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Music, Festivity, and Gender in Iran from the Qajar to the Early Pahlavi Period

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

Sasan Fatemi
Sasan Fatemi*
Affiliation:
University of Paris X: Nanterre; University of Tehran
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Iranian Studies , Volume 38 , Issue 3: Special Issue: Music and Society in Iran , September 2005 , pp. 399 - 416
Copyright
Copyright © 2005 The International Society for Iranian Studies

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References

1 In this article, my use of the term motreb has this meaning.

2 De Silva Figueroa, Don Garcia, Safarnameh-ye Figueroa, trans. Sami'i, Gholam Reza (Tehran, 1363/1984), 310Google Scholar (translation of L'ambassade de Don Garcia de Silva Figueroa en Perse, translated into French from Spanish by Abraham de Wicquefort [Paris, 1667]) as well as Kaempfer, Engelbert, Safarnameh-ye Kempfer, trans. Jahandari, Keykavus (Tehran, 1981), 240Google Scholar (translation of Am Hofe des persischen Großkönigs [Tübingen, 1977]). Also see Matthee, Rudi, “Prostitutes, Courtesans, and Dancing Girls: Women Entertainers in Safavid Iran,” in Iran and Beyond, ed. Matthee, Rudi and Baron, Beth (Costa Mesa, California, 2000), 121–150Google Scholar.

3 Olearius, Adam, Safarnameh-ye Olearius, trans. Behpur, Ahmad (Tehran, 1363/1984), 297Google Scholar (translation of Relation du voyage de Moscovie, Tartarie et de Perse, translated from German into French by Abraham de Wicquefort [Paris, 1656]).

4 Asadi, Hooman, “Hayat-e musiqi dar dowran-e teymurian: az Samarqand ta Herat,” Mahur 14 (1380/2001): 40Google Scholar.

5 al-Dowleh, Azod, Tarikh-e azodi, ed. Navayi, 'Abd-al-Hosein (Tehran, 2535/1976), 38Google Scholar.

6 Azod al-Dowleh, Tarikh-e azodi, 38.

7 Azod al-Dowleh, Tarikh-e azodi, 38–39.

8 Azod al-Dowleh, Tarikh-e azodi, 39.

9 Drouville, Gaspard, Voyage en Perse, pendant les années 1812 et 1813 (Tehran, 1976), 50Google Scholar.

10 Azod al-Dowleh, Tarikh-e Azodi, 40.

11 al-Mamalek, Dust 'Ali Mo'ayyer, Yaddasht-ha-yi az zendegani-ye khosusi-ye Naser al-Din Shah (Tehran, 1362/1983), 21Google Scholar.

12 See, among others, Mostowfi, 'Adbollah, Sharh-e zendegani-ye man (Tehran, 1998/1377) 1:213Google Scholar, 206, and 346 as well as al-Saltaneh, E'temad, Ruznameh-ye khaterat-e E'temad al-Saltaneh, marbut beh sal-ha-ye 1292 ta 1313 hejri-ye-qamari, ed. Afshar, Iraj (Tehran, 1379/2000), 457Google Scholar.

13 See Mo'ayyer al-Mamalek, Yaddasht-ha-yi az zendegani-ye khosusi-ye Naser al-Din Shah, 26 and 63, and E'temad al-Saltaneh, Ruznameh-ye khaterat-e E'temad al-Saltaneh, 484.

14 Noted in Drouville, Voyage en Perse, 49.

15 Polak, Jacob Eduard, Safarnameh-ye Polak (Iran va iraniyan), trans. Jahandari, Keykavus (Tehran, 1361/1982), 201Google Scholar (translation of Persien. Das Land und seine Bewohner [Leipzig, 1865]).

16 “If people had found out that the prince had let a namahram [or one who is not mahram] Christian into his harem, this surely would have incited the Shah's anger towards him.” Flandin, Eugene, Safarnameh-ye Eugene Flandin beh Iran, trans. Nur-Sadeqi, Hosein (Tehran, 2536/1977), 74Google Scholar (translation of Voyage en Perse de M.M. Eugène Flandin, peintre, et Pascal Coste, architecte, 1840–41 [Paris, 1850–54]).

17 Drouville, Voyage en Perse, 49.

18 Drouville, Voyage en Perse, 49.

19 Refer to Browne, Edward Granville, A Year Amongst the Persians (London: 1970), 119–120Google Scholar; De Gobineau, Comte Joseph, Trois ans en Asie (de 1855 à 1858) (Paris, 1922) 1:251Google Scholar; and Wills, Charles James, Iran dar yek qarn-e pish (Safarnameh-ye Doctor Wills), trans. Qaraguzlu, Gholam Hosein (Tehran, 1368/1989), 405Google Scholar (translation of In the Land of the Lion and Sun, or Modern Persia [London, 1883]).

