Joint Programming Initiative on Antimicrobial Resistance (JPIAMR)

The priority areas of focus for JPIAMR, a collaborative platform engaging the European Commission and 29 member countries representing 5 continents, include AMS efforts such as improving diagnostics, therapeutic regimens, and surveillance (Table 1). Examples of impactful JPIAMR efforts so far include the development of a framework for optimal design of antimicrobial stewardship intervention research and prioritization of research areas for AMS behavioral initiatives in hospitals.

Table 1. Additional Examples of Global Collaborations Focused on Antimicrobial Stewardship

The Ohio State University (OSU) and Nationwide Children’s Hospital Partnerships for Global Antimicrobial Stewardship

A partnership between OSU and South African Society of Antimicrobial Stewardship (SAASP) implemented a Train the Trainer (TTT) Antimicrobial Stewardship Program for South African pharmacists. ^{Reference Goff, Bauer and Brink2} The TTT program included bilateral site visits, development of pharmacists’ AMS skills as well as research and publication. Mentees transferred their AMS skills to train an additional 120 pharmacists with no prior AMS experience. These pharmacists made >40,000 AMS interventions in 60 hospitals and coauthored AMS publications.

Another collaboration formed between the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, OSU, Nationwide Children’s Hospital (NCH), and SAASP to implement neonatal antibiotic stewardship TTT pharmacist program. ^{Reference Goff, Bauer and Brink2} A NICU ASP tool kit was developed for ongoing training of additional pharmacists. This effort led to a research collaboration with physician members of the South Africa National Neonatal Sepsis Task Force (comprising 86 pharmacists, nurses, microbiologists, and infection preventionists) for the first national neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)–ASP study across South Africa. The OSU–NCH collaboration expanded the TTT program with partnerships in Lebanon and Latin America.

Commonwealth Partnerships for Antimicrobial Stewardship (CwPAMS)

Since 2018, through the CwPAMS program, there have been 26 partnerships involving UK institutions and institutions in 8 African countries (Table 1). The partnerships which included >200 multidisciplinary healthcare workers have completed several projects to tackle antimicrobial resistance, mainly through AMS interventions. The CwPAMS has focused on development of tools and facilitation of capacity building for AMS principles, antimicrobial prescribing, and antimicrobial consumption surveillance for 6,831 healthcare workers. These activities have included the generation and strengthening of knowledge and skills, TTT approaches, bidirectional visits, commitment, structures, systems, and leadership among stakeholders in the United Kingdom and Africa. In addition, 29 UK pharmacists who were part of the CwPAMS program took additional leadership training and have graduated as Global Health Pharmacy Fellows. ^{Reference Brandish, Garraghan, Ng, Russell-Hobbs, Olaoye and Ashiru-Oredope3} An equivalent leadership program has been developed for pharmacists based in Africa.

A UK–India–South Africa social science AMS research study: The ASPIRES study

The multicentric social science Antibiotic use across Surgical Pathways - Investigating, Redesigning and Evaluating Systems (ASPIRES) study, has aimed to optimize antibiotic usage along surgical pathways through research collaboration among the United Kingdom, India, and South Africa. ^{Reference Veepanattu, Singh and Mendelson4} In one project subteam, structured capacity strengthening was a core value, and onsite training and ongoing mentorship were provided, tailored to the individual and contextual requirements of the recruited pharmacists and nurse early career researchers (ECRs) . In addition, ECRs were trained in AMS, infection prevention and control, as well as specific research methods to evaluate AMS interventions. ^{Reference Veepanattu, Singh and Mendelson4} Career development was encouraged through creating opportunities for research fellowship and doctoral (PhD) studentships. Initially, training and learning opportunities were mainly focused in a North–South direction, but capacity strengthening resulted in strong and equitable bidirectional collaborations. Cross-country visits provided insight into site-specific cultures and context enabling learning and knowledge exchange. This collaboration forged strong partnerships among the institutions leading to sustainable capacity for AMS-related work and research beyond the original intended course of the project.

Multicounty virtual collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown

At the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, AMS and infection pharmacists across 9 countries, 5 continents, high-income countries (HICs) and LMICs (Australia, Canada, Lebanon, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, United Kingdom, and the United States) collaborated to reinforce the ways in which pharmacists contributed to essential patient care and well-being of the public during the COVID-19 pandemic. They also codelivered a training webinar hosted by the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP) ASP, ^{5,Reference Goff, Gauthier and Langford6} and they collaborated on a second publication to provide examples of ASP resilience from pharmacists and physicians with different resources and approaches to ASP.

