Arakawa, A. 1966 Computational design for long-term numerical integration of the equations of fluid motion. Two-dimensional incompressible flow. Part IJ. Comput. Phys 1 119
Arakawa, A. 1972 Design of the UCLA general circulation modelDepartment of Meteorology, UCLA. Los AngelesUniversity of California
Arakawa, A. 2004 The cumulus parameterization problem. Past, present and futureJ. Climate 17 2493
Arakawa, A.Moorthi, S. 1988 Baroclinic instability in vertically discrete systemsJ. Atmos. Sci 45 1688
Arakawa, A.Schubert, W. H. 1974 Interaction of cumulus cloud ensemble with the large scale environment. Part IJ. Atmos. Sci 31 674
Ashford, O. M. 1985 Prophet or Professor? The Life and Work of Lewis Fry RichardsonBristol and BostonAdam Hilger Ltd
Asselin, R. 1972 Frequency filter for time integrationsMon. Wea. Rev 100 487
Baer, F. 1972 An alternate scale representation of atmospheric energy spectraJ. Atmos. Sci 29 649
Baer, F.Tribbia, J. 1977 On complete filtering of gravity modes through non-linear initializationMon. Wea. Rev 115 272
Ballish, B.Cao, X.Kalnay, E.Kanamitsu, M. 1992 Incremental nonlinear normal mode initializationMon. Wea. Rev 120 1723
Barker, D. M.Huang, W.Guo, Y.-R.Bourgeois, A.Xiao, X. N. 2004 A three-dimensional variational data assimilation system for MM5: implementation and initial resultsMon. Wea. Rev 132 897
Barré de Saint-Venant, A. J. C. 1871 Théorie du mouvement non permanent des eaux avec application aux crues des rivières et à l’introduction des marées dans leur litComptes Rendus de l’Academie des Sciences V, 73 147
Bechtold, P.Bazile, E.Guichard, F.Mascart, P.Richard, E. 2001 A mass flux convection scheme for regional and global modelsQuart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc 127 869
Belamari, S.Pirani, A. 2007
Belousov, S. L. 1962 Tables of Normalized Associated Legendre-PolynomialsLondonPergamon Press
Bénard, P.Marki, A.Neytchev, P. N.Prtenjak, M. T. 2000 Stabilization of nonlinear vertical diffusion schemes in the context of NWP modelsMon. Wea. Rev 128 1937
Bénard, P. 2003 Stability of semi-implicit and iterative centred-implicit time discretisations for various equation systems used in NWPMon. Wea. Rev 131 2479
Bénard, P. 2004 On the use of a wider class of linear systems for the design of constant-coefficients semi-implicit time schemes in NWPMon. Wea. Rev 132 1319
Bénard, P.Marki, A.Neytchev, P. N.Prtenjak, M. T. 2000 Stabilization of nonlinear vertical diffusion schemes in the context of NWP modelsMon. Wea. Rev 128 1937
Bénard, P.Laprise, R.Vivoda, J.Smolikova, P. 2004 Stability of leap-frog constant-coefficients semi-implicit schemes for the fully elastic system of Euler equations. Flat-terrain caseMon. Wea. Rev., 132 1306
Bénard, P.Vivoda, J.Mašek, J.Smolíková, P.Yessad, K.Smith, Ch.Brožková, R.Geleyn, J. F. 2010 Dynamical kernel of the Aladin-NH spectral limited-area model: revised formulation and sensitivity experimentsQuart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc 136 155
Benwell, G. R. R.Gadd, A. J.Keers, J. F.Timpson, M. S.White, P. W. 1971 The Bushby-Timpson 10-level model on a fine meshBracknell, UKMeteorological Office
Bergthorsson, P.Döös, B. 1955 Numerical weather map analysisTellus 7 329
Berre, L. 2000 Estimation of synoptic and mesoscale forecast error covariances in a limited area modelMon. Wea. Rev 128 644
Berre, L.Stefanescu, S. E.Pereira, M. B. 2006 The representation of the analysis effect in three error simulation techniquesTellus 58A 196
Bhumralkar, C. M. 1975 Numerical experiments on the computation of the ground surface temperature in atmospheric general circulation modelJ. Appl. Meteor 14 67
Bishop, C. H.Toth, Z. 1999 Ensemble transformation and adaptive observationsJ. Atmos. Sci 56 1748
Bishop, C.Etherton, B.Majundar, S. 2001 Adaptive sampling with the ensemble transform Kalman filter. Part I: theoretical aspectsMon. Wea. Rev 129 420
Bjerknes, V. 1904 Das problem von der Wettervorhersage, betrachtet vom Standpunkt der Mechanik und der PhysikMeteor. Zeitschrift 21 1e
Blackadar, A. K. 1962 The vertical distribution of wind and turbulent exchange in a neutral atmosphereJ. Geophys. Res 67 3095
Blackadar, A. K. 1976 Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Atmospheric Turbulence, Diffusion and Air QualityBostonAmerican Meteorological Society
Boer, G. J.McFarlane, N. A.Laprise, R.Henderson, J. D.Blanchet, J. P. 1984 The Canadian Climate Centre spectral atmospheric general circulation modelAtmosphère-Ocan 22 397
Bolin, B. 1955 Numerical forecasting with the barotropic modelTellus 7 27
Bougeault, P. 1983 A non-reflective boundary condition for limited-height hydrostatic modelsMon. Wea. Rev 111 420
Bougeault, P. 1985 A simple parameterization of the large-scale effects of cumulus convectionMon. Wea. Rev., 113 2108
Bougeault, P.Lacarrère, P. 1989 Parameterization of orography-induced turbulence in a meso-beta scale modelMon. Wea. Rev 117 1870
Bourke, W. 1972 An efficient one-level primitive-equation spectral modelMon. Wea. Rev 100 683
Bourke, W. 1974 A multi-level spectral model. Formulation and hemispheric integrationsMon. Wea. Rev 102 687
Bourke, W.McGregor, J. L. 1983 A nonlinear vertical mode initialization scheme for a limited area prediction modelMon. Wea. Rev 111 2285
