Background
Recent estimates show that the global burden of mental illness is a serious public health concern, accounting for 32·4% of years lived with disability and 13% of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) (Vigo et al. Reference Vigo, Thornicroft and Atun2016). Despite these estimates, resources needed to address the burden are inadequate (Saxena et al. Reference Saxena, Thornicroft, Knapp and Whiteford2007). More than 75% of the treatment gap for mental disorders exists in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where four out of five people with mental illness do not receive effective treatment (Dua et al. Reference Dua, Barbui, Clark, Fleischmann, Poznyak, van Ommeren, Yasamy, Ayuso-Mateos, Birbeck, Drummond, Freeman, Giannakopoulos, Levav, Obot, Omigbodun, Patel, Phillips, Prince, Rahimi-Movaghar, Rahman, Sander, Saunders, Servili, Rangaswamy, Unützer, Ventevogel, Vijayakumar, Thornicroft and Saxena2011). This treatment gap persists even though effective low-cost treatments can be provided in primary healthcare settings (WHO, 2008; Eaton, Reference Eaton2011). A major barrier to address this gap in LMIC is the scarcity and unequal distribution of specialist mental health professionals (Saraceno et al. Reference Saraceno, van Ommeren, Batniji, Cohen, Gureje, Mahoney, Sridhar and Underhill2007). There is an estimated shortage of 1.18 million mental health workers in LMICs alone (WHO, 2011). This huge disparity can be addressed through the training of primary care staff to recognize and treat mental disorders (Patel, Reference Patel2008). There have been some successful trainings aimed at integrating mental health into primary care in countries such as Afghanistan (Ventevogel et al. Reference Ventevogel, van de Put, Faiz, van Mierlo, Siddiqi and Komproe2012), Sri Lanka (Jenkins, Reference Jenkins2012), Pakistan and Jordan (Budosan, Reference Budosan2011), Lebanon (Hijazi et al. Reference Hijazi, Weissbecker and Chammay2011) and Iraq (Sadiq, Reference Sadiq2011).
In 2010, the WHO launched the Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP), to assist LMICs to scale up mental health services (WHO, 2010). The mhGAP-Intervention Guide (mhGAP-IG) offers guidelines to enable non-specialists in primary healthcare to detect and treat priority disorders, and make appropriate referrals to the next level of care (Dua et al. Reference Dua, Barbui, Clark, Fleischmann, Poznyak, van Ommeren, Yasamy, Ayuso-Mateos, Birbeck, Drummond, Freeman, Giannakopoulos, Levav, Obot, Omigbodun, Patel, Phillips, Prince, Rahimi-Movaghar, Rahman, Sander, Saunders, Servili, Rangaswamy, Unützer, Ventevogel, Vijayakumar, Thornicroft and Saxena2011). Since then, there have been encouraging reports of mhGAP training in several resource-limited settings (Hijazi et al. Reference Hijazi, Weissbecker and Chammay2011; Hussain & Hughes, Reference Hussain and Hughes2013; Andrea, Reference Andrea2014; Gureje et al. Reference Gureje, Abdulmalik, Kola, Musa, Yasamy and Adebayo2015).
Like most LMICs, Pakistan faces an overwhelming challenge of scarcity of mental health resources with only 342 psychiatrists in a population of 182 million (0.20 per 100 000 population) (WHO, 2009). Glaring gaps are reported in the capacity of primary care physicians to address mental disorders in Pakistan (Naqvi et al. Reference Naqvi, Sabzwari, Hussain, Islam and Zaman2012). There have been sporadic community mental health initiatives to train non-specialist health workers (Ali et al. Reference Ali, Lalani, Ali and Charania2015). However, the need to strengthen the capacity of primary care staff has already been identified as a priority intervention in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), which has been facing ongoing geo-political conflict for decades (Budosan & Aziz, Reference Budosan and Aziz2009; Shah et al. Reference Shah, Van den Bergh, Van Bellinghen, Severy, Sadiq, Afridi, Akhtar, Maïkére, Van Overloop, Saeed-ur-Rehman, Khilji, Saleem-ur-Rehman, van Griensven, Schneider, Bosman, Guillergan, Dazzi and Zachariah2014). In addition, some attempts to train primary care staff have also been made in the province, but to the best of our knowledge no effort has been made to implement mhGAP-IG for training primary care physicians in Pakistan.
