^{page 5 note 1} Wyghte, King's MS. weyte, P. The Harl. MS. reads mete.

^{page 5 note 2} Augmentum, adaugma, a-bocchement. Med. gr. ms. phill.

^{page 5 note 3} “Thilke tonne, that I shal abroche.” Chauc. Wif of Bathes Prol.

^{page 5 note 4} “And if it suffice not for asseth.” P. plouhm. See Jamieson, under Assyth, and Spelman.

^{page 6 note 1} Ache, or hoppe, Ort. voc. Skinner gives ache, for smallage, from Fr. l'ache, parsley. See Cotgr.

^{page 6 note 2} “To acloye with a nayle as an yuell smythe dothe an horse foote, enclouer. Acloyed as a horses foot, encloué.” Palsg. The more usual sense of the word is as Horman uses it, “My stomake is accloyed, fastidiosus, nauseabundus.” Florio renders inchiodare, “to clow, or pricke a horse with a naile.”

^{page 6 note 3} “Jo ay la mayn si estoniye, so acomeled.” Gaut. de bibelesw. Arundel MS. 220. Acomlyt. MS. Phill. In the later Wycliffite version, Isaiah xxxv. 3, is read, “Coumfort ɜe clumsid, ether comelid hondis, and make ɜe strong feble knees.” MS. Cott. Claud. E. Ii. In the earlier version the passage is rendered, “Coumforteth the hondes loosid atwynne,” MS. Douce. In the Latin, “manus dissolutas.”

^{page 6 note 4} “I am accombered with corrupt humours, obruor pituita. The snoffe acombreth the matche, that he can nat burn clere, fungi elychnium obsident.” Horm. Piers Ploughman uses the word in the sense of to overcome, or destroy.

See Depos. of Ric. II. published by the Camden Society, pp. 29, 30.

^{page 6 note 5} Glans, an acharne, Vocab. Harl. MS. 1002. Accharne, okecorne, Ort. v. A. S. æcern. In the curious inventory of the effects of Sir Simon Burley, who was be-headed 1388, are enumerated, “deux pairs des pater nosters de aumbre blanc, l'un countrefait de Atchernes, l'autre rounde.” MS. in the possession of Sir Thomas Phillipps.

^{page 6 note 6} “Lapis ferrum attrahens, an adamounde stone, magnes.” Whitinton gramm. Aymant. Palsg.

^{page 7 note 1} “Affadyll, a yelowe floure, affrodille.” Palsg.

^{page 7 note 2} Forby, in enumerating among the provincialisms of Norfolk the word afeard, noticed that formerly it was not, as at present, synonymous with afraid.

The Harl. MS. indeed, renders both aferde and afrayed by territus, but the reading of the King's MS. agreeing with the printed editions, seems preferable. Aferde or trobelid, turbatus, perturbatus. Compare Abaschyd or aferde. A.S. afered, territus.

^{page 7 note 3} After Affynyte, the Harl. MS. has the word A-foyste, lirida. See under the letter F.

^{page 7 note 4} Aforen, aforne, afore. Chauc. A.S. æt foran.

^{page 7 note 5} The Harl. MS. gives Agas twice, first without any corresponding Latin word, but probably it is the same as Hagas puddynge, tucelum.

^{page 8 note 1} “Agglet of a lace or poynt, fer. To agglet a poynt, or set on an agglet vpon a poynt or lace, ferrer. Palsg. Wyll you set none agglettes vpon your poyntes? enferrer voz esguylettes.” This word denotes properly the tag, but is often used to signify the lace to which it was attached. “Myn aglet, mon lasset, a point, la ferrure d'un lasset.” R. pynson, Good boke to lerne to speke French.

^{page 8 note 2} “Agreyier, supporter avec peine.” Roquef. lacombe.

^{page 8 note 3} Agroted, Chaucer, Legend of G. W. is explained cloyed, surfeited.

^{page 8 note 4} This word is still of local use to denote the commotion caused in some tidal rivers, at the flow of the tide. In the Ouse, near Downham bridge, above Lynn, the name is eager, as also in the Nene, between Wisbeach and Peterborough, and the Ouse near York, and other rivers. Camden calls the meeting of the Avon and Severn, higre. Compare Skinner, under the word eager. In Craven Dial. acker is a ripple on the water. Aker seems, however, to have had a more extended meaning, as applied to some turbulent currents, or commotions of the deep. The MS. Poem entitled Of Knyghthode and Batayle, Cott. MS. Titus A. Xxiii. f. 49, commending the skill of mariners in judging of the signs of weather, makes the following allusion to the aker.