Bouteloup, Y.Seity, Y.Bazile, E. 2011 Description of the sedimentation scheme used operationally in all Météo-France NWP modelsTellus 63 300
Bouttier, F.Courtier, P. 1999 Training course notes of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather ForecastsReadingEuropean Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts
Bratseth, A. M. 1986 Statistical interpolation by means of successive correctionsTellus 38A 439
Bretherton, C. S.McCaa, J. R.Grenier, H. 2004 A new parameterization for shallow cumulus convection and its application to marine subtropical cloud-topped boundary layers. Part I: description and 1-D resultsMon. Wea. Rev 132 864
Brière, S. 1982 Nonlinear normal mode initialization of a limited area modelMon. Wea. Rev 110 1166
Brousseau, P.Bouttier, F.Hello, G.Seity, Y.Fischer, C.Berre, L.Montmerle, T.Auger, L.Malardel, S. 2008 A prototype convective-scale data assimilation system for operation: the AROME-RUCNorrköping, SwedenSwedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Bubnová, R.Hello, G.Bénard, P.Geleyn, J.-F. 1995 Integration of the fully elastic equations cast in the hydrostatic pressure terrain-following coordinate in the framework of the ARPEGE/ALADIN NWP SystemMon. Wea. Rev 123 515
Buizza, R.Tribbia, J.Molteni, F.Palmer, T. N. 1993 Computation of optimal unstable structures for a numerical weather prediction modelTellus 45A 388
Burridge, D. M. 1975 A split semi-implicit reformulation of the Bushby-Timpson 10-level modelQuart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc 101 777
Bushby, F. H. 1987 Collection of papers presented at the WMO/IUGG SymposiumTokyoMeteorological Society of Japan
Businger, J. A.Wyngard, J. C.Izumi, Y.Bradley, E. F. 1971 Flux profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layerJ. Atmos. Sci 28 181
Catry, B.Geleyn, J.-F.Bouyssel, F.Cedilnik, J.Brožková, R.Derkova, M.Mladek, R. 2008 A new sub-grid scale lift formulation in a mountain drag parameterisation schemeMeteor. Zeitschrift 17 193
Catry, B.Geleyn, J.-F.Tudor, M.Bénard, P.Trojakova, A. 2007 Flux-conservative thermodynamic equations in a mass-weighted frameworkTellus 59A 71
Caya, D.Laprise, R. 1999 A semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian regional climate model: The Canadian RCMMon. Wea. Rev 127 341
Charney, J. G. 1948 On the scale of atmospheric motionsGeofys. Publ 17 1
Charney, J. G. 1954 Numerical prediction of cyclogenesisProc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S., 40 99
Charney, J. G. 1955 The use of the primitive equations of motion in numerical predictionTellus 7 22
Charney, J. G. 1962 Proceedings of the International Symposium on Numerical Weather PredictionTokyoMeteorological Society of Japan
Charney, J. G.Fjörtoft, R.von Neumann, J. 1950 Numerical integration of the barotropic vorticity equationTellus 2 237
Charney, J. G.Phillips, N. A. 1953 Numerical integration of the quasi-geostrophic equations for barotropic and simple baroclinic flowsJ. Atmos. Sci 10 71
Charnock, H. 1955 Wind stress in a water surfaceQuart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc 81 639
Coiffier, J.Ernie, Y.Geleyn, J.-F.Clochard, J.Hoffman, J.Dupont, F. 1987 Collection of papers presented at the WMO/IUGG SymposiumTokyoMeteorological Society of Japan337
Coiffier, J.Chapelet, P.Marie, N. 1987 Proceedings of the ECMWF Workshop on Techniques for Horizontal Discretization in Numerical Weather Prediction ModelsReadingEuropean Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts19
Cooley, J. W.Tukey, J. W. 1965 An algorithm for the machine computation of complex Fourier seriesMath. Comp 19 297
Côté, J.Roch, M.Staniforth, A.Fillion, L. 1993 A variable resolution semi-Lagrangian finite-element global model of the shallow water equationsMon. Wea. Rev 121 231
Côté, J.Gravel, S.Méthot, A.Patoine, A.Roch, M.Staniforth, A. 1998 The operational CMC-MRB global environmental multiscale (GEM) model. Part I: design considerations and formulationMon. Wea. Rev 126 1373
Courant, R.Friedrichs, K. O.Lewy, H. 1928 Über die partiellen Differenzen-Gleichungen der mathematischen PhysikMath. Annalen 100 32
Courtier, P. 1997 Variational methodsJ. Meteor. Soc. Japan 75 211
Courtier, P.Geleyn, J.-F. 1988 A global numerical weather prediction model with variable resolution: application to the shallow water equationsQuart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc 114 1321
Courtier, P.Thépaut, J.N.Hollingsworth, A. 1994 A strategy for operational implementation of 4D-Var using an incremental approachQuart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc 120 1367
Craig, G. C. 1996 Dimensional analysis of a convecting atmosphere in equilibrium with external forcingQuart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122 1963
Cressman, G. P. 1958 Barotropic divergence and very long atmospheric wavesMon. Wea. Rev., 86 293
Cressman, G. P. 1959 An operational objective analysis systemMon. Wea. Rev., 87 367
Cressman, G. P. 1963 A three-level model suitable for daily numerical forecastingWashington, DCWeather Bureau, ESSA, US Department of Commerce
Cressman, G. P. 1996 Historical Essays on Meteorology, 1919–1995Fleming, J. R.BostonAmerican Meteorological Society
Cullen, M. J. P. 1973 A simple finite element method for meteorological problemsJ. Inst. Math. Applics., 11 1531.