In June 2014, a military operation in North Waziristan displaced over a million people into the district of Bannu (KPK), where mental health services were limited to a single psychiatrist. In view of the emergency situation, a mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) initiative was launched (Humayun et al. Reference Humayun, Azad, Haq, Khan, Ahmad and Farooq2016). Despite severely restricted conditions, a monthly mental health camp was held for 6 months to strengthen the local mental health services. The camps also provided an opportunity to assess needs and train healthcare and psychosocial staff working in the district. As part of this initiative, International Medical Corps (IMC) contracted the first author (AH) to conduct mhGAP training for primary care staff. The training was conducted in collaboration with the Pakistan Army Field Hospital, which administered the main teaching hospital in Bannu & the District Health Office (DHO).
In this paper, we describe the training process, including the curriculum development, training of trainers (ToT), training workshops conducted, provision of hands-on supervision in the camps and the establishment of a referral system.
Method
Joint consultations with the DHO were held over a period of 2 months before the start of the actual trainings. The camps were instrumental in advocacy and need assessment including the psychosocial context of the displaced population, the presentations of common mental disorders and the local healthcare system. The mhGAP-IG was used as a key reference and adapted to local mental health needs and the competence of primary care staff (WHO, 2010). Despite the fact that the mhGAP-IG presents comprehensive clinical protocols and algorithms, we found the interface of the guide quite complex for our setting and had to simplify further. Most of the training was designed/conducted in Urdu (the national language) since the participants were not accustomed to the English language, even in clinical settings. In addition, interventions and indications for referral were clearly defined considering the existing healthcare system. Some specific changes in adapting
mhGAP are described below:
(a) Developing a curriculum
Priority disorders identified from the camps included depression, adjustment disorders, intellectual disability, epilepsy, behavioral disorders and drug dependence (Humayun et al. Reference Humayun, Azad, Haq, Khan, Ahmad and Farooq2016). In total, 28% of the cases assessed at these camps were under the age of 18. Nearly a third of these cases (children) presented with intellectual disability and another third with behavioral disorders. Based on our experience and appropriate adaptation of mhGAP guidelines, we developed six modules: stress-related disorders; depression; psychosis; child & adolescent mental health (includes learning disability); epilepsy & drug dependence. The detailed curriculum is shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Curriculum of six modules
Our module on ‘stress-related disorders’ was adapted from WHO SPE-STRESS Intervention Guidelines (WHO, 2013a). We included the concept of stress and normal reactions to stress (this had not been part of undergraduate training of our target group). Based on our experience at the camps, the objective was to address stress-related conditions in general and not focus on specific categories such as acute stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, etc. We also included dissociative disorder, as it was highly relevant in this context, and laid an emphasis on common presentations of conversion reactions seen in the camps. Conducting the stress module at the outset helped participants rule out conditions related to stress (including grief) before embarking on a clinical diagnosis of depression.
The module on child & adolescent mental health (CAMH) was relatively difficult to prepare since we included information from three modules of mhGAP-IG. These were: (1) general framework of working with children; (2) mental retardation; and (3) behavioral disorders. Discussions were mainly centered on the behavioral management of children with mental health problems and the psycho-education of the parents of children with disability. From our experience at the camps, we highlighted the ‘Don'ts’ to avoid unnecessary investigations (especially electroencephalogram, computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging) and psychotropic prescriptions in children.
In the module on psychosis, more emphasis was needed on symptom recognition than is suggested by the mhGAP guide. The module on drug dependence mainly focused on three drugs of abuse: opioids, cannabis and benzodiazepines. We omitted replacement therapy as it was not relevant to our context and instead emphasized on psychosocial aspects of management, including motivational counseling.
