¹ Bianchi, Andrea, International Law Theories: An Enquiry into Different Ways of Thinking (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 227CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

² Halliday, Paul D., “Law's Histories. Pluralisms, Pluralities, Diversity,” in Legal Pluralism and Empires, 1500–1850, eds. Ross, Richard J. and Benton, Lauren (New York: NYU Press, 2013), 273Google Scholar.

³ On these issues also see Herzog, Tamar, “Germanic or Roman? Western European Narratives of Legal Origins,” Rechtsgeschichte/Legal History 28 (2020), 1–13Google Scholar.

⁴ Sally Engle Merry, “Legal Pluralism,” Law and Society Review 22, no. 5 (1988): 869–96. Under this guise, legal pluralism became the “corollary of colonialism” as, according to some, “the concept's origin dates back to the colonial period when Western law appeared to be opposed to, or at least be identified against, indigenous law:” Kim, Marie Seong-Hak, “Legal Pluralism and Colonial Customary Law,” Perspectives 6 (2012): 4Google Scholar and Timmer, Jaap, “Legal Pluralism,” in International Encyclopedia of Anthropology, ed. Callan, Hilary (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons, 2018), 1Google Scholar. Also see: Hooker, M. B., Legal Pluralism, and Introduction to Colonial and Neo-Colonial Laws (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975)Google Scholar. On the comparative aspects of legal pluralism see, e.g., Tuori, Kaius, “The Disputed Roots of Legal Pluralism,” Law, Culture and the Humanities 9, no. 2 (2011): 330–51Google Scholar.

⁵ Griffiths, John, “The Idea of Sociology of Law and Its Relations to Law and to Sociology,” in Law and Sociology, ed. Freeman, Michael (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 60–62Google Scholar and Twining, William, “Normative and Legal Pluralism: A Global Perspective,” Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law 20 (2010): 473–517Google Scholar. Combining interest in both colonial and non-colonial domains is John Glissen, ed., Le pluralism juridique (Brussels: Université de Bruxelles, 1972).

⁶ Hoekema, André J., “European Legal Encounters between Minority and Majority Cultures; Cases of Interlegality,” The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 37, no. 51 (2005): 1–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷ Berman, Paul Schiff, “The New Legal Pluralism,” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 5 (2009): 225–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Pastore, Baldassare, “Pluralismi giuridici e trasformazioni del diritto contemporaneo,” Quaderni fiorentini 50, no. 1 (2021): 399–432Google Scholar.

⁸ John Griffiths, “What is Legal Pluralism,” Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 24 (1986): 1–55.

⁹ One early exception is “El pluralismo jurídico en la América española, 1492–1824,” in Los orígenes españoles de las instituciones americanas. Estudios de derecho indiano, ed. Alfonso García Gallo (Madrid: Real academia de jurisprudencia y legislación, 1987), 299–310. This text was originally published in 1975. García Gallo identifies Spanish secular law, canon law, and native law as the three elements making colonial Spanish American legal pluralism.

¹⁰ Clark, David S., “Legal Pluralism in Latin America,” Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law 1 (1982): 29–31Google Scholar.

¹¹ On some of these issues see, e.g., Costa, Pietro, “Il ‘pluralismo politico-giuridico: una mappa storico-concettuale,” Quaderni fiorentini 50, no. 1 (2021): 44–70 and 87–99Google Scholar. Here, both genealogies of legal pluralism coincide.

¹² E.g., Bianchi, International Law Theories, 227 and Séan Patrick Donlan, “Histories of Hybridity: A Problem, A Primer, A please and a Plan (of Sorts),” in Comparative Law and Hybrid Legal Traditions, eds. Eleanor Cashin-Ritaine, Seán Patrick Donlan and Martin Sychold (Zurich: Schulthess, 2010), 1–2.

¹³ Berman, “The New Legal Pluralism,” 227.

¹⁴ Benton, Lauren, “Historical Perspectives on Legal Pluralism,” Hague Journal on the Rule of Law 3 (2011): 57CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper, “Rules of Law, Politics of Empire,” in Ross and Benton, Legal Pluralism and Empires, 279–93 equally suggest that pluralism was so normal in the past that it required no explanation, no concept, no debate.