Aker seems to be derived from A. S. æ, water, and cer, a turn; sæ-cir signifies the ebb of the sea. Cædm. See Nares, under Higre.

^{page 9 note 1} “Alebery for a sicke man, chaudeau,” Palsg.; which Cotgrave renders, caudle, warm broth.

^{page 9 note 2} Alcamyne, arquemie, Palsg. A mixed metal, supposed to be produced by alchymy, and which received thence the name. See Nares.

^{page 9 note 3} Carre, a wood of alder, or other trees in a moist boggy place, Ray. See Forby and Moore. Ducange gives kaheir, kaeyum, salictum.

^{page 9 note 4} Aller, the gen. plur. ealra, A.S. is used by Chaucer, both by itself, and compounded:

There occur also, alderfirst, alderlast, alderlevest, that is dearest of all, and alderfastest.

^{page 9 note 5} Compare Gyylde or Gile, new ale. Celia, Orosius informs us, was the name of a Spanish drink made of wheat, and here seems to signify the sweet and unhopped wort.

^{page 9 note 6} “Wyll you algates do it? le voulez vous faire tout à force?” Palsg. “I damned thee, thou must algates be dead.” Chauc. Sompnour's Tale. A.S. Alʓeats, omnino.

^{page 10 note 1} Gerarde gives the name alexanders to the great or horse parsley, hipposelinum.

^{page 10 note 2} “Almariolum, a lytell almary or a cobborde. Scrinium, Anglice almery.” Ort. voc. “All my lytell bokes I putt in almeries, (scriniis chartophilaciis, forulis, vel armariis) all my greatter bokis I put in my lyberary.” Horm. A. S. Almeriʓa, scrinium.

^{page 10 note 3} “Almery, aumbry to put meate in, unes almoires.” Palsg.

^{page 10 note 4} “Ficedula, a wodewale or an alpe.” Med. gr. In Norfolk the bull-finch is called blood-olph, and the green grosbeak, green-olf, probably a corruption of alpe. Forby. Ray gives alp as generally signifying the bull-finch. See Moore.

^{page 10 note 5} The alure seems in its primary sense to have been the passage behind the battlements, allorium, ambulacrum, in French alleure or allée: and which, serving as a channel to collect the waters that fell upon the roof, and were carried off through the gargoilles, the term alure came to be applied to the channel itself, as it is here rendered. See Ducange, under the words Alatoria, Allorium. Alure occurs in Robert of Gloucester.

^{page 11 note 1} Ambrose, ache champestre, Palsg. Ambrosia, herba predulcis, wylde sawge, Ort. voc. “Ambrose, ambroisie, the herbe called oke of Cappadocia, or Jerusalem.” Cotgr.

^{page 11 note 2} The amice is the first of the sacerdotal vestments: it is a piece of fine linen, of an oblong square form, which was formerly worn on the head, until the priest arrived before the altar, and then thrown back upon the shoulders. It was ornamented with a rich parure, often set with jewels, which in ancient representations appears like a standing collar round the neck of the priest. Dugdale gives an inventory in his History of St. Paul's, taken 1295, which details the costly enrichments of the amice.

^{page 11 note 3} “Ammys for a channon, aumusse.” Palsg. This was the canonical vestment lined with fur, that served to cover the head and shoulders, and was perfectly distinct from the amyce. See almucium in Ducange.

^{page 11 note 4} The King's MS. gives Aneys herbe, anisum, and Aneyssede, anetum.

^{page 11 note 5} The word to anele was used in two senses, “to aneele a sicke man, anoynt hym with holy oyle. I lefte hym so farre past, that he was houseled and aneeled, communié et enhuyllé: and, to aneel a potte of erthe or suche lyke with a coloure, plommer.” Palsg. As applied to metal it signifies to enamel, and occurs in that sense. Lacombe and Roquefort give the word néellé, émaillé.

^{page 12 note 1} In Robert of Glouc. Wiclif and Chaucer, this word is written vnnethe, vnnethis. A. Saxon Un-eaðe, vix.

^{page 12 note 2} A. Sax. Anʓel, hamus. In the St. Alban's Book, 1496, is a treatyse of fysshynge with an angle; Shakespeare uses the word to signify the implement of fishing. “Angle rodde, verge à pescher.” Palsg. Angle twache, lumbricus, which occurs in Vocabula Stanbrigii, 1513, seems to be the worm serving for a bait. A. Sax. Anʓeltwecca. Elfr.