The hallmark of our training was the focus on a range of psychosocial interventions, for which we used the term ‘Counseling’ during training. These were highlighted in all modules and included psycho-education, behavioral activation, stress management, problem solving and the application of principles of behavioral therapy and supportive counseling (Table 1 shows individual psychological interventions in the curriculum). The clinical protocols for these psychological interventions were previously discussed by Humayun et al. (Reference Humayun, Azad, Haq, Khan, Ahmad and Farooq2016).
Where necessary, pharmacological guidelines were prepared by considering drugs commonly available in local market.
(b) Training of trainers
Three psychiatrists (IH, FRK and NA) were identified as potential trainers from the team conducting the mental health camps. In addition to their clinical experience, personal attributes such as integrity, motivation & the ability to work beyond the traditional biological model were important considerations in their selection. The trainers were encouraged to take a proactive role in reviewing mhGAP training modules and adapt these to local needs (over a period of 4 weeks). The master trainer supervised this process as these guidelines were also used for treatments protocols offered in the camps. A final 1-day ToT Workshop focused on the rationale for integrating mental health in primary care and the content and methodology of mhGAP guidelines. The three trainers made formal presentations on each module. Two external reviewers were invited to give independent feedback regarding the objectives, course content, pedagogy and teaching skills of the trainers. Based on the modules and adapted from mhGAP guidelines, a training manual was prepared (Bannu Training Manual, 2014). This was also peer reviewed by senior mental health professionals in the country and by the Global Mental Health and Psychosocial Advisor for IMC.
(c) Training workshops
A total of three 2-day training workshops were held over a period of 3 months (November 2014–January 2015). These were attended by 58 participants, of which 51 were doctors. These included primary care physicians (18); doctors from teaching hospital (11); doctors from secondary care facilities (14); medical administrators (3); and doctors from North Waziristan (tribal area of the displaced population) (5). In addition, the psychosocial staff of humanitarian agencies (7) working closely with the government healthcare facilities also participated.
The teaching sessions were interactive and included large and small group discussions, individual exercises & seminar presentations. The videos included in the mhGAP package were not applicable because of language/cultural barriers. Instead, role-play was used to demonstrate clinical skills.
(d) Providing hands-on supervision
Monthly camps were held for a period of 6 months, where 785 cases were seen, by teams of specialists (including master trainer and trainers) and non-specialists (Humayun et al. Reference Humayun, Azad, Haq, Khan, Ahmad and Farooq2016). Joint assessments were conducted on each case in 15–20 min consultations. Initially, the non-specialist staff observed, interpreted clinical information and helped by reinforcing instructions/advice. Later, they led the interviews, where specialists facilitated as required. In many cases, the non-specialists followed up cases in the community otherwise follow-ups were organized at the department of psychiatry. In addition to hands-on supervision, formal and informal case discussions were part of supervision. Over the course of the supervisions, the need for holistic assessments, psychosocial interventions and timely referrals was emphasized. Following the camps, the local psychiatrist continued to supervise primary care staff informally especially to follow up difficult cases that were once referred to the psychiatric facility.
(e) Developing a referral system
The trainings also provided a forum for introducing and networking available mental health and psychosocial facilities. The hospital administration offered their support for referrals from primary care. A telephone helpline was also set up at the department of psychiatry for acute emergency referrals.
(For more information and images of these training sessions: http://www.meditrina.pk/index.php/trainings/mhgap/)
Results
The knowledge about common mental disorders was assessed using a 25-item Questionnaire, adapted from mhGAP guidelines (Bannu Questionnaire, 2014). The test was conducted before and after the trainings. Data from two participants are missing, and therefore an analysis of 56 participants is presented in Table 2, which shows the average pre- & post-test scores for individual questions.
