Why does diversity on reading lists matter?

There are at least four reasons why having a greater diversity of authors on reading lists matters. First is the number of voices across HE arguing for the decolonisation of the curriculum, such as Liyanage (Reference Liyanage2020) and in the report by Runnymede (Alexander and Arday, Reference Alexander and Arday2015), an independent race equality charity think tank based in the UK. Movements led by students gained significant traction in the years 2015–17, notably #RhodesMustFall, #liberatemydegree and ‘Why is My Curriculum White?’. The Black Lives Matter movement that was created in 2013 has increased the pressure on all areas of UK society to confront its colonial legacy. Diversifying reading lists can be viewed as one component of the agenda to decolonise the curriculum, towards a process of unlearning and relearning knowledge.

Secondly, from the perspective of the theory of knowledge, diverse reading lists matter, according to Hall and Tandon (Reference Hall and Tandon2017), because:

Thirdly, the persistent absence of BAME scholarship has informed a growing body of research that asserts that there is a causal link between the ‘whiteness’ of the curriculum and the awarding gapFootnote ¹ and students’ sense of belonging (Broecke and Nicholls, Reference Broecke and Nicholls2007; Singh, Reference Singh2011; Mountford-Zimdars et al., Reference Mountford-Zimdars, Sanders, Jones, Sabri and Moore2015; Richardson, Reference Richardson2015; Mcduff et al., Reference Mcduff, Tatam, Beacock and Ross2018; UUK and NUS, 2019; Arday, Reference Arday2020). UUK and NUS (2019) argued the curriculum is central to the experiences and progression of BAME students. Stevenson’s (Reference Stevenson2012) comprehensive report, which included surveys with university lecturers and BAME students in the UK’s HEIs recommended that reading materials and theoretical input should include non-white, non-Western perspectives.

Although its causes are complex, and it is important to avoid ‘reductive or simplistic explanations’ (HEA, 2008), diversifying reading lists can nevertheless be tried as a proactive strategy to narrow the white-BAME ‘awarding’ gap in higher education. The awarding gap is a key performance indicator for universities in England because the regulator, the Office for Students, has set universities the target to ‘eliminate the “unexplained” gap in degree outcomes (1sts or 2:1s) between white students and black students by 2024–25' (OfS, 2018). Fourthly, the promotion of a diverse curriculum is also allied to compliance with equalities legislation such as the Equality Act 2010, the Public Sector Equality Duty, and the Higher Education and Research Act 2017; and the Athena Swan Charter award, which is a requirement of several large research funding bodies. In addition, many universities have their own goals to develop an inclusive curriculum as part of their internal widening participation and equality and diversity strategies, such as aiming for the Race Equality Charter.

Turning to the place of reading lists in pedagogy, there is a dearth of literature, although Stokes and Martin (Reference Stokes and Martin2008) Brewerton (Reference Brewerton2014), Siddall and Rose (Reference Siddall and Rose2014) and Bird and Pitman (Reference Bird and Pitman2020) are exceptions. We do know that reading lists are an important representation of the legitimised ideas, theories and perspectives that dominate within a discipline. Furthermore, they influence students’ reading choices, acting as a compass that students may utilise to traverse their academic terrain. In theory, reading lists that positively represent the diversity of the student body also improve engagement because students need to see themselves in course texts. It can be hypothesised that this is because diverse texts dismantle the prevailing stereotype of the white and predominately male social scientist, encouraging all students to continue engaging in the subject, regardless of group membership. A minor change to provide opportunities for students to see ‘people like me’ in the curriculum could make a major change to the way a student, or a group of students, responds to a course (Thomas and Jivraj, Reference Thomas and Jivraj2020).

The Diversity Mark contributes by adding representation to the curriculum, rather than by deep revision to racial literacy, and fundamentally challenging what constitutes knowledge and wisdom. But we argue that revising a reading list to include alternative or marginalised perspectives is one of many strategies that can be employed to challenge the status quo. As De Sousa Santos (Reference De Sousa Santos2014) has argued, the goal does not have to be to throw the prevailing literature into the dustbin of history, but rather to include ‘Eurocentric critical tradition in a much broader landscape of epistemological and political possibilities’ (2014: 44). Joseph-Salisbury et al. (Reference Joseph-Salisbury, Ashe, Alexander and Campion2020) found staff sometimes argue that they have incorporated one or two key thinkers of colour into their reading lists. Their thinking tended to be that they had done all they could by doing so and did not have time to rethink their pedagogical lenses more substantially than this. This toolkit recognises that a curriculum is more than just reading lists. But it is a good place to start the process.