Identifying the need and taking the first steps

First, consider some fundamental questions: Will the collaboration result in mutual benefit and how it will progress knowledge and skills? What are the skills, expertise and needs of the teams, organizations, and individuals I intend to work with? How do these match with my own and that of my team, organization, and context? Identifying colleagues who share a mutual interest and the capacity to have the time to work with are important. Once a need and clear gap have been established, as well as a means of how the mutual skills and expertise can address that need, then one can begin to consider the practicalities of collaboration (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Considerations to advance antimicrobial stewardship through international collaboration.

We encourage anyone interested in a global perspective of AMS to take the first step by reaching out to colleagues leading AMS in different settings including universities and professional organizations. AMS research teams within healthcare institutions are usually good places to start. Also, relevant authors of peer review publications or funding bodies can be contacted. One of the simplest ways to start a international AMS collaboration is to connect with people on social media. For example, infectious diseases experts from 4 countries met on Twitter and collaborated to coauthor a paper on the antibiotic topic “Shorter is better and oral is the new IV.” The paper was subsequently posted on Twitter and received 88,900 views in 23 hours. ^{Reference Davar, Clark and Centor7}

Building sustainable relationships and partnerships

In the long run, the health of a collaboration is dependent on the strength of the relationships between the collaborators. Invest in building strong relationships, focusing on mutual trust, interest, and complementary expertise and skills. Ensure that there is adequate commitment from all sides to investing with time and intellectual input into the project. Often, this relationship may benefit from a contractual agreement or memorandum of understanding between partnering organizations. The WHO ESSENCE criteria for capacity strengthening or the Tropical Health and Education Trust (THET) principles for partnership can be used as a framework for establishing equitable partnerships. ^8,9

A recent study using semistructured interviews of global collaborators based in Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific highlighted important partnership components. ^{Reference Prescott, Jonkman and Crutchley10} Key characteristics of successful international partnerships provided by interviewees included personal connections and understanding each other’s programs and systems. These researchers listed open mindedness, adaptability, global citizenship, and cultural and structural awareness as essential qualities for partners and learners. ^{Reference Prescott, Jonkman and Crutchley10}

Acquiring funding

Although available funding opportunities are highly competitive, applying for them is usually encouraged, especially in the context of international collaborations. Examples of US–UK funding opportunities include Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, infectious diseases societies, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), pharmaceutical companies, the Wellcome Trust, the UK Aid Fleming Fund, and Health Education England Global Health Fellowships. These websites should be checked regularly for grant funding opportunities, as should other governmental, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and foundations. Travel is an important part of global health work, and some humanitarian organizations require experience of working internationally for at least 3 months. Travel is not always required to make important contributions; however, understanding contextual norms in different settings is a valuable skill. Early discussion with partner organizations is ideal to determine what costs need to be covered, how finances will be managed, and whether the involvement of the finance teams of all organizations is needed. The drivers and purposes of collaborations and the beneficiaries must be ascertained. Mutual benefits, including bidirectional learning and capacity strengthening, should be the goals of collaboration. Intentional effort is needed to assure equitable partnerships, especially because funding often flows in one direction from HICs to LMICs.

Delivering the project

A monitoring and evaluation plan is important to ensure that goals and outcomes are met. Setting up regular communication with all team members, particularly when working remotely or across different sites, is also an important element of a successful collaboration.

Strengthen global health capacity and skills

Those interested in global collaborations should consider volunteering with global professional bodies such as the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), Doctors of the World, Médecins Sans Frontières, the Red Cross, Save the Children, and many others. Examples of global health fellowship opportunities include the Harkness Fellowships in Health Care Policy and Practice of the Commonwealth Fund and The Churchill Fellowship. Several open university online short courses are available on global health (eg, FutureLearn, OpenLearn, Coursera) and some programs include a global health master’s degree.

As stated by Margaret Mead “Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world; indeed, it’s the only thing that ever has.” In addition to benefits for patients and the public, there are important personal and professional development benefits for global collaborations to address the threat of AMR. Furthermore, such collaborations broaden the experiences, worldview and leadership skills of antimicrobial stewards who traditionally have not been as involved in global health activities. These efforts will lead to increased ability to implement innovations, will help us learn about health inequalities, and will provide opportunities for bidirectional learning.