20 Such were the parties that Wills purports to have seen in Fasa (Wills, Iran dar yek qarn-e pish, 280).

21 Fraser, James Baillie, Safarnameh-ye Fraser, ma'ruf beh safar-e zemestani, trans. Amiri, Manuchehr (Tehran, 1985/1364), 198Google Scholar (translation of A Winter's Journey from Constantinople to Tehran [London, 1838]).

22 Browne, A Year Amongst the Persians, 120.

23 See Wills, Iran dar yek qarn-e pish and Fraser, Safarnameh-ye Fraser, same pages.

24 Drouville, Voyage en Perse, 49.

25 Aubin, Eugène, Iran-e emruz 1906–1907, trans. Sa'idi, 'Ali Ashgar (Tehran, 1362/1983), 248Google Scholar (translation of La perse d'aujourd'hui [Paris, 1908]).

26 This is Hermann Norden's term.

27 Norden, Hermann, Sous le ciel de la Perse, trans. by Léon, G. (Paris, 1929), 176Google Scholar (translation of Under Persian Skies [London, 1928]).

28 E'temad al-Saltaneh, Ruznameh-ye khaterat-e E'temad al-Saltaneh, 971.

29 al-Saltaneh, Taj, Khaterat-e Taj al-Saltaneh, ed. Etehadiyeh, Mansureh (Tehran, 1371/1992), 90Google Scholar.

30 Aubin, Iran-e emruz 1906–1907, 249.

31 Mostowfi, Sharh-e zendegani-ye man, 1:386.

32 Taj al-Saltaneh, Khaterat-e Taj al-Saltaneh, 35.

33 E'temad al-Saltaneh, Ruznameh-ye khaterat-e E'temad al-Saltaneh, 1049.

34 E'temad al-Saltaneh, Ruznameh-ye khaterat-e E'temad al-Saltaneh, 1055.

35 Taj al-Saltaneh, Khaterat-e Taj al-Saltaneh, 71.

36 Taj al-Saltaneh, Khaterat-e Taj al-Saltaneh, 71.

37 Taj al-Saltaneh, Khaterat-e Taj al-Saltaneh, 69.

38 al-Saltaneh, 'Eyn, Ruznameh-ye khaterat-e 'Eyn al-Saltaneh, eds. Salur, Mas'ud and Afshar, Iraj (Tehran, 1374/1995), 921Google Scholar.

39 Rezvani, Medjid, Le théâtre et la danse en Iran (Paris, 1962), 166–167Google Scholar.

40 Gobineau, Trois ans en Asie (de 1855 à 1858), 252.

41 Rezvani, Le théâtre et la danse en Iran, 112.

42 Feuvrier, Jean-Baptiste, Trois ans à la cour de Perse (Paris, u.d., ca. 1900), 254Google Scholar.

43 Aubin, Iran-e emruz 1906–1907, 249.

44 Rezvani, Le théâtre et la danse en Iran, 194.

45 Aubin, Iran-e emruz 1906–1907, 249.

46 E'temad al-Saltaneh, Ruznameh-ye khaterat-e E'temad al-Saltaneh, 611.

47 Mostowfi, Sharh-e zendegani-ye man, 361.

48 Chodzko, Alexandre Borejko, Théâtre Persan, choix de Téaziés ou drames (Paris, 1878), xGoogle Scholar.

49 Chodzko, Théâtre Persan, x.

50 Aubin, Iran-e emruz 1906–1907, 250.

51 Mostowfi, Sharh-e zendegani-ye man, 1: 207.

52 Aubin, Iran-e emruz 1906–1907, 248.

53 Rostam al-Hokama, Mohammad Hashem Asef, Rostam al-Tavarikh, ed. 'Alizadeh, 'Azizollah (Tehran, 1380/2001), 315Google Scholar.

54 Mostowfi, Sharh-e zendegani-ye man, 1: 346.

55 Beyza'i, Bahram, Namayesh dar Iran (Tehran, 1379/2000), 168Google Scholar.

56 Ahmadi, Morteza, Kohneh-ha-ye hamisheh no, taraneh-ha-ye takht-e howzi (Tehran, 1380/2001), 7Google Scholar.

57 Ahmadi, Kohneh-ha-ye hamisheh no, 8.

58 Khaleqi, Ruhollah, Sargozasht-e musiqi-ye Iran (Tehran, 1376/1997), 427Google Scholar.

59 Khaleqi, Sargozasht-e musiqi-ye Iran, 478.

60 Mashhun, Hasan, Tarikh-e musiqi-ye Iran (Tehran, 1373/1994), 394Google Scholar.

61 Mashhun, Tarikh-e musiqi-ye Iran, 379.

62 al-Soltan, ‘Aziz, Ruznameh-ye khaterat-e 'Aziz al-Soltan (Tehran, 1376/1997), 255Google Scholar.