Cullen, M. J. P. 2001 Alternative implementations of the semi-Lagrangian semi-implicit schemes in the ECMWF modelQuart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc 127 2787
Cullen, M. J. P.James, J. 1994 Proceedings of the Tenth AMS Conference on Numerical Weather PredictionBostonAmerican Meteorological Society
Cuxart, J. P.Bougeault, P.Redelsperger, J. L. 2000 A turbulence scheme allowing for mesoscale and large-eddy simulationsQuart. J. Roy. Met. Soc 126 1
Dady, G. 1969 Mtorologie Dynamique et Prvision NumriqueParisÉcole de la Météorologie, Direction de la Météorologie Nationale
Daley, R. 1980 On the optimal specification of the initial state for deterministic forecastingMon. Wea. Rev 108 1719
Daley, R. 1991 Atmospheric Data AnalysisCambridgeCambridge University Press
Davies, H. C. 1973 On the lateral boundary conditions for primitive equationsJ. Atmos. Sci 30 147
Davies, H. C. 1976 A lateral boundary formulation for multi-level prediction modelsQuart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc 102 405
Davies, H. C.Turner, R. E. 1977 Updating prediction models by dynamical relaxation: An examination of the techniqueQuart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc 103 225
Deardorff, J. W. 1972 Numerical investigation of neutral and unstable planetary boundary layersJ. Atmos. Sci 29 91
Deardorff, J. W. 1977 Efficient prediction of ground surface temperature and moisture with inclusion of a layer of vegetationJ. Geophys. Res 83 1889
De Moor, G. 2006 Couche Limite Atmosphrique et Turbulence. Les Bases de la Micromtorologie DynamiqueToulouseMétéo-France
Déqué, M.Cariolle, D. 1986 Some destabilizing properties of the Asselin time-filter modellingMon. Wea. Rev 114 880
Déqué, M.Dreveton, C.Braun, A.Cariolle, D. 1994 The ARPEGE/IFS atmosphere model. A contribution to the French community climate modellingClimate Dyn 10 249
Der Megreditchian, G. 1992 Le Traitement Statistique des Donnes Multidimensionnelles. Application la MtorologieToulouseÉcole Nationale de la Météorologie, Météo-France
Der Megreditchian, G. 1993 Le Traitement Statistique des Donnes Multidimensionnelles. Application la MtorologieToulouseÉcole Nationale de la Météorologie, Météo-France
Dickinson, R. E.Williamson, D. L. 1972 Free oscillation of a discrete stratified fluid with application to numerical weather predictionJ. Atmos. Sci., 29 623
Doswell III, C. ADavies-Jones, R.Keller, D. L. 1990 On summary measures of skill in rare event forecasting based on contingency tablesWeather and Forecasting 5 576
Du, J.Tracton, M. S. 1999 Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic ModelingGenevaWorld Meteorological Organization
Dudhia, J. 1995 Reply to comment on “A nonhydrostatic version of the Penn State / NCAR mesoscale model: Validation tests and simulations of an Atlantic cyclone and cold front” by J. SteppelerMon. Wea. Rev 123 2571
Durran, R. D.Klemp, J. B. 1983 A compressible model for the simulation of moist mountain wavesMon. Wea. Rev 111 2341
Ebert, E.Curry, J. A. 1992 A parameterization of ice cloud optical properties for climate modelsJ. Geophys. Res 97 3831
Edelmann, W. 1972 Initial balancing and damping of gravity oscillations for forecast models including the orographyBeitr. Phys. Atmos 45 94
Eliassen, A. 1949 The quasi-static equations of motion with pressure as independent variableGeofys. Publ 17 3
Eliassen, A. 1956 A procedure for numerical integration of the primitive equations of the two-parameter model of the atmosphereLos AngelesUniversity of California
Eliassen, A.Palm, E. 1961 On the transfer of energy in stationary mountain wavesGeofys. Publ 22 1
Eliassen, E.Machenhauer, B.Rasmussen, E. 1970 On a numerical method for integration of the hydrodynamical equations with a spectral representation of the horizontal fieldsCopenhagenInstitute for Theoretical Meteorology
Elvius, T.Sundström, A. 1973 Computationally efficient schemes and boundary conditions for a fine mesh barotropic model based on the shallow water equationsTellus 25 132
Emanuel, K. A. 1994 Atmospheric ConvectionNew YorkOxford University Press
Epstein, E. S. 1969 Stochastic dynamic predictionsTellus 21 739
Evensen, G. 1994 Sequential data assimilation with a nonlinear quasi-geostrophic model using Monte-Carlo methods to forecast error statisticsJ. Geophy. Res., 99 143
Eymet, V.Dufresne, J. L.Ricchiazzi, P.Fournier, R.Blanco, S. 2004 Long-wave radiative analysis of cloudy scattering atmospheres using a net exchange formulationAtmos. Res., 72 239
Fischer, C.Montmerle, T.Auger, L.Lacroix, B. 2006 L’assimilation opérationnelle de données régionales à Météo-FranceLa Mtorologie, 8e srie5443
Fisher, M. 2003 Seminar on Recent Development in Data Assimilation for Atmosphere and OceanReadingEuropean Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts
Fjörtoft, R. 1952 On a numerical method of integrating the barotropic vorticity equationTellus 4 179
Fouquart, Y.Bonnel, B. 1980 Computations of solar heating of the Earth’s atmosphere. A new parameterizationBeitr. Phys. Atmos 53 35
Gandin, L. S. 1963 Objective Analysis of Meteorological FieldsLeningradGidromet
Gauthier, P.Thépaut, J.-N. 2001 Impact of the digital filter as a weak constraint in the preoperational 4DVAR assimilation system of Météo-FranceMon. Wea. Rev 129 2089
Geleyn, J.-F. 1987 Collection of papers presented at the WMO/IUGG SymposiumTokyoMeteorological Society of Japan
Geleyn, J.-F. 1988 Interpolation of wind, temperature, humidity values from model levels to the height of measurementTellus 40A 347
Geleyn, J.-F.Hollingsworth, A. 1979 An economical analytical method for the computation of the interaction between scattering and line absorption of radiationBeitr. Phys. Atmos 52 1