Table 2. Pre- and post-test results
The first 11 questions were True/False and the rest were ‘choose the best answer’. Two questions from each category were changed. All four questions that were changed, related to dementia and alcohol dependence. Instead, two questions [Questions (Q) 4 & 5] were added on the dependence potential of anti-depressants and benzodiazepines in the True/False section. Similarly, two questions (Q 20 & 21) about drug dependence and the behavioral management of children were added to the second category.
The results of the analysis suggested encouraging levels of baseline knowledge, as more than 50% scored correctly on the pre-test questions. The exceptions were questions related to general principals of care (Q 1 & 2); child and adolescent mental health (Q 6 & 9); and risk of suicide (Q 11). There were four questions (Q 14, 19–21) where more than 80% scored correctly in the pre-test, hence may not be sensitive to measure impact of training.
The post-test evaluation demonstrates significant improvement in general physicians’ knowledge related to Epilepsy (Q 17 & 18); Psychosis (Q 15); common misconceptions about addictive potential of anti-depressants and benzodiazepines (Q 4 & 5); as well as acquisition of new information regarding child and adolescent mental health (Q 6, 9 & 22).
There were three questions (Q 1, 11 & 16) where at least a third of participants were unable to answer correctly, even after training. These related to: (a) ability of mentally ill to make decisions, (b) checking about suicidal thoughts and (c) management of psychosis.
The mean pre- and post-test scores of the participants were 15.43, 62% (p value 0.000, s.d. 4.05) and 19.48, 78% (p value 0.000, s.d. 3.13) respectively, which showed significant improvement.
Table 3 shows a summary of the feedback from the participants.
Table 3. Feedback from the participants
Discussion
There is growing evidence that mhGAP guidelines can be used to successfully train non-specialized health workers in resource-limited settings to recognize and treat common mental illnesses. According to the WHO (2013b), many developing countries like Libya, Jordan, Iraq, Afghanistan and Egypt are at various stages on the path to implement mhGAP guidelines. The same newsletter also mentioned that these guidelines were used to support Syrian refugees in the Kurdistan, Iraq region in 2013 and that Somalia chose an innovative strategy to integrate mhGAP-IG training into medical undergraduate curricula. In Lebanon, trainees showed an average of 12–25% improvement in knowledge, and 85% doctors and 91% nurses met minimum competency standards (Hijazi et al. Reference Hijazi, Weissbecker and Chammay2011). The mhGAP training in Kashmir also reported improvement in knowledge related to mental healthcare. Similarly in Ethiopia and Nigeria, results show an increase in knowledge, access to healthcare and service utilization (Andrea, Reference Andrea2014; Gureje et al. Reference Gureje, Abdulmalik, Kola, Musa, Yasamy and Adebayo2015). These experiences reinforce the need to involve local mental health services, conduct refresher trainings and focus on offering sustainable services.
Our mhGAP intervention was the first of its kind following a humanitarian crisis for an internally displaced population in a high security zone in Pakistan. The training was very much part of an overall MHPSS response where monthly mental health camps were held (Humayun et al. Reference Humayun, Azad, Haq, Khan, Ahmad and Farooq2016). These camps helped identify relevant & culturally sensitive training needs and the curriculum was accordingly adapted as per recommendations (Patel, Reference Patel, Belkin, Chockalingam, Cooper, Saxena and Unützer2013). Furthermore, the selection of priority disorders for the curriculum was guided by fieldwork, as opposed to discussion based curriculum described, for example by Hussain & Hughes, Reference Hussain and Hughes2013. Furthermore, in Kashmir, participants were divided into large groups of prescribers and non-prescribers to address the diversity of participants. But we found that the diversity amongst much smaller groups (~20 each group) was most helpful.
In the interest of time, it might have been more appropriate to conduct this training based on the mhGAP–HIG (Humanitarian Intervention Guide), which was released shortly afterwards (WHO & UNHCR, 2015).
