinner (as observed in 50% of 10 transverse sections), less commonly same thickness (30%), least commonly thicker (20%). Cardinal septum usually longer than typical major septa (as observed in 75% of 16 transverse sections) or less commonly same length (25%), may extend to corallum axis, may have axial lobe. Shape of cardinal fossula variable among coralla and usually among ontogenetic stages within coralla. Shapes correspond to four of five numbered categories defined by McAuley and Elias (Reference McAuley and Elias1990, p. 37): usually biconvex with maximum width midway between peripheral and axial ends (category 4; as observed in 50% of 14 transverse sections), less commonly hourglass-shaped with constriction midway between peripheral and axial ends (category 5; 29%), uncommonly with width constant from peripheral end to axial end (category 2; 14%), rarely with width decreasing from peripheral end to axial end (category 1; 7%). Relation between width of cardinal fossula and corallum diameter shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8. Relation between width of cardinal fossula and corallum diameter in Streptelasma rutkae n. sp. from Whirlpool Formation; data shown as filled circles, with solid lines connecting data from same specimens. Dotted line used for comparison with S. subregulare at different stratigraphic sections in Edgewood Province (see McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990, fig. 16).

Minor septa extend beyond stereozone, increase in length during ontogeny (Fig. 2.1–2.4, 2.7, 2.8, 2.10–2.13), average length 0.21 of corallum radius (range 0.12–0.36 based on 16 transverse sections), in some cases longest adjacent to counter septum, rarely slightly contraclined. Stereozone thin, average thickness 0.11 of corallum radius (range 0.05–0.20 based on 18 transverse sections).

Tabulae mostly incomplete (Fig. 2.5, 2.6, 2.9), convex upward in septal region, may be slightly upturned at stereozone, strongly depressed in cardinal fossula, slightly depressed in axial region, thin (thickness of typical tabula 0.10 mm in five longitudinal sections), spacing greater in septal region (average 15 tabulae per centimeter based on five longitudinal sections) than in axial region (average 22 tabulae per centimeter based on two longitudinal sections).

Etymology

The species is named for Margaret A. Rutka, in recognition of her research on the Whirlpool Formation.

Remarks

Coralla from the Whirlpool Formation will be compared with Streptelasma corniculum to verify the generic assignment, with S. subregulare to demonstrate that they represent a new species and with S. affine (Billings, Reference Billings1865) to show their difference from another species that occurs in North American Hirnantian strata.

Comparison with S. corniculum.—The morphology of S. corniculum, the type species of Streptelasma, was described in Remarks under the genus. Characters of the Whirlpool coralla that resemble those of S. corniculum include moderately dilated major septa that meet in small groups axially in the early ontogenetic stage; major septa that become thinner, shorter, and slightly wavy by the late stage; a conspicuous cardinal septum and fossula in which tabulae are depressed; a narrow stereozone; and thin, relatively widely spaced tabulae that are slightly depressed in the axial region and convex upward in the septal region, with some slightly upturned at the stereozone.

In S. corniculum, the late ontogenetic stage is known in the lectotype, where the length of major septa is ~0.6 of the corallum radius, and in another specimen, where the length is ~0.8 (Fig. 4.3). Major septa in the Whirlpool coralla extend to ~0.7–0.8 of the corallum radius in the late stage (Fig. 7). Lengths of major septa in a large collection of S. subregulare (see Fig. 7) range from much shorter than in S. corniculum to longer than in the Whirlpool coralla, indicating that a wide range of septal lengths can be accommodated within the genus. In the late ontogenetic stage, the axial region is open in the lectotype of S. corniculum; a few septal lobes extend into the axial region in another corallum (Fig. 4.3). In S. subregulare, a few septal lobes occur in some coralla (McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990; Fig. 4.4). The axial region in S. affine varies from open to having septal lobes (Elias, Reference Elias1982, pl. 5, figs. 13, 18). A few septal lobes are present in the Whirlpool coralla. All things considered, the Whirlpool coralla are assigned to the genus Streptelasma.

Comparison with S. subregulare.—Coralla from the Whirlpool Formation are most closely comparable to S. subregulare, which is the most abundant and widespread coral in the Hirnantian-age Edgewood Province of the east-central United States (Elias and Young, Reference Elias and Young1998; Elias et al., Reference Elias, Young, Lee, Bae, Harper and Servais2013a). For information on stratigraphic sections and collecting intervals in outcrop areas of the Edgewood Province, see McAuley and Elias (Reference McAuley and Elias1990) and Elias (Reference Elias, Chaplin and Barrick1992); the outcrop areas are shown in Figure 1.1. Streptelasma subregulare is an extraordinarily variable species. Modern descriptions and photographs have been provided by Elias (Reference Elias1982, p. 57, 58, pl. 4, figs. 7–22; Reference Elias, Young, Webby and Laurie1992, pl. 1, figs. 1–9), McAuley and Elias (Reference McAuley and Elias1990, p. 34–42, pl. 1, figs. 1–19, pl. 2, figs. 1–12, pl. 3, figs. 1–18, pl. 4, figs. 1–13, pl. 5, figs. 1–10), and Elias and Young (Reference Elias, Young, Webby and Laurie1992, fig. 3g–i); see also Figure 4.4.