¹⁵ Grossi, Paolo, L'ordine giuridico medievale (Rome-Bari: Laterza, 1996)Google Scholar, Hespanha, António Manuel, “A historiografia jurídico-institucional e a morte do estado,” Anuario de Filosofía del Derecho 3 (1986): 191–227Google Scholar, and Garriga, Carlos, “Orden jurídico y poder político en el antiguo regimen,” ISTOR, Revista de Historia Internacional 16 (2004): 1–21Google Scholar.

¹⁶ Herzog, Tamar, “Colonial Law and ‘Native Customs’: Indigenous Land Rights in Colonial Spanish America,” The Americas 63, no. 3 (2013): 303–21Google Scholar, Yannakakis, Yanna and Schrader-Kniffki, Martina, “Between the ‘Old Law’ and the New: Christian Translation, Indian Jurisdiction, and Criminal Justice in Colonial Oaxaca,” Hispanic American Historical Review 96, no. 3 (2016): 517–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Duve, Thomas, “Indigenous Rights: Latin America,” in The Oxford Handbook of Legal History, eds. Dubber, Markus D. and Tomlins, Christopher (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), 833–34Google Scholar.

¹⁷ Costa, “Il ‘pluralismo politico-giuridico,” 35–41 and 71–87. Costa observes that colonial domains were equally plural but not pluralistic. If anything, they were less pluralistic precisely because of the aims and methods of colonialism. Also see Vallejo, Jesús, “El cáliz de plata. Articulación de órdenes jurídicos en la jurisprudencia del ius commune,” Revista de historia del derecho 38 (2009): 1–13Google Scholar and António Manuel Hespanha, Como os juristas viam o mundo. 1550–1750. Direitos, estados, coisas, contratos, ações e crimes (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015), 6–30, 167–84, and 231–32.

¹⁸ The authorities had juris-dictio, that is, the ability to declare, not make, the law: Pietro Costa, Iurisdictio. Semantica del potere politico nella iuspubblicistica medievale (1100–1433) (Milan: Giuffrè, 1969).

¹⁹ Tamar Herzog, A Short History of European Law: The Last Two and a Half Millennia (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2018), 183–93 and Costa, “Il ‘pluralismo politico-giuridico,’” 41–44.

²⁰ The differences between past and present are also studied in Tamanah, Brian, “Understanding Legal Pluralism: Past to Present, Local to Global,” Sydney Law Review 30 (2008): 376Google Scholar, Tuori, Kaius, “The Disputed Roots of Legal Pluralism,” Law, Culture, and the Humanities 9, no. 2 (2011): 336 and 349–50Google Scholar, and Cazzetta, Giovanni, “Pagina introduttiva (unità e pluralità: spazi e tempi del pluralismo giuridico moderno). Cinquant'anni di Quaderni fiorentini,” Quaderni fiorentini 50, no. 1 (2021): 18–25Google Scholar.

²¹ Simone Rodríguez Pinto and Carlos Federico Domínguez Ávila, “Sociedades plurales, multiculturalismo y derechos indígenas en América Latina,” Política y cultura 35 (2011): 49–66.

²² Benton, Lauren, Law and Colonial Cultures. Legal Regimes in World History, 1400–1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 2 and 9Google Scholar, and Lauren Benton and Richard J. Ross, “Jurisdiction, Sovereignty and Political Imagination in the Early Modern World,” in Legal Pluralism and Empires, eds. Ross and Benton, 1, and Benton, “Historical Perspectives,” 58.

²³ This expression is taken from Birth, Dominic, “Legal Pluralism in Early Modern England and Colonial Virginia,” Journal of Institutional Studies 5, no. 2 (2019): 717Google Scholar. On Latin American legal pluralism see Herzog, Tamar, “Latin American Legal Pluralism: The Old and the New,” Quaderni fiorentini 50, no. 2 (2021): 705–36Google Scholar.