Geleyn, J.-F.Fournier, R.Hello, G.Pristov, N. 2005 WGNE Blue Book – Research Activities in Atmospheric and Ocean ModelingGenevaWorld Meteorological Organization
Geleyn, J.-F.Catry, B.Bouteloup, Y.Brožková, R. 2008 A statistical approach for sedimentation inside a micro-physical precipitation schemeTellus 60A 649
Gerard, L.Piriou, J.-M.Brožková, R.Geleyn, J.-F.Banciu, D. 2009 Cloud and precipitation parameterization in a meso-gamma scale operational weather prediction modelMon. Wea. Rev 137 3960
Gilchrist, B.Cressman, G. 1954 An experiment in objective analysisTellus, 8 61
Girard, C.Jarraud, M. 1982 Short and medium range forecast differences between a spectral and grid point model. An extensive quasi-operational comparisonReadingEuropean Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts
Girard, C.Delage, Y. 1990 Stable schemes for nonlinear vertical diffusion in atmospheric circulation modelsMon. Wea. Rev., 118 737
Glahn, H. R.Lowry, D. A. 1972 The use of model output statistics (MOS) in objective weather forecastingJ. Appl. Meteor 11 1203
Gleeson, T. A. 1966 A causal relation for probabilities in synoptic meteorologyJ. Appl. Meteor 5 365
Grenier, H.Bretherton, C. 2001 A moist PBL parameterization for large scale models and its application to subtropical cloud-topped marine boundary layersMon. Wea. Rev., 129 357
Grotjahn, R.O’ Brien, J. J. 1976 Some inaccuracies in finite differencing hyperbolic equationsMon. Wea. Rev 104 180
Guidard, VFischer, C.Nuret, M.Džiedžic, A. 2006 Evaluation of the ALADIN 3D-Var with observations of the MAP campaignMeteorol. Atmos. Phys 92 161
Halstead, M. H. 1954 The fluxes of momentum, heat, and water vapour in micrometeorologyJohns Hopkins University Publication in Climatology, 7 326
Herzog, H.-J. 1995 Testing a radiative upper boundary condition in a nonlinear model with hybrid vertical coordinateMeteorol. Atmos. Phys 55 185
Hildebrand, F. B. 1956 Introduction to Numerical AnalysisNew YorkMcGraw-Hill
Hinkelmann, K. H. 1951 Der Mechanismus der meteorologisches LärmTellus 3 285
Hinkelmann, K. H. 1959 The Atmosphere and Sea in motionBolin, B.New YorkRockefeller Institute Press and Oxford University Press
Hinkelmann, K. H. 1969 Regional Training SeminarLeningradHydrometeoizdat
Hollingsworth, A. 1980 Proceedings of the ECMWF Workshop on Stochastic Dynamic ForecastingReadingEuropean Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts
Hollingsworth, A. 1995 A spurious mode in the ‘Lorenz’ arrangement of ϕ and T which does not exist in the ‘Charney-Phillips’ arrangementReadingEuropean Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts
Hollmann, 1959 Transformation der Grundgleichungen der dynamischen Meteorologie in Koordinaten der stereographischen Projektion zum Zwecke der numerischen VorhersageBeitr. Phys. Atmos 31 162
Hortal, M. 2002 The development and testing of a new two-time-level semi-Lagrangian scheme (SETTLS) in the ECMWF forecast modelQuart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc 128 1671
Hortal, M.Simmons, A. 1991 Use of reduced Gaussian grids in spectral modelsMon. Wea. Rev 119 1057
Hoskins, B. J.Simmons, A. J. 1975 A multi-layer spectral model and the semi-implicit methodQuart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc 101 1231
Houtekamer, P. L.Lefaivre, L.Derome, J.Ritchie, H.Mitchell, H. L. 1996 A system simulation approach to Ensemble PredictionMon. Wea. Rev 124 1225
Houtekamer, P. L.Lefaivre, L. 1997 Using ensemble forecasts for model validationMon. Wea. Rev 125 2416
Houtekamer, P. L.Mitchell, H. L. 1998 Data assimilation using an ensemble Kalman filter techniqueMon. Wea. Rev 126 796
Hoyer, J. M. 1987 Proceedings of the ECMWF Workshop on Techniques for Horizontal Discretization in Numerical Weather Prediction ModelsReadingEuropean Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts
Imbard, M.Juvanon du Vachat, R.Joly, A.Durand, Y.Craplet, A.Geleyn, J.-F.Audoin, J.-M.Marie, N.Pairin, J.-M. 1987 Collection of papers presented at the WMO/IUGG SymposiumTokyoMeteorological Society of Japan
Joly, A. 1992 ARPEGE/ALADIN: adiabatic model equations and algorithmToulouseMétéo-France
Juvanon du Vachat, R. 1986 A general formulation of normal modes for limited-area models. Applications to initializationMon. Wea. Rev 114 2478
Juvanon du Vachat, R. 1988 Non-normal mode initialization: formulation and application to inclusion of the β-terms in the linearizationMon. Wea. Rev 116 2013
Kaas, E. 1987 The construction of and tests with a multi-level semi-Lagrangian and semi-implicit limited area modelGeophysics Institute, Copenhagen University
Kain, J. S.Fritsch, J. M. 1990 A one-dimensional entraining/detraining plume model and its application to convective parameterizationJ. Atmos. Sci 47 2784
Kallberg, P. 1977 Test of a lateral boundary relaxation scheme in a barotropic modelReadingEuropean Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts
Katayama, A. 1974 A simple scheme for computing radiative transfer in the troposphereLos AngelesUniversity of California
Kershaw, R.Gregory, D. 1997 Parameterization of momentum transport by the convection. Part I: Theory and cloud modeling resultsQuart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc 123 1135
Kesel, P. G.Winninghoff, F. G. 1972 The Fleet Numerical Weather Central operational primitive-equation modelMon. Wea. Rev 100 360
Kessler, E. 1969 Meteorological Monograph 32 Boston, MAAmerican Meteorological Society
Klein, W. H.Lewis, B. M.Enger, I. 1959 Objective prediction of five-day mean temperature during winterJ. Appl. Meteor 16 672
Klemp, J. B.Lilly, D. K. 1978 Numerical simulation of hydrostatic mountain wavesJ. Atmos. Sci 35 78
Klemp, J. B.Wilhelmson, R. B. 1978 The simulation of three-dimensional convective storm dynamicsJ. Atmos. Sci., 35 1070