Corallum shape and size are far more variable in S. subregulare than in the Whirlpool materials. In addition to trochoid coralla that are straight to very slightly curved, as in the Whirlpool Formation, S. subregulare also includes ceratoid to rarely subcylindrical forms and moderately to in some cases greatly curved shapes (McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990, table 4). Coralla of S. subregulare attain a greater maximum size (length 102 mm, diameter 44 mm) than those in the Whirlpool Formation (length ~40 mm, diameter ~35 mm).

The relation between number of major septa and corallum diameter for the Whirlpool coralla is typical of S. subregulare at most stratigraphic sections in the Edgewood Province (Fig. 5). However, compared with the Whirlpool coralla, the proportion of data points that plot above an arbitrary dotted line (see Fig. 5) is much greater for S. subregulare at stratigraphic sections 20 and 31 (in outcrop area C), and the proportion of data points that plot below the dotted line is much greater for S. subregulare at section 21 (in area A) and section 19 (in area C) (McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990, fig. 13, table 5).

Data points for the thickness of major septa in the Whirlpool coralla plot below the dotted line in Figure 6 but are within the overall range for S. subregulare (McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990, fig. 15). Similarly, data for S. subregulare plot predominantly below the dotted line at sections 19, 20, and 31 (in area C) and section 32 (in area F); however, data plot predominantly above the dotted line at sections 14 and 18 (in area D) (McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990, fig. 15, table 5). Data points for the length of major septa in the Whirlpool coralla plot mostly within the typical range for S. subregulare, but values for the Whirlpool coralla are ~0.7 or higher (Fig. 7); values for S. subregulare are commonly as low as 0.5 and the range extends down to 0.2 (McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990, fig. 14, lower graph). Furthermore, unlike the Whirlpool coralla, data for S. subregulare in stratigraphic intervals 3 and 4 at section 18 (in area D) plot mostly above the dotted line that is shown in Figure 7 (McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990, fig. 14, upper graph). In the late ontogenetic stage, septal lobes are present in the axial region of Whirlpool coralla, whereas the axial region is usually open in S. subregulare.

Regarding the length of major septa at corallum diameters of 5–15 mm, the Whirlpool coralla have a higher mean value (Fig. 7, asterisk) than all but two occurrences of S. subregulare (Elias and Young, Reference Elias, Young, Ezaki, Mori, Sugiyama and Sorauf2001, fig. 3); mean values for S. subregulare are slightly higher at section 15 and in the combined stratigraphic intervals 3 and 4 at section 18 (in area D). Compared with the Whirlpool coralla, mean values for S. subregulare are significantly lower at section 19 (in area C) and section 34 (in area E) (Elias and Young, Reference Elias, Young, Ezaki, Mori, Sugiyama and Sorauf2001, fig. 3). The standard deviation of the mean value for the Whirlpool coralla (Fig. 7, dashed line) is considerably smaller than that for occurrences of S. subregulare (Elias and Young, Reference Elias, Young, Ezaki, Mori, Sugiyama and Sorauf2001, fig. 3).

The cardinal septum is conspicuous in all ontogenetic stages of the Whirlpool coralla, usually being thinner and longer than typical major septa. In S. subregulare, however, the cardinal septum is most commonly inconspicuous, being the same length and thickness as other typical major septa, but the range of variability is high (McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990, table 6). The cardinal septum in S. subregulare is predominantly thinner and longer than typical major septa only at section 31 (in area C) (McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990, table 6). Regarding shape of the cardinal fossula, category 4 is predominant in the Whirlpool coralla, followed by category 5; category 3 (width increasing from peripheral end to axial end) is absent. In S. subregulare, category 4 is predominant at sections 19, 20, and 31 (in area C), but category 2 ranks second and category 3 occurs at those sections (McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990, table 7). Data points for width of the cardinal fossula in Whirlpool coralla (Fig. 8) plot within the typical range for S. subregulare (McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990, fig. 16). However, data for S. subregulare at section 18 (in area D) and section 19 (in area C) differ in plotting predominantly above the dotted line shown in Figure 8 (McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990, fig. 16, table 5).

In ontogenetic stages where major septa are thin, minor septa are relatively long in the Whirlpool coralla (Fig. 2.4, 2.8, 2.11, 2.13). They are seldom as long in S. subregulare (Elias, Reference Elias1982, pl. 4, figs. 17, 22; McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990, pl. 1, figs. 3, 12, 16, 19, pl. 2, figs. 2, 3, pl. 5, fig. 10; Fig. 4.4). In Whirlpool coralla, as in S. subregulare, minor septa are in some cases longest adjacent to the counter septum. Width of the stereozone in Whirlpool coralla (0.05–0.20 of corallum radius) is similar to that in S. subregulare (0.05–0.15; McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990, p. 38).

The close spacing of tabulae in the axial region of Whirlpool coralla (average 22 tabulae per centimeter) is comparable to some specimens of S. subregulare at section 17 (in area D) (McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990, fig. 17). However, tabulae in the septal region are closely spaced in those specimens of S. subregulare (e.g., McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990, pl. 3, fig. 6), whereas they are relatively widely spaced in Whirlpool coralla (Fig. 2.5, 2.6, 2.9).