A major strength of this initiative was that the trainers were not just an active part of the emergency mental health response but were qualified psychiatrists, in contrast to other reports where the facilitators were either external or were non-specialist physicians (Gureje et al. Reference Gureje, Abdulmalik, Kola, Musa, Yasamy and Adebayo2015). The collaborations between public health services (primary, secondary and tertiary levels) and humanitarian agencies lasted over a year during this initiative. As recommended, the aim was to strengthen the existing local resources at all levels of the healthcare system through the provision of services, training and supervision (Pérez-Sales et al. Reference Pérez-Sales, Férnandez-Liria, Baingana and Ventevogel2011; Epping-Jordan et al. Reference Epping-Jordan, van Ommeren, Ashour, Maramis, Marini, Mohanraj, Noori, Rizwan, Saeed, Silove, Suveendran, Urbina, Ventevogel and Saxena2015). The intervention helped in engaging local services and provided an impetus for setting up a mental health agenda in the region. It was encouraging that during this initiative, the humanitarian forum formed the first ever MHPSS taskforce in the province (Humanitarian Response, 2015`).
In developing a curriculum, our main challenge was to introduce concepts of psychological medicine and psychotherapeutic interventions to an audience trained in a purely biomedical model. Like noted by Hijazi et al. Reference Hijazi, Weissbecker and Chammay2011 mental healthcare provided through primary healthcare in Pakistan is also limited to the prescription of psychiatric medicines. Initially the physicians seemed reluctant to invest in psychological interventions fearing that these would be inappropriately demanding in terms of their clinical time and expertise. For this reason, and in order to engage them, we abridged these as ‘counseling’ without distinguishing among individual psychotherapeutic techniques. Our focus on the management of both stress-related and depressive disorders included all components of Problem Management Plus, now described as a trans-diagnostic psychological intervention (Rahman et al. Reference Rahman, Riaz, Dawson, Usman Hamdani, Chiumento, Sijbrandij, Minhas, Bryant, Saeed, van Ommeren and Farooq2016). Another challenge was the introduction of behavioral management for children with disabilities where we had to simplify the principles, use clinical examples, and emphasize the harm caused by psychotropic drug prescriptions for children – an unfortunately common practice. Additionally, the training consistently highlighted the need for psycho-education and the engagement of families in developing treatment plans.
For content, we added guidelines to manage stress and related disorders and excluded alcohol and dementia to make trainings more relevant to the context. In a similar setting, the Kashmir experience also excluded alcohol and dementia from their curriculum of priority disorders and highlighted the need to include stress-related disorders.
Pre-test scores showed clear gaps in the understanding of physicians in recognizing and managing common mental disorders. Some important findings regarding gaps in knowledge are discussed here:
There were significant misconceptions about psychotropic drugs: a third of doctors believed that antidepressants are addictive, while nearly 80% thought that benzodiazepines are not addictive. This likely explains the practice of fewer antidepressant prescriptions compared to benzodiazepines for the treatment of depression in other settings (Nakao et al. Reference Nakao, Takeeuchi and Yano2007). These findings are similar to another study in the country, which revealed that benzodiazepines were the most recognized and prescribed category of medication (75.3%) by general physicians and only a few were familiar with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (35.1%) or tricyclic antidepressants (20.2%) (Naqvi et al. Reference Naqvi, Sabzwari, Hussain, Islam and Zaman2012).
It was worrying to note that two-thirds of participants believed that inquiring about self-harm increased the risk of suicide. Despite emphasizing the need and even conducting a role-play specifically to assess the risk of self-harm, only 59% participants responded correctly afterwards.
The need to focus more on the much-neglected area of mental health of children & adolescents was evident. It is known that child psychiatry training can be successfully implemented for non-specialists in low-resource settings (Tesfaye et al. Reference Tesfaye, Abera, Gruber-Frank and Frank2014). A conceptual gap also existed for substance abuse, which was largely viewed as a moral issue. Just a few considered it a ‘disorder’ with little awareness about evidence based treatment guidelines. From the feedback on our module on psychosis, we realized that principles of rapid tranquilization should also have been included to help deal with emergencies in the community. Surprisingly, more than half of the participants scored incorrectly on questions related to the diagnosis and drug treatment of epilepsy.