Klemp, J. B.Durran, D. R. 1983 An upper boundary condition permitting internal gravity wave radiation in numerical mesoscale modelsMon. Wea. Rev 111 430
Klemp, J. B.Skamarock, W. C.Dudhia, J. 2007 Conservative split-explicit time integration methods for the compressible nonhydrostatic equationsMon. Wea. Rev 135 2897
Klemp, J. B.Dudhia, J.Hassiotis, A. 2008 An upper gravity wave absorbing layer for NWP applicationsMon. Wea. Rev 136 3987
Krishnamurti, T. N. 1962 Numerical integration of primitive equations by a quasi- Lagrangian advective schemeJ. Appl. Meteor 1 508
Krishnamurti, T. N.Kishtawal, C. M.Zhang, Z.LaRow, T. E.Bachiochi, D. R.Williford, C. E.Gadgil, S.Surendran, S. 2000 Improving tropical precipitation forecasts from a multi analysis superensembleJ. Climate 13 4217
Krylov, V. I. 1962 Approximate Calculation of IntegralsNew YorkMacMillan
Kuo, H. L. 1965 A theory of parameterization of cumulus convectionJ. Atmos. Sci 22 40
Kuo, H. L. 1974 Further studies of the parameterization of the influence of cumulus convection on large scale flowsJ. Atmos. Sci 31 1232
Kurihara, Y. 1965 On the use of implicit and iterative methods for the time integration of the wave equationMon. Wea. Rev 93 39
Kurihara, Y.Tuleya, R. E.Bender, M. A. 1998 The GFDL hurricane prediction system and its performance in the 1995 hurricane seasonMon. Wea. Rev 126 1306
Kwizak, M.Robert, A. 1971 A semi-implicit scheme for grid point atmospheric models of the primitive equationsMon. Wea. Rev 99 32
Lafore, J.-P.Stein, J.Asencio, N.Bougeault, P.Ducrocq, V.Duron, J.Fischer, C.Hereil, P.Mascart, P.Pinty, J.-P.Redelsperger, J.-L.Richard, E.Vila-Guerau de Arellano, J. 1998 The Meso-NH atmospheric simulation system. Part I: adiabatic formulation and control simulationsAnnales Geophysicae 16 90
Lanczos, C. 1956 Applied AnalysisEnglewood Cliffs, NJ, USAPrentice Hall. Republication
Laprise, R. 1992 The Euler equations of motion with hydrostatic pressure as independent variableMon. Wea. Rev 120 197
Le Dimet, F.Talagrand, O. 1986 Variational algorithms for analysis and assimilation of meteorological observations. Theoretical aspectsTellus 38A 97
Lehmann, R. 1993 On the choice of relaxation coefficients for Davies lateral boundary scheme for regional weather prediction modelsMeteor. Phys. Atmos., 52 1
Leith, C. E. 1974 Theoretical skill of Monte Carlo forecastsMon. Wea. Rev 102 409
Leith, C. E. 1980 Non linear normal mode initialization and quasi-geostrophic theoryJ. Atmos. Sci 37 958
Lepas, J. 1963 Prévision barotrope globale au niveau de pression 500 mbJournal de mcanique et de physique de l’atmosphre II-19 97
Leslie, L. M.Purser, R. J. 1992 A comparative study of the performance of various vertical discretization schemesMeteor. Atmos. Phys., 50 61
Lewis, J. M.Derber, J. C. 1985 The use of adjoint equations to solve a variational adjustment problem with advective constraintsTellus 37A 309
Lindzen, R. S. 1981 Turbulence and stress owing to gravity wave and tidal breakdownJ. Geophys. Res 86 9707
Lopez, P. 2002 Implementation and validation of a new prognostic large-scale cloud and precipitation scheme for climate and data-assimilation purposesQuart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc 128 229
Lorenc, A. 1981 A global three-dimensional multivariate statistical interpolation schemeMon. Wea. Rev 109 701
Lorenz, E. N. 1960 Energy and numerical weather predictionTellus, 12 364
Lorenz, E. N. 1967 The nature and theory of the general circulation of the atmosphereGenevaWorld Meteorological Organisation
Lorenz, E. N. 1969 The predictability of a flow which possesses many scales of motionTellus 21 289
Lott, F. 1999 Alleviation of stationary biases in a GCM through a mountain drag parameterization scheme and a simple representation of mountain lift forcesMon. Wea. Rev 127 788
Lott, F.Miller, M. 1997 A new sub-grid scale orographic drag parameterization: its formulation and testingQuart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc 123 101
Louis, J.-F. 1979 A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxesBoundary Layer Meteorology 17 187
Lynch, P. 1985 Initialization using Laplace transformsQuart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc 111 243
Lynch, P. 1994 The Life Cycles of Extratropical CyclonesShapiro, M. A.Grønås, SBostonAmerican Meteorological Society
Lynch, P.Huang, X.-Y. 1992 Initialization of the HIRLAM model using a digital filterMon. Wea. Rev 120 1019
Lynch, P.Huang, X.-Y. 1994 Diabatic initialization using recursive filtersTellus 46A 583
Lynch, P.Giard, D.Ivanovici, V. 1997 Improving the efficiency of a digital filtering schemeMon. Wea. Rev 125 1976
Lynch, P. 2006 The Emergence of Numerical Weather Prediction: Richardson’s DreamCambridgeCambridge University Press
Machenhauer, B. 1977 On the dynamics of gravity oscillations in a shallow water model with applications to normal mode initializationBeitr. Phys. Atmos 50 253
Machenhauer, B. 1979 Numerical Methods used in Atmospheric ModelsGenevaWorld Meteorological Organization
Machenhauer, B.Daley, R. 1972 A baroclinic primitive equation model with a spectral representation in three dimensionsCopenhagenInstitute for Theoretical Meteorology
Machenhauer, B.Haugen, J. E. 1987 Proceedings of the ECMWF Workshop on Techniques for Horizontal Discretization in Numerical Prediction ModelsReadingEuropean Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts
Malardel, S. 2005 Fondamentaux de Mtorologie: A l’École du TempsToulouse, FranceCépaduès éditions
Malkmus, W. 1967 Random Lorentz band model with exponential-tailed S–1 intensity distribution functionJ. Opt. Soc. Amer 57 323
Manabe, S.Strickler, R. F. 1964 On the thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a convective adjustmentJ. Atmos. Sci 21 361
Marshall, J. S.Palmer, W. M. K. 1948 The distribution of raindrops with sizeJ. Meteor., 5 16566.