In summary, the tremendous overall range of variability in S. subregulare encompasses morphologic characters of the Whirlpool coralla; however, the particular combination of features in the Whirlpool coralla makes them distinct. Although a few characters of the Whirlpool coralla are notably consistent with coralla of S. subregulare at several stratigraphic sections, other characters of S. subregulare at those sections are different. The combination of features that distinguish the Whirlpool coralla as a group includes major septa that become thin during ontogeny; the length of major septa that decreases during ontogeny to ~0.7–0.8 of the corallum radius, with a few septal lobes present in the axial region; the conspicuous cardinal septum and fossula in all ontogenetic stages; minor septa that become relatively long during ontogeny; and tabulae that are closely spaced in the axial region. It is concluded that the Whirlpool coralla represent a new species, S. rutkae, which shows relatively little intraspecific variability.

Comparison with S. affine.—Streptelasma affine is known from the Upper Ordovician (upper Katian–Hirnantian; Richmondian–Gamachian) on Anticosti Island, Québec (Bolton, Reference Bolton and Lespérance1981, pl. 3, figs. 3–8; Elias, Reference Elias1982, p. 59, 60, pl. 5, figs. 4–18) (Fig. 1.1, crosshatched area). It is an exceptionally large species (maximum length 170 mm, diameter 55 mm), far larger than S. rutkae (maximum length ~40 mm, diameter ~35 mm). Coralla of S. affine are initially ceratoid to trochoid and slightly to moderately curved, becoming subcylindrical and usually straight in later stages; coralla of S. rutkae are trochoid and straight to very slightly curved. Like S. rutkae, the major septa in S. affine become thin and slightly wavy and withdraw from the axis during ontogeny. However, in some cases they extend to <0.5 of the corallum radius, which is considerably less than the minimum value of ~0.7 in S. rutkae. In S. affine, there is variation from coralla with an open axial region to those with septal lobes; all coralla of S. rutkae have a few septal lobes in the axial region. The cardinal septum is generally indistinct in S. affine, whereas S. rutkae has a conspicuous cardinal septum in a pronounced fossula with depressed tabulae. The stereozone is usually thicker in S. affine than in S. rutkae. Streptelasma affine and S. rutkae are easily distinguishable from one another on the basis of the combinations of features exhibited by coralla.

Type species

Orthoceras gorbyi Miller, Reference Miller1894 (p. 322, pl. 10, fig. 2), by original designation (Shimizu and Obata, Reference Shimizu and Obata1935, p. 4); holotype USNM 64337 (Flower, Reference Flower1946, p. 148; Frey, Reference Frey1995, p. 64); from Saluda Formation (Upper Ordovician, upper Katian; Cincinnatian, Richmondian), Indiana, USA.

Remarks

The type species, Gorbyoceras gorbyi, was described by Miller (Reference Miller1894) from two fragmentary casts showing highly oblique, low annulations and no axial lirae. Flower (Reference Flower1946, p. 145–149, pl. 2, figs. 1, 9, 10, pl. 4, figs. 3, 6, 7) and Frey (Reference Frey1995, p. 63, 64, pl. 12, figs. 12, 13) also studied other specimens from the Saluda Formation in Indiana and Ohio and the basal Whitewater Formation (Upper Ordovician, upper Katian; Cincinnatian, Richmondian) in Ohio.

Occurrence

Upper Ordovician, Hirnantian; Whirlpool Formation; Hamilton, Ontario.

Description

Annulated orthocone with slightly exogastric curvature of chord height around 3 mm in ventral 90 mm exposed length. At posterior end of specimen, crest of annulation has diameter ~13.2 mm (measured laterally and dorsoventrally) and height 0.6 mm, and wavelength of annulations is 3.6 mm. At a distance 124 mm and 30 annulations anteriorly, crest of annulation has diameter 27.4 mm (measured laterally) and height ~1.0 mm, and wavelength of annulations is 4.5 mm. Annulations appear to wedge into each other (Fig. 3, arrow D), bending into a ventral hyponomic sinus. At diameter ~20 mm, external surface has faint axial striae spaced 3 mm apart. Exposed interior of shell shows septa with radius of curvature 14 mm (Fig. 3, arrow G). Siphuncle in subcentral position laterally and dorsoventrally (Fig. 3, arrow C), extends 15 mm anteriorly beyond last unbroken septum, visible diameter 2 mm with transverse ridges spaced at intervals of 5 mm. These ridges appear to be cyrtochoanitic necks of septa that were broken off.

Remarks

The suprageneric classification follows Frey (Reference Frey1995). Two named species of annulated orthocones have been based on fragments from units formerly interpreted as basal Silurian in eastern North America (see “Cephalopod data” in the section “Age of Whirlpool Formation and associated strata”), as follows.