‘Race’ and ethnicity in the social policy curriculum

Whilst the study of social policy traditionally has been shaped by the post 1945 welfare state, the Subject Benchmark Statement for Social Policy (QAA, 2019), although not prescriptive, affirms that ‘race’ and ethnicity are part of the contemporary curriculum. It has also previously been observed that social policy should lend itself well to a decolonised curriculum because BAME inequalities in intersection with other social divisions relate to almost all social policy themes (Craig et al., Reference Craig, Bankole, Ali and Qureshi2019). Recent UK injustices, such as the Windrush Scandal, Grenfell, and the high death rates from Covid-19 among BAME groups, to name a few, demonstrate why students need to understand the deep-rooted colonial links which have disadvantaged BAME groups’ lives. Given the economic impact and social complexities of multicultural communities it should hardly be difficult to find social policy texts that speak to BAME students and incorporate these into teaching. However, previous reports into teaching at UK HEIs in social policy (Craig et al., Reference Craig, Bankole, Ali and Qureshi2019), sociology (Joseph-Salisbury et al., Reference Joseph-Salisbury, Ashe, Alexander and Campion2020) and by the Royal Historical Society (RHS, 2018) together suggest some common problems. We consider these in the remainder of this section.

Craig et al. (Reference Craig, Bankole, Ali and Qureshi2019) found very narrow attention to ‘race’ and ethnicity. Where they were covered, it was often in restricted areas of discussion, such as migration, rather than the impacts of racism within wider public policy. Although these findings were not definitive, it was apparent that social policy at undergraduate level was ‘white male and stale’. BAME scholarship was virtually absent with a very small number of white authors contributing strongly to the field. This finding was supported by the highly critical report from the RHS (2018), which concluded that the history curriculum is seen as simply not reflecting the diversity of UK life. Most of the Black history taught is American history, apart from the ‘Windrush Myth’, and not our own global interactions with Africans on three continents (Olusoga, Reference Olusoga2018). Similarly, a report for the British Sociological Association (Joseph-Salisbury et al., Reference Joseph-Salisbury, Ashe, Alexander and Campion2020) found that where race was taught, the focus was often limited to England, although sometimes the United States, and on Black and Asian populations, with little attention to ‘whiteness as a raced category’. Craig et al. (Reference Craig, Bankole, Ali and Qureshi2019) discovered a lack of specifically social policy modules addressing BAME issues. Even then, ‘race’ and ethnicity often seemed to be taught as an add-on, or solely a specialist module, rather than a fundamentally integrated part of the curriculum. Similarly, Joseph-Salisbury et al. (Reference Joseph-Salisbury, Ashe, Alexander and Campion2020) found there is a definite lack of integration of ‘race’ and ethnicity into core reading lists. This can lead to positioning the study of race and ethnicity as a niche interest with only tangential implications for the study of social policy. Whilst many courses surveyed by Craig et al. (Reference Craig, Bankole, Ali and Qureshi2019) incorporated modules with race content from other disciplines, this approach itself risks missing out a specifically social policy focus and seeming to ‘outsource’ teaching on such to sociology.

Both Senior (Reference Senior2012) and Craig et al. (Reference Craig, Bankole, Ali and Qureshi2019) discussed how BAME students become disengaged because the curriculum is not seen as relevant to their interests and experience. Singh (Reference Singh2011) also has advocated the integration of components on social justice and global citizenship into all courses as a way to improve BAME students’ engagement, although this must be implemented in such a way so that a focus on social problems or victimisation does not dominate and perpetuate negative stereotypes. At the time of writing, the University of Kent and Transforming Access and Student Outcomes (TASO, 2021) were evaluating the Diversity Mark intervention because of the absence of conclusive research evidence one way or the other that having additional content specifically on ‘race’ has any significant impact on BAME student intake onto social policy degrees or contributes to the retention and attainment of these students.

Undoubtedly, bringing ‘race’ and ethnicity into the core concern of social policy will take a long time to resolve, but more immediate changes are within the gift of those teaching social policy; and diversifying reading lists is one such intervention.