^{page 12 note 3} Cotgrave renders Abecé, an abcee, the crosse row.

^{page 12 note 4} Appeyching, accusement. Palsg. Fabyan relates that, in 1425, “many honeste men of the cytye were apeched of treason.” Apescher, to impeach. Kelham.

^{page 12 note 5} “A litil sourdow apeyreth al the gobet.” 1 Cor. v. Wicl. R. Brunne uses the verb to apeire, which occurs also in Chaucer, Cant. Tales:

“To appayre, or waxe worse, empirer.” Palsg.

^{page 13 note 1} Recipes for making this dish occur in the Form of Cury, pp. 42, 96, and other ancient books of cookery. See Harl. MS. 279, f. 16 b. Kalendare de Potages dyuers, Apple muse; and Cott. MS. Julius, D. Viii. f. 97. The following is taken from a MS. of the XV. cent. in the possession of Sir Thomas Phillipps. “Appyl mose. Take and sethe appyllys in water, or perys, or bothe togyder, and stamp heme, and strayne heme, and put heme in a dry potte, with hony, peper, safferone, and let hit haue but a boyle, and serue hit for the as mortrewys.”

^{page 13 note 2} “Atriplex domestica, Arage, or medlus.” Roy. ms. 18. A. VI. f. 66 b, where its virtues are detailed. Arage, aroche. Palsg.

^{page 13 note 3} There seems evidently here an error of the scribe in the Harl. MS. Arayn, according to Ray, is the name given in Nottinghamshire to the larger kind of spiders. It is used also in Yorkshire. The Latin-English Dictionary in Mr. Wilbraham's library renders aranea an arayne, arantinus, an erayn webbe: the former word is in the Medulla rendered, an attercoppe. See further, under Eranye.

^{page 14 note 1} Arcetour, arcien. Palsg. Roquefort explains arcien as etudiant en philosophie artifex, artatus.

^{page 14 note 2} “I shall tell the all the story a-rewe, perpetuo tenore rem explicabo.” Horm. The monkish chronicler Dowglas relates of the miracles “the wiche God schowed for Seinte Thomas of Lancaster, that a blind priest dreamed that if he went to the place where the Earl had been slain he schulde have ayenne his sighte; and so he dremed iij nightes arewe.” Harl. MS. 4690, f. 64 b.

^{page 14 note 3} Among recipes of the XIV. century in a MS. in the possession of Sir Thomas Phillipps, is one “to sauen venesone of rastichipe (or rastischipe).” See the Roll of A.D. 1381, in Forme of Cury, p. 111, “to do away Restyng of Venisone.” Skinner derives resty from A. Sax. rust, rubigo.

^{page 14 note 4} “Aroume he hovyd, and withstood.” Rich. C. de Lion. The word occurs in K. Alis, 3340, Chaucer, Book of Fame, B. ii. 32. See Wilbraham's Cheshire Glossary, under the word rynt.

^{page 14 note 5} A. Sax. earʓ, ignavus, earʓian, torpescere pro timore. The word arwe occurs in C. de Lion, i. 3821. “Frensche men arn arwe and feynte.” In Yorkshire arfe is used in the sense of fearful. See Boucher, under the words Arew, Arf, Arghe, and Arwe; and Jamieson, under Erf, and Ergh. P. Ploughman uses the verb to arwe, to render timid.

^{page 15 note 1} This insect is called in Norfolk, erriwiggle. Forby. In the Suffolk dialect, arrawiggle. Moore. A. S. ear-wiʓʓa, vermis auricularis.

^{page 15 note 2} A. Sax. Axe, axsa, cinis. See Boucher, under the word Ass.

^{page 15 note 3} The reading of the Harl. MS. Askysye, is here given, although probably it is an error, by inadvertence of the scribe. The printed editions all agree with the other MSS. In giving the word Askefise. In the MS. of the Medulla Gramm. in the possession of Sir Thomas Phillipps, No. 1022, ciniflo is rendered, an aske fyse; and in another, No. 1360, “ciniphlo, a fyre blowere, an yryn hetere, an askefyce.” The word does not occur in several MSS. of the Medulla in the Brit. Mus., nor in the Ortus Vocabulorum, but in Mr. Wilbraham's curious Latin-English Dictionary, printed about the same time as the Promptuarium, ciniflo is explained to be one, “qui flat in cinere, vel qui preparat pulverem muliebrem. Anglice, aske fyste, a fyre blawer, or an yrne hotter.” The Harl. MS. 2257, a variety of the Medulla, renders the word “a heter of blode iren, or an axe wadelle;” and it appears in Ihre's Lexic. Suiogoth. V. Aska, that askefis was applied as a term of reproach to those who remained indolently at home by the fireside, as axewaddle is used in Devonshire. See Palmer's Glossary, and Boucher under the word Axewaddle.