Spyroceras microtextile Foerste, Reference Foerste1923 is from the Centerville Member of the Whippoorwill Formation in Ohio. Judging from the description and photographs (Foerste, Reference Foerste1923, p. 87, pl. 15, fig. 2a–c), the shell is “very slowly enlarging” to a diameter of only 9 mm, with five transverse annulations in 9 mm and with fine longitudinal striae that are more conspicuous than the fine transverse ones. Flower (Reference Flower1946) noted that generic reassignments are necessary for annulated Ordovician species placed by earlier workers in the Devonian genus Spyroceras Hyatt, Reference Hyatt1884. Likely possibilities are Gorbyoceras and Anaspyroceras Shimizu and Obata, Reference Shimizu and Obata1935, in which he placed some of those species. However, internal structures in many of the other species (including S. microtextile) are insufficiently known for assignment to a particular genus.

Dawsonoceras tenuilineatum Savage, Reference Savage1913, from the Wilhelmi Formation in northeastern Illinois, was documented by Savage (Reference Savage1913, p. 119, pl. 7, fig. 22). The illustrated portion of the specimen was said to be from about half the greatest diameter. At a diameter of 25 mm, there are five transverse annulations in ~25 mm, showing no hint of expansion. Longitudinal ornaments look less conspicuous than the transverse ones between the annulation crests on the photograph. Flower (Reference Flower1962) accepted the generic name Dawsonoceras Hyatt, Reference Hyatt1884 for this species, which he cited as the only known local species of that genus of early Silurian age. Like the mid-Silurian (Wenlock) type species D. annulatum (Sowerby, Reference Sowerby1818) specified by Hyatt (Reference Hyatt1884), and the specimen from the Jolley Cut (above the crinoidal lithology in the Gasport Formation) on which his generic concept was based, D. tenuilineatum as well as S. microtextile differ from the Whirlpool specimen in giving no hint at a large apical angle and axial curvature. Three Dawsonoceras specimens were seen by R.A.H. (3 March 1989) on a 12 m² bedding plane in the Goat Island Formation, which served as the basement floor of a house built on top of the Niagara Escarpment at 21 East 9th Street in Hamilton. The shells were remarkably straight and slowly enlarging up to the body chamber (30 to 70 mm diameter in a length of 670 mm, 20 to 50 mm in 470 mm, and ? to 50 mm in 350 mm). The transverse annulations disappeared at the body chamber.

In the specimen from the Whirlpool Formation, the visible diameter of the longitudinal ridge with transverse ridges (Fig. 3, arrow C) is too small to be the whole siphuncle, which in both Dawsonoceras and Gorbyoceras is ~20% of the diameter of the chambers around them. In Dawsonoceras and other orthocones with short septal necks (orthochoanitic), siphuncles are preserved as segmented cylindrical fillings of their lumen. The deep and transverse grooves of such siphuncles are not seen on the convex and probably partly buried surface of the siphuncle in the Whirlpool specimen. In contrast with Dawsonoceras, septal necks in Gorbyoceras are longer and curved into swollen siphuncle connecting rings (cyrtochoanitic), with posterior endosiphuncular deposits (Frey, Reference Frey1995, pl. 12, fig. 6). It is therefore possible that the transverse ridges in the Whirlpool specimen represent gradual expansions defined by long septal necks from less obvious thin septal contraction grooves, and that the connecting rings were not yet reinforced by endosiphuncular or cameral deposits in the broken anterior chambers. According to Frey (Reference Frey1995), endosiphuncular deposits are seen only to a shell diameter of 15 mm in G. hammelli (Foerste, Reference Foerste1910).

Although the Whirlpool specimen lacks the more highly oblique annulations illustrated from various Gorbyoceras species in the Richmondian of the Cincinnati Arch region (Flower, Reference Flower1946; Frey, Reference Frey1995), it is assigned to that genus because there is curvature of the shell axis, while the septa within the annulations appear more concave and closely spaced than those of the sectioned Anaspyroceras specimen of Richmondian age from Manitoulin Island, illustrated by Copper (Reference Copper1978, pl. 5, fig. 3). Having examined the photograph of the Whirlpool specimen, R.C. Frey (R.C. Frey, personal communication to R.A.H., 1986) stated: “Anaspyroceras typically has subtubular and suborthochoanitic necks. Gorbyoceras, as you pointed out, has more expanded segments and cyrtochoanitic necks. The impression of the siphuncle in your specimen does suggest it is Gorbyoceras.”

The cephalopod from the Whirlpool Formation differs in ornament from the type species of Gorbyoceras, G. gorbyi. A better match among other Cincinnatian species assigned to this genus (Flower, Reference Flower1946; Frey, Reference Frey1995) is G. duncani Flower, Reference Flower1946, from the lower and upper Whitewater Formation and Saluda Formation in Ohio and Indiana (Flower, Reference Flower1946, p. 156, 157, pl. 1, figs. 1, 6, pl. 4, fig. 12; Sweet, Reference Sweet and Moore1964, fig. 185.4). The latter species has transverse annulations and axial lirae and is a similar size and shape to the Whirlpool specimen. However, given the state of preservation of the cephalopod from the Whirlpool Formation and the lack of additional material, it is identified as Gorbyoceras sp. rather than assigned to a new species or a previously named species based on better-preserved Richmondian material from the Cincinnati Arch region, for which internal structures are known.