Theoretical framework

Our conceptual framework was taken from CRT. By directly addressing structural inequalities, CRT places a spotlight on race to illuminate how systemic forms of racism within education have silenced the voices and epistemological scholarship of authors of the global South, particularly erasing the importance of social theory within the canon of social sciences (Solórzano and Yosso, Reference Solórzano and Yosso2002; Ladson-Billings and Tate, Reference Ladson-Billings, Tate, Dixson, Rousseau, Anderson and Donnor2006; Delgado and Stefancic, Reference Delgado and Stefancic2017). The more indigenous styles of knowing, which Ladson-Billings (Reference Ladson-Billings2003) calls ‘ethnic epistemologies’, have all-too-often become subordinated. Yet as Ladson-Billings (Ladson-Billings, Reference Ladson-Billings1998) has argued, ‘there are well-developed systems of knowledge, or epistemologies, that stand in contrast to the dominant Euro-American epistemology’ (Ladson-Billings, Reference Ladson-Billings1998: 258). Following the key tenets of CRT, we applied the method of counter-storytelling (Ladson-Billings, Reference Ladson-Billings1998; DeCuir and Dixson, Reference DeCuir and Dixson2004; Parker and Villalpando, Reference Parker and Villalpando2007), collating unique narratives of people of colour which often shone a light on the dominant ideology of whiteness that perpetuates racial stereotypes. This acted as a framework that contextualised the racialised and subordinate experiences of marginalised groups in HE. Another key tenet of CRT is that systemic forms of racism further ‘colour blindness’, a mechanism that allows people deliberately and routinely to deny racialised relationships and practice racialised policies that perpetuate social inequity. By depicting their own cultures and practices as race-neutral and meritocratic, universities advance the notion that students are learning in ‘post-racial’ institutions, where reading lists are colour blind. As Mirza (Reference Mirza, Arday and Mirza2018) has argued: ‘by adopting “colour-blind” and “complacent” bureaucratic approaches, universities can claim to be doing something, while really doing nothing at all to change the status quo’ (2018: 7).

The project institution

The University of Kent has seen a substantial increase in the number of students from lower participation groups and neighbourhoods over the last decade. By 2020 the university had 14,500 full-time and 800 part-time undergraduates. Forty-three per cent identified themselves as from any BAME group, 18 per cent were Black and 12 per cent were Asian. Among the undergraduates doing a degree in social policy, sociology, criminology or social work in 2020, 41 per cent of Canterbury students and 63 per cent of Medway students were from any BAME group. Half of these were of African descent. In 2020, the vast majority of the university of Kent’s undergraduates came from London (27 per cent) or the rest of the South East (40 per cent). The initiative we describe in this article focused on the promotion of diverse reading lists to help meet the needs of this changing student population.

The Reading List Diversity Mark

The Reading List Diversity Mark is an award available to modules across all the subjects taught at the University of Kent. Those that have received the award have a logo displayed next to them on the online reading list system in use at the university (see Figure 1). This initiative aims to recognise best practice in diversifying reading lists, and to make recommendations where practice falls short of the required standard for the award. It offers academic schools a visualisation of their respective data metrics on diversity in their reading lists. It is a cross-departmental collaboration between colleagues from the library, academic departments, the students’ union and student researchers working as a team to encourage reflection on the demographic makeup of reading lists and to stimulate conversations on how we can diversify reading lists to represent a more universal collection of knowledge. The Diversity Mark is underpinned by a toolkit that supports academic departments to incorporate more diverse schools of thought and authors within their reading lists. This article explains this toolkit so that others can adopt or adapt it.

Figure 1. The Diversity Mark logo

The Diversity Mark transpired as a direct response to the student union’s ‘Diversify My Curriculum’ campaign and its BME student voices report (Kent Union, Reference Kent2016), which echoed student voices across HE in its recommendation that ‘The University should aim to diversify the content of its curriculum and make it more inclusive, starting with reviewing curricula to ensure that a range of ideas and academic thoughts are represented’. It brought to light that students believed the curriculum was centred on Eurocentric ideals, with a lack of BAME authors, and they felt this had an impact on their studies because both BAME and white students were missing out on alternative discourses (Kent Union, Reference Kent2016). Another student-led initiative was Kent Law School’s Decolonise the Curriculum Project (DtCP). This inspired a chain reaction of events across the university (Jivraj, Reference Jivraj2020). Also motivating the Diversity Mark was the university’s strategy to narrow the white-BAME awarding gap. Finally, it was allied to the university’s overall widening participation and equality and diversity strategies. The primary objectives were to investigate the extent to which reading lists’ demographic composition impacted on students’ interest and engagement with the curriculum, and to examine the extent to which pedagogic interventions can be operationalised through reading lists in order to gain an understanding of student and teaching staff’s perceptions and expectations of them.

By reviewing social policy reading lists and analysing how they were selected and how the content was taught, the Diversity Mark initiative facilitates honest conversations about ways that the reading could project a fairer representation of BAME scholarship. The impact of this ongoing project is yet to be evaluated. At this stage it can be viewed as an example of a ‘do something’ proactive, pragmatic approach and the commitment that the university has to creating an enriching learning environment for its students towards promoting equality and diversity in academia. In what follows, we describe our methodology, which involved all of the following: a desk-based review of reading lists; focus groups with students and staff; and interviews with module convenors. The intention is to offer a toolkit, blueprint or recipe that social policy colleagues can adapt. Although in this article we discuss the findings of the Diversity Mark initiative in relation to social policy, it can readily be adapted to any subject area.