Mašek, J. 2006 Influence of cloud geometry on saturation effectsPragueCzech Hydrometeorological Institute
Masson, V. 2000 A physically-based scheme for the urban energy budget in atmospheric modelsBound. Layer Meteor 94 357
Masson, V.Seity, Y. 2009 Including atmospheric layers in vegetation and urban offline surface schemesJ. Appl. Met. Clim 48 1377
Mesinger, F.Arakawa, A. 1976 Numerical Methods used in Atmospheric ModelsGenevaWorld Meteorological Organization
Mlawer, E. J.Taubman, S. J.Brown, P. D.Iacono, M. J.Clough, S. A. 1997 Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated k-model for the longwaveJ. Geophys. Res 102 16,663
Monin, A. S.Obukhov, A. M. 1954 Basic laws of turbulent mixing in the ground layer of the atmosphereTrans. Geophys. Inst. Akad. Nauk. USSR 151 163
Morcrette, J. 1991 Radiation and cloud radiative properties in the ECMWF forecasting systemJ. Geophys. Res 96D 9121
Morcrette, J. J.Fouquart, Y. 1986 The overlapping of cloud layers in shortwave radiation parameterizationsJ. Atmos. Sci., 43 321
Müller, R. 1989 A note on the relation between the traditional approximation and the metric of the primitive equationsTellus 41A 175
Mylne, K. R.Evans, R. E.Clark, R. T. 2002 Multi-model multi-analysis ensembles in quasi-operational medium-range forecastingQuart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc 128 361
Noilhan, J.Planton, S. 1989 A simple parameterization of land surface processes for meteorological modelsMon. Wea. Rev 117 536
Noilhan, J.Mahfouf, J.-F. 1996 The ISBA land surface parameterization schemeGlobal and Planet. Change 13 145
Orlanski, I. 1975 A rational subdivision of scales for atmospheric processesBull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 56 527
Orlanski, I. 1975 A simple boundary condition for unbounded hyperbolic flowsJ. Comput. Phys., 21 251
Orszag, S. A. 1970 Transform method for the calculation of vector-coupled sums. Application to the spectral form of the vorticity equationJ. Atmos. Sci 27 890
Pailleux, J.Geleyn, J.-F.Legrand, E. 2000 La prévision numérique du temps avec les modèles Arpège et Aladin. Bilan et perspectivesLa Mtorologiee 30 32
Palmer, T. N. 2001 A nonlinear dynamical perspective on model error. A proposal for non-local stochastic-dynamic parameterization in weather and climate prediction modelsQuart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc 127 279
Palmer, T. N.Shutts, G. J.Swinbank, R. 1986 Alleviation of systematic westerly bias in general circulation and numerical weather prediction models through an orographic gravity wave drag parameterizationQuart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc 112 2056
Parrish, D. F.Derber, J. C. 1992 The National Meteorological Center’s Spectral Statistical Interpolation analysis systemMon. Wea. Rev 120 1747
Pergaud, J.Masson, V.Malardel, S.Couvreux, F. 2009 A parameterization of dry thermals and shallow cumuli for mesoscale numerical weather predictionBound. Layer Meteor 132 83
Perkey, D. J.Kreitzberg, W. 1976 A time-dependent lateral boundary scheme for limited area primitive equation modelsMon. Wea. Rev., 104 744
Persson, A. O. 1991 Lectures presented at the WMO Training Workshop on the Interpretation of NWP Products in terms of Local Weather Phenomena and their VerificationGenevaWorld Meteorological Organization
Phillips, N. A. 1957 A coordinate system having some special advantages for numerical forecastingJ. Meteor 14 184
Phillips, N. A. 1959 The Atmosphere and the Sea in MotionBolin, B.New YorkRockefeller Institute Press and Oxford University Press
Phillips, N. A. 1966 The equations of motion for a shallow rotating atmosphere and the ‘traditional approximation’J. Atmos. Sci 25 1154
Phillips, N. A.Shukla, J. 1973 On the strategy of combining coarse and fine grid meshes in numerical weather predictionJ. Appl. Met 12 736
Phillips, O. M. 1960 The dynamics of unsteady gravity waves of finite amplitude. Part IJ. Fluid Mech 9 193
Pinty, J.-P.Jabouille, P. 1998 Proceedings of the AMS Conference on Cloud PhysicsBostonAmerican Meteorological Society
Piriou, J.-M. 2005 Reprsentation de la convection dans les modles globaux et rgionaux: concepts, quations, tudes de casUniversité Paul Sabatier, Toulouse
Piriou, J.-M.Redelsperger, J.-L.Geleyn, J.-F.Lafore, J.-P.Guichard, F. 2007 An approach of convective parameterization, with memory, in separating microphysics and transport in grid-scale equationsJ. Atmos. Sci 64 4127
Plant, R. S. 2010 A review of the theoretical basis for bulk mass flux convective parameterizationAtmos. Chem. Phys 10 3529
Platzman, G. W. 1979 The ENIAC computation of 1950. Gateway to numerical weather predictionBull. Amer. Meteor. Soc 60 302
Pône, R. 1993 Les débuts de l’informatique à la division ‘Prévision’ de la Météorologie NationaleLa Mtorologiee 3 36
Prandtl, L. 1932 Meteorologische Anwendungen der StromungslehreBeitr. Phys. Atmos 19 188
Pudykiewicz, J.Benoit, R.Staniforth, A. 1985 Preliminary results from a partial LRTAP model based on an existing meteorological forecast modelAtmosphre-Ocan 23 267
Rabier, F.Mahfouf, J.-F.Klinker, E. 2000 Une nouvelle technique d’assimilation des données d’observation au CEPMMT: l’assimilation variationnelle quadridimensionnelleLa Mtorologiee 30 87
Radnóti, G. 1995 Comments on ‘A spectral limited-area formulation with time-dependent boundary conditions for the shallow-water equationsMon. Wea. Rev 123 3122