The wedging of annulations on the Whirlpool specimen (Fig. 3, arrow D) is comparable to that seen in the original figure of Spyroceras mcfarlani Foerste, Reference Foerste1932 from the Chatfieldian-age Perryville Member of the Lexington Limestone in Kentucky (Foerste, Reference Foerste1932, pl. 14, fig. 5), reillustrated as “Spyroceras” mcfarlani by Flower (Reference Flower1946, pl. 5, fig. 5). Foerste (Reference Foerste1932, p. 107, 108) did not comment on that structure before noting that annulations fade on one side in Gorbyoceras, something not seen as wedges on photographs of various Gorbyoceras species in Flower (Reference Flower1946) and Frey (Reference Frey1995). Significantly, the longitudinal lirae of the Kentucky specimen pass undeflected across the wedge-like annulations, indicating that the latter were not due to pathological damage during formation of the shell aperture or to deformation during fossilization.

Coral data

Streptelasma rutkae n. sp. from the Whirlpool Formation is considered most closely related to S. subregulare, which is the most abundant and widespread coral in the Edgewood Province of the east-central United States (Elias and Young, Reference Elias and Young1998; Elias et al., Reference Elias, Young, Lee, Bae, Harper and Servais2013a) (Fig. 1.1). The coral fauna in the Edgewood Province was initially thought to range from the latest Ordovician (Hirnantian; Gamachian) to earliest Silurian (Llandovery, Rhuddanian), based primarily on earlier interpretations of conodonts and brachiopods, as well as the corals themselves (McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990; Elias and Young, Reference Elias, Young, Webby and Laurie1992; Young and Elias, Reference Young and Elias1995). More recently, the HICE has been recognized in some units containing Edgewood corals including S. subregulare, as follows: the lower Mosalem Formation in eastern Iowa (Fig. 1.1, area F), Wilhelmi Formation in northeastern Illinois (Fig. 1.1, area E), and Leemon Formation in southeastern Missouri (Fig. 1.1, area C) (Kleffner et al., Reference Kleffner, Bergström, Schmitz, Ludvigson and Bunker2005; Bergström et al., Reference Bergström, Saltzman and Schmitz2006, Reference Bergström, Kleffner and Schmitz2012). Consequently, the coral fauna in the Edgewood Province is now regarded as only Hirnantian in age (Elias et al., Reference Elias, Young, Lee, Bae, Harper and Servais2013a). Wang et al. (Reference Wang, Zhan and Percival2019) placed this fauna in their globally identifiable Transitional Benthic Fauna 3, probably limited to the late Hirnantian on the basis of biostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic data.

Given the apparent close relationship of S. subregulare and S. rutkae, the occurrence of S. rutkae is consistent with the interpretation that the Whirlpool Formation is Hirnantian. Also noteworthy, McAuley and Elias (Reference McAuley and Elias1990) mentioned that some coralla of S. subregulare are similar to S. affine from the Vaureal and Ellis Bay formations on Anticosti Island, Québec (Fig. 1.1, crosshatched area). Those strata are Late Ordovician in age, ranging from late Katian to Hirnantian (Richmondian–Gamachian) (Mauviel and Desrochers, Reference Mauviel and Desrochers2016).

Corals have been reported from the Manitoulin Formation at some localities where it overlies the Whirlpool Formation (Rutka, Reference Rutka1986). For example, Williams (Reference Williams1919) listed Enterolasma cf. E. geometricum (Foerste, Reference Foerste1890) and Paleofavosites asper (d'Orbigny, Reference d'Orbigny1850) at Hamilton (Fig. 1.1, white star) and Enterolasma cf. E. geometricum and Streptelasma cf. S. hoskinsoni Foerste, Reference Foerste1890 at adjacent Stoney Creek, Ontario. He illustrated specimens of those three species from the Manitoulin Formation on Manitoulin Island (Fig. 1.1), but the identifications and implied ages are questionable.

Enterolasma cf. E. geometricum from the Manitoulin Formation is unidentifiable on the basis of the lateral view of a corallum and a view of its calice, showing a morphologically simple solitary rugosan (Williams, Reference Williams1919, pl. 5, figs. 4a, b). That species was originally described by Foerste (Reference Foerste1890) as Streptelasma calicula var. geometricus from the Brassfield Formation of Ohio, which is considered Llandovery (Rhuddanian–Aeronian) in age (Sullivan et al., Reference Sullivan, McLaughlin, Brett, Cramer, Kleffner, Thomka and Emsbo2016). Foerste (Reference Foerste1893) subsequently identified it as Streptelasma? geometricum. Later, Foerste (Reference Foerste and Jillson1931) listed the species as E. geometricum but refigured it as Zaphrentis (?) geometricum. Weyer (Reference Weyer2007) considered it a questionable species of Palaeocyathus.