The results also highlighted some gaps in understanding ‘general principles of care’, which focus on changing attitudes and responding to the needs of the mentally ill in a respecting and non-judgmental manner. For example, the majority continued to believe that mentally ill patients cannot make their own decisions, and a third still maintained that mentally ill patients are best cared for in mental hospitals, even after training. But encouragingly, toward the end of training workshops, participants recognized that their existing knowledge and attitudes might well be a reflection of prevailing stigma related to mental health problems in Pakistan. A separate session on general principles of care should be considered in future trainings.
The logistic difficulties of undertaking this initiative have been described elsewhere in detail (Humayun et al. Reference Humayun, Azad, Haq, Khan, Ahmad and Farooq2016). In a system where mental health needs are not even recognized as a priority, the district health department was also largely unaware and unobliging. This barrier was overcome through the strong influence of the military authorities that had administrative control of the crisis zone. The second important partnership was with the local department of psychiatry that was aware of the need to engage primary care physicians but struggling to redefine its role beyond hospital based clinical work.
The limitations of this initiative are best discussed in the context of an underresourced primary healthcare system in Pakistan (National Health Vision 2015–2025, 2016). It is also important to note that this was neither a government nor an institutional led initiative, but was coordinated by a small group of volunteer mental health professionals. Unfortunately, IMC could not organize refresher trainings as part of this initiative, but we did provide hands-on supervision for 6 months at the camps and the department of psychiatry undertook to arrange refresher trainings to follow up as well. The main limitation of this study is that it does not evaluate the impact of the training on recognition and management of common mental disorders or any influence on referral patterns. As a result, and in view of the absence of an effective health information system, we do not have a measure of a quantitative outcome of these training, although anecdotal reports from various sources suggested that the target population continued to utilize mental healthcare in the region. In addition, we found it challenging to engage an inclusive team (including nurses, psychologists and social workers) in the primary care since most healthcare interventions are usually left to doctors. The psychosocial staff in the field was from humanitarian agencies, which complemented services in the aftermath of the crisis, but which might not sustain in the longer term. Another limitation was a severe dearth of permanent community services, thereby restricting opportunities for referral linkages. As a result of these limitations, there is a serious concern about integrating mental health services meaningfully into a resource limited primary care system in countries such as Pakistan.
Conclusion
Although the crisis triggered by internal displacement provided an opportunity to take up this initiative, there is a pressing need for sustainable capacity building at the provincial level in Pakistan. It is only recently that one of the authors (AH) was part of a consultancy where the government of KP partnered with international agencies to assess and strengthen institutional and community-based mechanisms to respond effectively to the medium- to long-term MHPSS needs in the province. Siriwardhana et al. (Reference Siriwardhana, Adikari, Jayaweera, Abeyrathna and Sumathipala2016) have demonstrated the feasibility of training primary care practitioners to promote the integration of mental health into primary care for post-conflict populations in the region. This may well be a way forward for strengthening mental health services in post-conflict areas in Pakistan as well. Quite encouragingly, at the time of the final submission of this report, a pilot project implementing mhGAP training in primary healthcare has been initiated across five districts in Pakistan. Persistent efforts for robust advocacy and collaboration at policy, training and service levels are much needed. In order to overcome the dearth of resources, collaborations between academic institutions and humanitarian agencies would greatly help in disseminating these guidelines.
Acknowledgements
This initiative was funded by the International Medical Corps (IMC), Pakistan We would like to thank the IMC for supporting this initiative; Brig M Mukhtiar, Commander 101 Brigade at Bannu and his team at the Army field Hospital for coordinating with the DHO; Prof Javed Akhtar for his keen interest to engage the participants and Mark van Ommeren for his valuable feedback.
Declaration of Interest
None.
Ethical Standard
The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008.
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