Rasch, P. J. 1985 Developments in normal mode initialization. Part II : a new method and its comparison with currently used schemesMon. Wea. Rev 113 1753
Richardson, L. F. 1922 Weather Prediction by Numerical ProcessCambridgeCambridge University Press
Richtmyer, R. T.Morton, W. 1967 Difference Methods for Initial-value ProblemsNew YorkJohn Wiley & Sons
Ritchie, H. 1986 Eliminating the interpolation associated with the semi-Lagrangian schemeMon. Wea. Rev., 114 135
Ritchie, H. 1988 Application of the semi-Lagrangian method to a spectral model of the shallow water equationsMon. Wea. Rev 116 1587
Ritchie, H.Tanguay, M. 1996 A comparison of spatially Eulerian and Semi-Lagrangian treatment of mountainsMon. Wea. Rev 124 167
Ritter, B.Geleyn, J.-F. 1992 A comprehensive radiation scheme for numerical weather prediction models with potential applications in climate simulationsMon. Wea. Rev 120 303
Rivest, C.Staniforth, A.Robert, A. 1994 Spurious resonant response of semi-Lagrangian discretization to orographic forcing: Diagnosis and solutionMon. Wea. Rev., 122 366
Robe, F. R.Emanuel, K. A. 1996 Moist convective scaling. Some inferences from three-dimensional cloud ensemble simulationsJ. Atmos. Sci 53 3265
Robert, A. J. 1966 The integration of a low-order spectral form of the primitive equationsJ. Meteor. Soc. Japan 44 237
Robert, A. J. 1969 Proceedings of the WMO/IUGG Symposium on Numerical Weather PredictionTokyoMeteorological Society of Japan
Robert, A. J. 1981 A stable numerical integration scheme for the primitive meteorological equationsAtmosphre-Ocan 19 35
Robert, A. J. 1983 Proceedings of the ECMWF Seminar on Numerical Methods for Weather PredictionReadingEuropean Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts
Rochas, M. 1990 ARPEGE DocumentationToulouseMétéo-France
Rochas, M.Courtier, P. 1992 La méthode spectrale en météorologieToulouseMétéo-France
Rochas, M.Javelle, J.-P. 1993 La Mtorologie – La prvision numrique du temps et du climatParisSyros
Rodgers, C. D.Walshaw, C. D. 1966 The computation of infrared cooling rate in planetary atmosphereQuart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc 92 67
Rossby, C. G. 1939 Relation between variations in the intensity of the zonal circulation of the atmosphere and the displacements of the semi-permanent centers of actionJournal of Marine Research (Sears Foundation) 2 38
Rousseau, D. 1980 Proceedings of the WMO Symposium on Probabilistic and Statistical Methods in Weather ForecastingGenevaWorld Meteorological Orgzanisation
Rousseau, D.Chapelet, P. 1985 Report of the second session of the CAS Working Group on short and medium range weather prediction researchGenevaWorld Meteorological Organization
Rousseau, D.Pham, H. L.Juvanon du Vachat, R. 1995 Vingt-cinq ans de prévision numérique du temps à échelle fine (1968–1993). De l’adaptation dynamique à maille fine au modèle PéridotLa Mtorologiee
Royer, J.-F. 1976 Comptes rendus des confrences donnes aux XIVe Journes de l’HydrauliqueParisSociété Hydrotechnique de France
Sadourny, R. 1975 The dynamics of finite difference models of the shallow water equationsJ. Atmos. Sci 32 680
Sadourny, R.Maynard, K. 1997 Numerical Methods in Atmospheric and Oceanic ModelingLin, C. A.Laprise, R.Ritchie, H.Ottawa, CanadaNRC Research Press
Sawyer, J. S. 1963 A semi-Lagrangian method of solving the vorticity equationTellus, 15 336
Schmidt, F. 1977 Variable fine mesh in the spectral global modelsBeitr. Phys. Atmos., 50 211
Scinocca, J. F.McFarlane, N. A. 2000 The parameterisation of drag induced by stratified flow over anisotropic orographyQuart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126 2353
Seity, Y.Brousseau, P.Malardel, S.Hello, G.Bénard, P.Bouttier, F.Lac, C.Masson, V. 2011 The AROME-France convective scale operational modelMon. Wea. Rev 139 976
Shapiro, M. A.Thorpe, A. J. 2004 THORPEX International Science Plan, Version 3GenevaWorld Meteorological Organization
Shuman, F. G. 1957 Numerical methods in weather prediction II. Smoothing and filteringMon. Wea. Rev 85 357
Shuman, F. G. 1962 Proceedings of the International Symposium on Numerical Weather PredictionTokyoMeteorological Society of Japan
Shuman, F. G. 1989 History of numerical weather prediction at the National Meteorological CenterMon. Wea. Rev., 4 286
Shuman, F. G.Hovermale, J. B. 1968 An operational six-layer primitive equation modelJ. Appl. Meteor 7 525
Siebesma, A. P.Bretherton, C. S.Brown, A.Chlond, A.Cuxart, J.Duynkerke, P. G.Jiang, H.Khairoutdinov, M.Lewellen, D.Moeng, C. H.Sanchez, E.Stevens, B.Stevens, D. 2003 A large-eddy simulation intercomparison study of shallow cumulus convectionJ. Atmos. Sci 60 1201
Silberman, I. 1954 Planetary waves in the atmosphereJ. Atmos. Sci., 11 27
Simmons, A. J.Hoskins, B. J.Burridge, D. M. 1978 Stability of the semi-implicit method of time integrationMon. Wea. Rev 106 405
Simmons, A. J.Burridge, D. M. 1981 An energy and angular momentum conserving vertical finite-difference scheme and hybrid vertical coordinatesMon. Wea. Rev 109 758
Simonsen, C. 1991 Lectures presented at the WMO Training Workshop on the Interpretation of NWP Products in terms of Local Weather Phenomena and their VerificationGenevaWorld Meteorological Organization