Streptelasma cf. S. hoskinsoni from the Manitoulin Formation is unidentifiable on the basis of the lateral view of a solitary rugosan (Williams, Reference Williams1919, pl. 5, fig. 5). Streptelasma hoskinsoni was originally described by Foerste (Reference Foerste1890) from Ohio, probably from the Brassfield Formation (Laub, Reference Laub1979). It was assigned to Dinophyllum Lindström, Reference Lindström1882 by Laub (Reference Laub1979), but could belong to Helicelasma or Parastreptelasma Li and Gong, Reference Li, Gong, Wang and Wang1996 according to McLean and Copper (Reference McLean and Copper2013). A silicified solitary rugosan from the Manitoulin Formation on Manitoulin Island was figured as Streptelasma sp. by Bolton (Reference Bolton1966, pl. 1, figs. 22, 27; Reference Bolton, Liberty and Shelden1968, fig. 12.2). The generic assignment cannot be confirmed on the basis of the lateral view of the corallum and a view of its calice, which shows a morphologically simple species with radially arranged septa and possibly a cardinal fossula (Bolton, Reference Bolton1966, pl. 1, fig. 22). The calice of a different specimen, also identified as Streptelasma sp., was illustrated by Bolton and Copeland (Reference Bolton, Copeland, Robertson and Card1972, pl. C, fig. 18). The corallum is morphologically simple, with major septa that join in small groups from which a few septal lobes may extend near the axis. Information on its ontogeny is required to confirm the generic assignment.

Regarding the tabulate coral Paleofavosites asper from the Manitoulin Formation, Williams (Reference Williams1919, pl. 6, figs. 1a, b) illustrated the exterior and longitudinal view of a broken corallum. The type area of that species is in the Welsh Borderland, where it occurs in the mid–late Silurian (Wenlock–Ludlow) (Powell and Scrutton, Reference Powell and Scrutton1978). The Manitoulin material illustrated by Williams (Reference Williams1919) was considered by Laub (Reference Laub1979) to be conspecific with specimens from the Brassfield Formation of Ohio, which he identified as P. prolificus (Billings, Reference Billings1865). Bolton (Reference Bolton1966, pl. 1, figs. 25, 26; Reference Bolton, Liberty and Shelden1968, fig. 12.20) and Bolton and Copeland (Reference Bolton, Copeland, Robertson and Card1972, pl. C, fig. 11) also illustrated coralla identified as P. asper from the Manitoulin Formation on Manitoulin Island and Bruce Peninsula (Fig. 1.1). Laub (Reference Laub1979) noted the similarity of those coralla and his Brassfield material identified as P. prolificus but was uncertain whether they are conspecific.

A coral that better contributes to an understanding of the age of the Manitoulin Formation is the tabulate Propora thebesensis paucivesiculosa (Bolton, Reference Bolton1957), which occurs on Bruce Peninsula and Manitoulin Island. Young and Elias (Reference Young and Elias1995) concluded that it is probably a geographic subspecies of P. thebesensis (Foerste, Reference Foerste1909). Propora thebesensis is widespread in the Hirnantian Edgewood Province and ranges into the upper Mosalem Formation in northwestern Illinois (Fig. 1.1, area F) (Elias and Young, Reference Elias, Young, Webby and Laurie1992; Young and Elias, Reference Young and Elias1995). The upper Mosalem may be Rhuddanian in age (Bergström et al., Reference Bergström, Kleffner and Schmitz2012). Young and Elias (Reference Young and Elias1995) noted that P. thebesensis also occurs on Anticosti Island in the Ellis Bay and Becscie formations, which range in age from Hirnantian to Rhuddanian (Mauviel and Desrochers, Reference Mauviel and Desrochers2016). Thus, P. thebesensis paucivesiculosa is consistent with the interpretation that the Manitoulin Formation is latest Ordovician to possibly earliest Silurian.

On Manitoulin Island, corals occur in the upper (Kagawong) submember of the upper member, Georgian Bay Formation, which underlies the Manitoulin Formation. They include Streptelasma divaricans (Nicholson, Reference Nicholson1875) and representatives of the colonial rugosan genus Cyathophylloides Dybowski, Reference Dybowski1873 and the tabulate genera Calapoecia Billings, Reference Billings1865 and Nyctopora Nicholson, Reference Nicholson1879 (Elias, Reference Elias1982; Elias et al., Reference Elias, Young, Lee, Bae, Harper and Servais2013a). McLean and Copper (Reference McLean and Copper2013) placed S. divaricans in the poorly known genus Parastreptelasma on the basis of its long, thin major septa in the late ontogenetic stage. They noted that the type species of Parastreptelasma, P. raritabulatum Li and Gong, Reference Li, Gong, Wang and Wang1996, has long, slender major septa throughout ontogeny. However, S. divaricans is a highly variable species that includes some coralla with short major septa and an open axial region in the late stage and some with moderately dilated septa in the early stage (Elias, Reference Elias1982). Those characters are typical of Streptelasma (see Systematic paleontology). The coral fauna in the upper Georgian Bay Formation is characteristic of the Richmond Province in eastern North America, which is Late Ordovician (late Katian; Richmondian) in age (Elias et al., Reference Elias, Young, Lee, Bae, Harper and Servais2013a).

Within the Cincinnati Arch region, rugose corals are present in the basal bed of the Belfast Member, Whippoorwill Formation, in Kentucky (Brett and Ray, Reference Brett and Ray2005). Foerste (Reference Foerste1923, p. 74) reported Enterolasma caliculum (Hall, Reference Hall1852) from just below the “typical Belfast” in Ohio. That taxonomic identification is questionable as it has been applied to solitary rugosans from a wide range of Silurian strata in eastern North America (e.g., see Bassler, Reference Bassler1915). Nevertheless, it suggests a taxon that is different from the Richmondian species in the Cincinnati Arch region—S. divaricans and Grewingkia canadensis (Billings, Reference Billings1862)—with which Foerste was familiar (Elias, Reference Elias1982, Reference Elias1983).