²⁴ Beatriz Rojas, ed, Cuerpo político y pluralidad de derechos. Los privilegios de las corporaciones novohispanas (Mexico: Instituto Mora, 2007) and Richard Ross and Philip J. Stern. “Reconstructing Early Modern Notions of Legal Pluralism,” in Legal Pluralism and Empires, eds. Ross and Benton¸ 109–41.

²⁵ Peter Burke, “Foundation Myths and Collective Identities in Early Modern Europe,” in Europe and the Other and Europe as the Other, ed. Bo Strath (Brussels: Peter Lang, 2000), 113–22.

²⁶ Halliday, “Law's Histories,” 263.

²⁷ On what it took to control European customary law see, e.g., Dawson, John P., “The Codification of the French Customs,” Michigan Law Review 38, no. 6 (1940): 765–800CrossRefGoogle Scholar, Strauss, Gerald, Law, Resistance, and the State: The Opposition to Roman Law in Reformation Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, Grinberg, Martine, “La rédaction des coutumes et les droits seigneuriaux,” Annales HSS 52, no. 5 (1997): 1017–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Simon Teuscher, Lords’ Rights and Peasant Stories. The Writing and the Formation of Tradition in the Later Middle Ages, trans. Philip Grace (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013). On customary law as a form of legal pluralism see Ralf Seinecke, “Rechtspluralismus in der Rechtsgeschichte,” Rechtsgeschichte/Legal History 25 (2017): 215–28.

²⁸ Sérgio Costa, “Freezing Differences: Politics, Law, and the Invention of Cultural Diversity in Latin America,” in Legitimization in World Society, eds. Aldo Mascareño and Kathya Araujo (London: Routledge, 2012), 139. Also see 140–43 and 152. These questions are also treated in Thornhill, Chris, Calabria, Carina, Cespedes, Rodrigo, Dagbanja, Dominic, and O'Loughlin, Elizabeth, “Legal Pluralism? Indigenous Rights as Legal Constructs,” University of Toronto Law Journal 68, no. 3 (2018): 441–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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³⁰ Hooker, Juliet, “Indigenous Inclusion/Black Exclusion: Race, Ethnicity and Multicultural Citizenship in Latin America,” Journal of Latin American Studies 37 (2005): 285–310CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Odile Hoffmann, ed. Política e identidad afrodescendientes en México y América Central (Mexico: UNAM, 2010).

³¹ Anderson, Mark, “When Afro Becomes (like) Indigenous: Garifuna and Afro-Indigenous Politics in Honduras,” The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 12, no. 2 (2007): 385–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Restrepo, Eduardo, Etnización de la negridad: La invención de las “comunidades negras” como grupo étnico en Colombia (Popayán: Editorial Universidad de Cauca, 2013)Google Scholar.

³² Wade, Peter, Race and Ethnicity in Latin America (Chicago: Pluto Press, 1997), 37Google Scholar.

³³ Yannakakis, Yanna, “Beyond Jurisdictions: Native Agency in the Making of Colonial Legal Cultures: A Review Essay,” Comparative Studies in Society and history 57, no. 4 (2015): 1070–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Dueñas, Alcira, “Indian Colonial Actors in the Lawmaking of the Spanish Empire in Peru,” Ethnohistory 65, no. 1 (2018): 51–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³⁴ Thornhill, Calabria, Cespedes, Dagbanja, and O'Loughlin, “Legal Pluralism?” and Thomas, The Challenge of Legal Pluralism, 2–4.

³⁵ Hespanha, António Manuel, Pluralismo jurídico e direito democrático. Prospetivas do direito no século XXI (Brasil: Annablume Editora, 2013)Google Scholar and André, Patrícia, “O direito nas dinâmicas paradigmáticas: a leitura realista e pluralista de António Manuel Hespanha,” Themis 20, no. 35 (2019), 221–59Google Scholar.

³⁶ Bianchi, International Law Theories, 231. Also see Berman, Paul Schiff, “From Legal Pluralism to Global Legal Pluralism,” in Law, Society and Community. Socio-Legal Essay in Honour of Roger Cotterrell, eds. Richard Nobles and David Schiff (Farnham: Routledge, 2014), 256–57Google Scholar and Berman, “The New Legal Pluralism,” 236.