^{page 16 note 1} See Schyyd. Astelle, estelle, copeau, éclat de bois, Roquef. a piece of a wooden log cleft for burning.

^{page 16 note 2} “Lazirium, i. e. incaustum, or asur colour,” Ort. voc. See Ducange, under the word Lazur; and directions “for to make fyn azure of lapis lazuli,” and distinguishing lapis lazuly from “lapis almaine, of whiche men maken a blew bis azure.” Sloan. MS. 73. f. 215, b.

^{page 16 note 3} John de Garlandia says, “Precones vini clamant gula hiante vinum attaminatum in tabernis, portando vinum temptandum, fusum in cratere,” which the gloss renders atamyd. Liber dictus Diccionarius, Harl. MS. 1002, f. 177, b.

^{page 16 note 4} A. Sax. Atter, venenum. “This sore is full of matter, or ater; purulentum.” Horm. Atter has the same sense in Norfolk at the present time, and Skinner mentions the word as commonly used in Lincolnshire. See Whytouwre.

^{page 16 note 5} A. Sax. Atter-coppa, aranea, literally a cup, or head of poison. See a curious tale of the effect of the venom of the atturcoppe at Shrewsbury, in the Preface to Langtoft's Chron. Hearne, i. p. cc. The Medulla renders aranea, an attercoppe, and the English Gloss. on the “Liber vocatus Equus,” Harl. MS. 1002, f. 114, explains the same word as addurcop. Palsgrave gives “Addircop or Spiners web, Araignée;” and Ray says that in Cumberland the word attercob signifies the web, as it does also in Yorkshire. See Boucher and Jamieson. In the Legenda Aurea, spiders are called spyn-coppes. Saynt Felyx, f. 72. In Trevisa's version of the Polychronicon, it is said that in Ireland “there ben attercoppes, bloode-soukers, and eeftes that doon none harme.” Caxton, f. 63, b.

^{page 17 note 1} “Atyre for a gentilwomans heed, atour.” Palsg. See hereafter under Tyre.

^{page 17 note 2} “Auayle, prouffit.” Palsg. See an enactment in Rot. Parl. VI. 203, regarding certain manors “with all proufites and avayles to the same perteyning.”

^{page 17 note 3} “Though you do neuer so many good dedes, you lese your mede if you auaunte you of them, se vanter.” Palsg. The word occurs in another sense in Elyot's Librarie, “Vendito, to sell often, to auaunt, venditatio, an auaunt.”

^{page 17 note 4} It is very doubtful what tree is here intended. Forby observes that in Norfolk the asp tree, populus tremula, is called ebble, which seems to be merely a variation of abele, the name given by botanists to the populus alba. In a vocabulary in Harl. MS. 1002, viburnum is rendered “a awberne.” The Promptuary gives hereafter Eban tre, ebanus. In early French writers the “bois d'aubor” is often mentioned as in esteem for making bows, but its nature has not been satisfactorily explained, and possibly it may have been identical with the awbel. In German the yew tree is called eben.

^{page 17 note 5} This word occurs again hereafter, Warpyn, or wex wronge or avelonge as vesselle, oblongo. In Harl. MS. 1002, f. 119, oblongo is rendered to make auelonge; and in the editor's MS. of the Medulla, oblongus is rendered auelonge. A. S. Awoh, oblique. Moore gives the word avellong, used in Suffolk, when the irregular shape of a field interferes with the equal distribution of the work.

^{page 17 note 6} Avens, caryophillata. Skinner. The virtues attributed, at the time the Promptorium was compiled, to auaunce, by some called harefoot, which it resembles, may be found in Roy. MS. 18 A. VI. f. 67, b. It was used in cookery; see the Forme of Cury, p. 13. By modern botanists it is known as the geum.

^{page 18 note 1} “Arista, spica, an awne of corne, an ere, or a glene.” Dict. wilbr.

^{page 18 note 2} The avenere was an officer of the household who had the charge of supplying provender for the horses. A curious account of his duties occurs in MS. Sloane, 1986, f. 38, b. quoted in Boucher's Glossary. See Abatis in Ducange and Spelman. The Clerk Avenar occurs in the Household Book of the Earl of Northumberland, 1511, his duties were “for breving daily of horssemete and liuereis of fewell.” Ant. Repert. iv. 233.