Cephalopod data

The presence of the annulated orthoconic cephalopod Gorbyoceras sp. in the Whirlpool Formation supports other evidence indicating a latest Ordovician, rather than Silurian, age for the formation. Gorbyoceras has a lengthy range in the Late Ordovician of North America (Flower, Reference Flower1946; Frey, Reference Frey1995). The youngest Richmondian occurrences are in the Cincinnati Arch region, where G. hammelli and G. crossi Flower, Reference Flower1946 are present in the Hitz Member of the Saluda Formation in southeastern Indiana. The Hitz is latest Richmondian in age (Brett et al., Reference Brett, Aucoin, Dattilo, Freeman, Hartshorn, McLaughlin and Schwalbach2020).

Some annulated orthocones occur in strata that may be, or are, Hirnantian in age. Within the Cincinnati Arch region, Foerste (Reference Foerste1923) described Spyroceras microtextile from beneath the Brassfield limestone in southwestern Ohio, in strata he later provisionally termed “Centerville formation” (Foerste, Reference Foerste and Jillson1931, p. 185). That unit is now known as the Centerville Member of the Whippoorwill Formation (Waid, Reference Waid2018). Foerste (Reference Foerste1923) considered S. microtextile to have Ordovician affinity. Annulated cephalopods from the “typical massive Belfast bed” in southern Ohio were identified by Foerste (Reference Foerste1923, p. 74) as possibly Dawsonoceras. Those strata are now known as the Belfast Member of the Whippoorwill Formation (Waid, Reference Waid2018). The Whippoorwill may be Hirnantian in age (Waid, Reference Waid2018; Farnam et al., Reference Farnam, Brett, Huff, Sturmer and Paton2019; Farnam and Brett, Reference Farnam and Brett2021). Foerste (Reference Foerste and Twenhofel1928) described S. ferum (Billings, Reference Billings1866) and S. microcancellatum Foerste, Reference Foerste and Twenhofel1928 from the Ellis Bay Formation (Hirnantian; Mauviel and Desrochers, Reference Mauviel and Desrochers2016) on Anticosti Island (Fig. 1.1, crosshatched area). Flower (Reference Flower1946) suspected that S. ferum is very closely related to G. hammelli. The only cephalopod identified from Hirnantian strata in the area of the Edgewood Province is Dawsonoceras tenuilineatum Savage, Reference Savage1913. Savage (Reference Savage1913, p. 119) described it from the “Channahon limestone” in northeastern Illinois (Fig. 1.1, area E), now known as the Wilhelmi Formation (Willman, Reference Willman1973). Savage (Reference Savage1913, table on p. 24–25) also reported Dawsonoceras cf. D. tenuilineatum from the “Edgewood formation” near Edgewood, northeastern Missouri (Fig. 1.1, area D). It presumably occurs in the “Cyrene member” (Savage, Reference Savage1913, p. 22), now known as the Cyrene Formation (Thompson and Satterfield, Reference Thompson and Satterfield1975). Flower (Reference Flower1962) noted that D. tenuilineatum is inadequately known but nevertheless listed it with other described species of that genus.

Cephalopods have been identified from the Manitoulin Formation where it overlies the Georgian Bay Formation on Manitoulin Island, overlies the Queenston Formation on Bruce Peninsula, and overlies the Whirlpool Formation in southern Ontario (Williams, Reference Williams1919; Bolton, Reference Bolton1957). They have also been listed from the Power Glen Formation where it overlies the Whirlpool in southern Ontario (Bolton, Reference Bolton1957). These cephalopods are not annulated; they are unrelated to Gorbyoceras sp. from the Whirlpool Formation.

The youngest cephalopods in the Queenston Formation have been reported from a limestone interval (Prairie Point biostrome) in about the middle of the formation on Bruce Peninsula (Liberty and Bolton, Reference Liberty and Bolton1971). On Manitoulin Island, cephalopods occur in the upper (Kagawong) submember of the upper member of the Georgian Bay Formation (Foerste, Reference Foerste1924; Caley, Reference Caley1936). The cephalopod-bearing strata in both those units are considered Richmondian in age. None of the cephalopods are annulated; they bear no resemblance to Gorbyoceras sp. from the Whirlpool Formation. On Manitoulin Island, cephalopods also occur in the Richmondian-age lower (Meaford) submember of the upper member of the Georgian Bay Formation (Foerste, Reference Foerste1924; Caley, Reference Caley1936; Copper, Reference Copper1978). Among them are Gorbyoceras hammelli and Spyroceras parksi Foerste, Reference Foerste1924. The latter species, considered closely similar to G. crossi by Flower (Reference Flower1946), was placed in Anaspyroceras by Copper (Reference Copper1978).