Skamarock, W. C.Weisman, M. L. 2008 The impact of positive-definite moisture transport on NWP precipitation forecastsMon. Wea. Rev 136 488
Skamarock, W. C.Klemp, J. B.Dudhia, J.Gill, D. O.Barker, D. M.Duda, M.Huang, X.-Y.Wang, W.Powers, J. G. 2008 A description of the Advanced Research WRFBoulder, CO, USAhttp://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/docs/arw_v3.pdf
Smagorinsky, J. 1958 On the numerical integration of the primitive equations of motion for baroclinic flow in a closed regionMon. Wea. Rev 86 457
Smagorinsky, J. 1962 Proceedings of the International Symposium on Numerical Weather PredictionTokyoMeteorological Society of Japan, Tokyo
Smagorinsky, J. 1963 General circulation experiments with primitive equations. 1- The basic experimentMon. Wea. Rev 91 99
Smith, W. L. 1968 An improved method for calculating tropospheric temperature and moisture from satellite radiometer measurementsMon. Wea. Rev 96 387
Soares, P. M. M.Miranda, P. M. A.Siebesma, A. P.Teixeira, J. 2004 An eddy-diffusivity/mass-flux parameterization for dry and shallow cumulus convectionQuart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc 130 3055
Staniforth, A. H.Daley, R. W. 1977 A finite-element formulation for the vertical discretization of sigma-coordinate primitive equation modelsMon. Wea. Rev 105 1108
Staniforth, A. N.Mitchell, H. L. 1978 A variable-resolution finite-element technique for regional forecasting with the primitive equationsMon. Wea. Rev., 106 439
Stanski, H. R.Wilson, L. J.Burrows, W. R. 1989 Survey of Common Verification Methods in MeteorologyGenevaWorld Meteorological Organization
Stephens, G. L. 1984 The parameterization of radiation for numerical weather prediction and climate modelsMon. Wea. Rev 112 826
Sundquist, H. 1978 A parameterization scheme for non-convective condensation including precipitation including prediction of cloud water contentQuart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc 104 677
Talagrand, O. 1997 Assimilation of observations, an introductionJ. Meteor. Soc. Japan 75 191
Talagrand, O.Courtier, P. 1987 Variational assimilation of meteorological observations with the adjoint vorticity equation. I – TheoryQuart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc 113 1311
Tanguay, M.Robert, A.Laprise, R. 1990 A semi-implicit fully compressible regional forecast modelMon. Wea. Rev 118 1970
Tanguay, M.Yakimiw, E.Ritchie, H.Robert, A. 1992 Advantages of spatial averaging in semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian schemesMon. Wea. Rev., 120 113
Tatsumi, Y. 1986 A spectral limited-area model with time dependent lateral boundary conditions and its application to a multi-level primitive equation modelJ. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 64 637
Temperton, C. 1988 Implicit normal mode initializationMon. Wea. Rev 116 1013
Temperton, C. 1997 Atmospheric and Ocean Modelling. The Andr J. Robert Memorial VolumeCanadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, Ottawa, Canada
Temperton, C.Staniforth, A. 1987 An efficient two-time-level semi-Lagrangian semi-implicit integration schemeQuart. J.. Roy. Meteor. Soc 113 1025
Teweles, S.Wobus, H. 1954 Verification of prognostic chartsBull. Am. Met. Soc., 35 286
Tiedtke, M. 1989 A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale modelsMon. Wea. Rev 117 1779
Toth, Z.Kalnay, E. 1993 Ensemble forecasting at NMC: the generation of perturbationsBull. Am. Met. Soc., 74 2317
Toth, Z.Talagrand, O.Candille, G.Zhu, Y. 2003 A Practitioner’s Guide in Atmospheric ScienceJolliffe, I.Stephenson, D. B.ChichesterJohn Wiley & Sons
Triplet, J. P.Roche, G. 1971 Mtorologie GnraleTrappes, FranceMétéo-France
Váňa, FBénard, P.Geleyn, J.-F.Simon, A.Seity, Y. 2008 Semi-Lagrangian advection scheme with controlled damping: an alternative to nonlinear horizontal diffusion in a numerical weather prediction modelQuart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134 523
Van de Hulst, H. C. 1980 Multiple Light ScatteringNew YorkAcademic Press
Wicker, L. J.Skamarock, W. C. 2002 Time splitting methods for elastic models using forward time schemesMon. Wea. Rev 130 2088
Wilks, D. S. 1995 Statistical methods in the atmospheric sciencesBurlington MA, USAAcademic Press
Williamson, D. L. 1976 Normal mode initialization procedure applied to forecasts with the global shallow water equationsMon. Wea. Rev 104 195
Winninghoff, F. J. 1968 On the adjustment toward a geostrophic balance in a simple primitive equation model with application to the problems of initialization and objective analysisUniversity of California, Los Angeles
Wolff, P. M. 1958 The error in numerical forecasts due to retrogression of ultra-long wavesMon. Wea. Rev., 86 245
Woodcock, F. 1976 The evaluation of yes/no forecasts for scientific and administrative purposeMon. Wea. Rev., 104 1209
Xu, K. M.Randall, D. A. 1996 Explicit simulation of cumulus ensembles with the GATE Phase III data. Comparison with observationsJ. Atmos. Sci 53 3710
Yanai, M.Esbensen, S.Chu, J. H. 1973 Determination of bulk properties of tropical cloud clusters from large-scale heat and moisture budgetsJ. Atmos. Sci 30 611
Zilitinkevich, S. S.Elperin, T.Kleeorin, N.Rogachevskii, I.Esau, I.Mauritsen, T.Miles, M. W. 2008 Turbulence energetics in stably stratified geophysical flows: strong and weak mixing regimesQuart. J. Roy. Met. Soc 134 793