Review of reading lists

In this section we discuss our findings from ten Stage 1 modules offered by the School of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Research (SSPSSR) in 2018–2020. Large compulsory introductory first-year undergraduate modules were chosen for this exercise to reflect larger BAME student groups registered on these core modules, some of whom were then recruited to participate in student focus groups. The key research question was: to what extent are reading lists composed of diverse authorship? We hypothesised that the sources would be predominantly white, European and male.

Adopting a ‘quality mark’ approach to the curriculum raises questions about who should set and judge quality. We were convinced that to create sustainable change we needed work with students. We devised the Diversity Mark project ‘reading list review’, a process whereby staff and students, in partnership, would engage in a collaborative, power-sharing relationship to explore the extent to which the contents, concepts and context of a module’s reading lists were representative of diverse knowledge systems. We employed two students as project officers. They became change actors and co-producers of knowledge having been fully involved in the development of the project from the onset to its dissemination of findings. In turn, it was a group consisting of both staff and students who decided which modules should be awarded the Diversity Mark.

All items on the reading lists had been categorised by the module convenor as either: Core (Must Read), Recommended (Should Read), Background (Could Read), or Suggested for Student Purchase. Our approach was to quantify the number of readings by globally diverse authors labelled ‘Core (Must Read)’, both to create a conversation about what constitute ‘must read’ texts for the social policy curriculum and because we know that these are the ones students are most likely to read. While checklists and toolkits have become a feature of approaches to decolonise the curriculum, to date, there has been an absence of a methodology to guide such a reading list review. In the absence of a robust methodology and literature to guide such analysis (Piscioneri and Hlavac, Reference Piscioneri and Hlavac2013), the reading lists were analysed by means of desk-based research, in which the ethnic identity of the author was obtained from mediums within the public domain. For example, internet was used to search for: academic webpages; author biographies; author images; Google books; social media presence; academic institutions; publisher’s webpages; conference and workshop papers. The data was inputted into a spread sheet. This contributed to developing a profile of the author. More weight was given to an author’s own biography. We counted the number of diverse authors on reading lists with the acknowledgement that numbers have no objective reality and are constrained within the policies and frameworks of meaning that create them. We adopted a QuantCrit perspective because it seeks to ‘apply CRT understandings and insights wherever quantitative data is used in research and/or encountered in policy and practice’ (Gillborn et al., Reference Gillborn, Warmington and Demack2018: 169). QuantCrit foregrounds the need to think critically about how the realities of society are shaped by race/gender inequality, which is deeply embedded in everyday realities. This is important, as data are neither objective nor colour blind. We used the term ‘diverse’ in a similar manner to Hall and Tandon (Reference Hall and Tandon2017) to represent an ecosystem inclusive and equally representative of traditionally excluded groups such as racialised groups, Indigenous peoples, those generally excluded on the basis of gender, class or sexuality, as well as from their white counterparts.

Partnership with students

Focus groups were held with students (N = 16) by the project officers in autumn 2019 in order better to appreciate their perceptions of the value of a reading list. The inclusion criteria for participants were: i) they were undergraduate students studying a social science subject at the University of Kent; and ii) they self-defined as African, Afro Caribbean, Mixed Black and White, or any other minoritised ethnic group. The participants were asked about their initial impressions when they saw their reading lists during the first six weeks of their degree. In addition, since this toolkit was developed with students, the project officers were encouraged actively to contribute their knowledge and expertise in the form of a reflection on their experiences. This departed from the notion of students as mere data sources and is aligned with the concept of a student-staff partnership that stimulates a way of thinking, engaging and working in partnership with students and staff to contribute different, but equally valuable, knowledge and expertise to research processes.

Engagement with teaching staff

We sought to understand the engagement with reading lists by staff as well as students. Therefore, each convenor was sent bespoke data about their module’s reading list review. Some staff did not initially see the value of students of colour advising ‘them’ about the quality of their reading lists and became defensive at the prospect of non-academic staff questioning their academic judgement. They were given time to reflect and invited to respond to a short feedback qualitative survey by email on a voluntary basis to gain their perspectives on the data. In all cases, they observed that the overwhelming majority of their core/compulsory reading was by British or European white male authors. Follow-up interviews were conducted with five convenors in 2019–2020. A critical reflexive framework was used to construct the interview with CRT as a theoretical lens (the full interview guide is available from the authors). Convenors were given the opportunity to honestly question their own assumptions and their perceptions of their reading lists in a non-threatening way. This encouraged empowering conversations about how staff can move forward with broadening reading lists, better to engage the BAME cohort present in their classrooms.