63 Mashhun, Tarikh-e musiqi-ye Iran, 394.

64 Mashhun, Tarikh-e musiqi-ye Iran, 394.

65 See Kasbiyan, Hosein, “Jaleseh-ye sokhanrani va goft o shenud ba Hosein Kasbiyan dar mowred-e namayesh-e takht-e howzi,” Sheshomin jashnvareh-ye namayesh-ha-ye ayyini – sonnati, ed. Taqiyan, Laleh (Aban, 1994/1373), 47 and 54Google Scholar.

66 Mostowfi, Sharh-e zendegani-ye man, 2:437.

67 'Eyn al-Saltaneh, Ruznameh-ye khaterat-e 'Eyn al-Saltaneh, 271.

68 Beyza'i, Namayesh dar Iran, 183.

69 According to 'Ali Rabbani (ruhowzi musician, personal communication).

70 According to Ahmadi, Kohneh-ha-ye hamisheh no, 199.

71 According to Khoshru (ruhowzi actor, personal communication).

72 According to Khoshru (ruhowzi actor, personal communication).

73 Gholam Afshar and Shahbaz Bahari (ruhowzi musicians, personal communication).

74 Aubin, Iran-e emruz 1906–1907, 249.

75 Kasbiyan, “Jaleseh-ye sokhanrani va goft o shenud ba Hosein Kasbiyan dar mowred-e namayesh-e takht-e howzi,” 51.

76 Beyza'i, Namayesh dar Iran, 174.

77 In this time period, Te'atr was often called “Tiart.”

78 Beyza'i, Namayesh dar Iran, 174–175.

79 Kasbiyan “Jaleseh-ye sokhanrani va goft o shenud ba Hosein Kasbiyan dar mowred-e namayesh-e takht-e howzi,” 51.

80 Beyza'i, Namayesh dar Iran, 175.

81 See also Kasbiyan “Jaleseh-ye sokhanrani va goft o shenud ba Hosein Kasbiyan dar mowred-e namayesh-e takht-e howzi,” 51. Also, information about these dates and the length of Mo'ayyed's tenure in such theater houses is vague.

82 Beyza'i, Namayesh dar Iran, 179.

83 Beyza'i, Namayesh dar Iran, 174–180.

84 Beyza'i, Namayesh dar Iran, 180.

85 Tekiyeh is the place where ta'zieh is performed.

86 Gobineau, Trois ans en Asie (de 1855 à 1858), 216.

87 Noted by Mostowfi, Sharh-e zendegani-ye man, 1:299.

88 Wills, Iran dar yek qarn-e pish, 326.

89 However, it should be pointed out that Mo'ayyer al-Mamalek only discussed female audiences (with the exception of the shah and his dependents) in Yaddasht-ha-yi az zendegani-ye khosusi-ye Naser al-Din Shah, 64–65.

90 Serena, Carla, Adam-ha va ayin-ha dar Iran, translation of Hommes et choses en Perse (Paris, 1883)Google Scholar by 'Ali Asghar. Sa'idi (Tehran, 1362/1983), 164. Also see Browne, A Year Amongst the Persians, 603.

91 See Shahidi, Enayatollah, Pazhuheshi dar ta'zieh va ta'zieh khani, az aghaz ta payan-e dowreh-ye Qajar (Tehran, 1380/2001), 792–838Google Scholar, for ta'zieh photos including, among others, those of Tekiyeh Dowlat.

92 Andaruni-biruni divisions in the houses of noble families and the lack thereof in those of the middle class did not make any significant difference in this regard. It is quite likely that, in the case of the latter, the primary and most essential part or parts of weddings or perhaps even the entire ceremony was held in the women's/family's section of the house by female motrebs and that the host always avoided asking male groups. Generally speaking, it is difficult to prove takht-e howzi's existence among the middle classes in periods before the one at hand.

93 Ahmadi's proposal (in Kohneh-ha-ye hamisheh no, 201) that this replacement happened in the year 1929 seems possible. We know also that women in intellectual artistic domains like music and theater were on the stage even before this date. However, applying his date to ruhowzi shows, which had traditional audiences at the time, seems too early.

94 See Shahri, Ja'far, Tehran-e-qadim, vol. 3 (Tehran, 1997/1376):142Google Scholar.