Corals

Streptelasma subregulare and Propora thebesensis in the Edgewood Province of the east-central United States (Fig. 1.1) most closely resemble S. rutkae n. sp. in the Whirlpool Formation and P. thebesensis paucivesiculosa in the Manitoulin Formation of southern Ontario, respectively. The species- and subspecies-level differences presumably resulted from genetic differentiation of populations and geographic speciation in the latest Ordovician (Hirnantian), given the following evidence that the epeiric sea extended between those areas. In northeastern Illinois (Fig. 1.1, area E), S. subregulare occurs in the Schweizer and overlying Birds members comprising the Wilhelmi Formation (McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990; Elias, Reference Elias, Chaplin and Barrick1992). Propora thebesensis is also present in the Wilhelmi (Young and Elias, Reference Young and Elias1995). A δ¹³C excursion in the Wilhelmi Formation has been identified as the HICE (Bergström et al., Reference Bergström, Kleffner and Schmitz2012). The Schweizer Member extends into the subsurface of northwestern Indiana as the lower unit of the Sexton Creek Limestone (Rexroad and Droste, Reference Rexroad and Droste1982). A small-amplitude δ¹³C excursion, thought to represent the upper part of the HICE, occurs in the lower Sexton Creek (Degraeuwe, Reference Degraeuwe2019). Associated chitinozoans indicate an age in the range of latest Ordovician to earliest Silurian (Degraeuwe, Reference Degraeuwe2019). In the subsurface of northeastern Indiana, the Sexton Creek Limestone grades into the Cataract Formation, with the Manitoulin Dolomite Member at its base (Rexroad and Droste, Reference Rexroad and Droste1982). The Manitoulin Dolomite continues in the subsurface of southern Michigan (Lilienthal, Reference Lilienthal1978) and northwestern Ohio (Larsen, Reference Larsen1998), to the Manitoulin and Whirlpool formations in southern Ontario (Johnson, Reference Johnson1998).

Corals were also able to spread elsewhere in the cratonic interior during the Hirnantian. In the Grand Rapids Uplands of Manitoba (Fig. 1.1, black star), a poorly preserved fauna occurs in the upper Stonewall Formation (Demski et al., Reference Demski, Wheadon, Stewart, Elias, Young, Nowlan and Dobrzanski2015). It includes the tabulates Propora cf. P. thebesensis (Elias et al., Reference Elias, Young, Stewart, Demski, Porter, Lukie, Nowlan and Dobrzanski2013b, fig. 39b, c), Paleofavosites sp., and Aulopora sp. and the solitary rugosans Streptelasma sp. and Rhegmaphyllum sp. Associated conodonts and a positive δ¹³C excursion in the upper Stonewall indicate a Hirnantian age (Demski et al., Reference Demski, Wheadon, Stewart, Elias, Young, Nowlan and Dobrzanski2015). The coral fauna in the upper Stonewall Formation is somewhat similar to that in the Edgewood Province, where P. thebesensis and representatives of Paleofavosites Twenhofel, Reference Twenhofel1914 and Streptelasma are widespread, although Aulopora Goldfuss, Reference Goldfuss1829 is rare (Elias and Young, Reference Elias and Young1998). In the geographic area of the Edgewood Province, Rhegmaphyllum sp. appears in strata immediately above those containing characteristic Edgewood corals (McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990; Elias, Reference Elias, Chaplin and Barrick1992). It occurs in the upper Mosalem Formation (Fig. 1.1, area F), lower Elwood Formation (Fig. 1.1, area E), and lower Bowling Green Dolomite (Fig. 1.1, area D), which have been considered earliest Silurian (Rhuddanian) in age (Bergström et al., Reference Bergström, Kleffner and Schmitz2012). However, in northern Arkansas (Fig. 1.1, open circle), Rhegmaphyllum sp. is present in oolite of the lower Cason Formation (McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990); associated brachiopods and conodonts indicate a Hirnantian age (Amsden, Reference Amsden, Amsden and Barrick1986; Barrick, Reference Barrick, Amsden and Barrick1986). In correlative shale of the lower Cason (Fig. 1.1, area B), Rhegmaphyllum sp. is absent from a coral fauna belonging to the Edgewood Province (McAuley and Elias, Reference McAuley and Elias1990; Young and Elias, Reference Young and Elias1995).

Beyond the paleocontinent Laurentia, corals resembling those of the Edgewood Province have been recognized in South China, Baltica, and Kolyma, forming a widespread “Edgewood coral fauna” that is probably limited in age to the late Hirnantian (Wang et al., Reference Wang, Zhan and Percival2019, p. 17).

Cephalopods

The annulated cephalopod Gorbyoceras sp. is considered to have arrived in the depositional area of the Whirlpool Formation in southern Ontario during a Hirnantian marine transgression. A likely source area was the Cincinnati Arch region, where G. hammelli and G. crossi are present in latest Richmondian strata in southeastern Indiana. Cephalopods also occur in the Centerville Member of the Whippoorwill Formation in southwestern Ohio (Foerste, Reference Foerste1923, Reference Foerste and Jillson1931), which may prove to be Hirnantian (Farnam et al., Reference Farnam, Brett, Huff, Sturmer and Paton2019; Farnam and Brett, Reference Farnam and Brett2021). One of them is an annulated species, Spyroceras microtextile, in need of modern study and generic reassignment. In the subsurface, the Centerville grades eastward into the Whirlpool Formation (Waid, Reference Waid2018). Thus, there was a pathway for cephalopods from the Cincinnati Arch region to the area of Whirlpool deposition in southern Ontario.