^{page 18 note 3} “I stand in a wer, whether I may go or turne agayne, hesito.” Horm.

^{page 18 note 4} The awfyn or alphyn was anciently the name of the bishop in the game of chess. Hyde derives it from the Arabic, al-fil, an elephant. The piece was called by the French fol, at an early period, and subsequently aufin. The third chap. of the seconde tractate of Caxton's game of the Chesse, 1474, “tretethe of the Alphyns, her office ande maners. The Alphyns oughte to be made ande formede in manere of Juges syttynge in a chayer withe a book open to fore their eyen. Theyr offyce is for to counceylle the Kynge.” “Alfyn, a man of the chesse borde, avlfin.” Palsg. See Ducange, Douce's Remarks on the European names of Chessmen, Archæol. xi. p. 400, and Sir F. Madden's remarks on the chess-men found in Lewis, Archæol. xxiv. p. 225. Horman, speaking of chess, says, “We shulde have 2 kyngis, and 2 quyens, 4 alfyns, 4 knyghtis, 4 rokis, and 16 paunis.” f. 282, b.

^{page 18 note 5} “Augrym, algorisme. To counte, reken by cyfers of agryme, enchifrer. To cast an accomptes in aulgorisme with a penne, enchifrer. To caste an accomptes with counters, after the aulgorisme maner, calculer. To caste an accomptes after the comen maner, with counters, compter par iect. I shall reken it syxe times by aulgorisme, or you can caste it ones by counters.” Palsg. It would hence appear that towards the commencement of the XVIth century the use of the Arabic numerals had in some degree superseded the ancient mode of calculating by the abacus, and counters, which, at the period when the Promptorium was compiled, were generally used. Hereafter we find the word Countinge borde as an evidence. They were not indeed wholly disused at a time long subsequent: an allusion to calculation by counters occurs in Shakespeare, and later authors prove that they had not been entirely discarded. Algorithm or algorism, a term universally used in the XIVth and XVth centuries to denote the science of calculation by 9 figures and zero, is of Arabic derivation.

^{page 18 note 6} “Aukwarde frowarde, peruers. Aukwar lefthanded, gauche, Auke stroke, reuers.” Palsg.

^{page 18 note 7} “Saynt Johan the Elemosner was mercyfull in suche wyse that he was called al-mosner, or amener.” Leg. aur. f. 83. At the inthronization of Abp. Warham, 1504, to each of the tables was appointed an almner, with sewer, panter, and other officers. Lel. coll. vi. 18. Of the duties of the “aumenere” at the table of a great lord, see a curious English poem, of the times of Henry VI. appended to the “Boke of Curtasye.” Sloan. MS. 1986, f. 43. De officiariis in curiis Dominorum.

^{page 19 note 1} “Amblyng horse, hacquenée.” Palsg.

^{page 19 note 2} Among “thingis that ben vsed after the hous,” in Caxton's Boke for Travellers, “upon the herthe belongeth woode or turues, two andyrons of yron (brandeurs), a tonge, a gredyron.” “Awndyrene, andena.” Vocab. Roy. MS. “Aundyern, chenet.” Palsg. “I lacke a fyre pan and andyars to bere up the fuel. Alaribus vel ypopyrgiis.” Horm. It appears that andyrons and dogs were not identical, as generally is understood, for in the Inventory of Sir Henry Unton's effects, 1596, printed by the Berkshire Ashmolean Society, the two are enumerated as occurring together, and both occur also singly. Cotgrave renders “chenets, and landiers, andirons; harpon de fer pour retenir et arrester un poultre, dogge of iron.”

^{page 19 note 3} “Aunter, adventure.” Palsg. “He bosteth his dedes of aunters.” Horm.

^{page 19 note 4} “To aunter, put a thyng in daunger, or aduenture, aduenturer.” Palsg.

^{page 19 note 5} “To auoyde as water dothe that ronneth by a gutter or synke, se vuyder. To blede, or auoyde bloode.” Palsg.

^{page 19 note 6} “Auowe, veu.” Palsg. This word occurs in R. de Brunne, Wiclif, and Chaucer. The phrase “perfourmed his auowe” occurs in the Legenda Aurea, f. 47.

^{page 19 note 7} “I have auowed my pylgrymage unto our lady of Walsyngham, j'ai aduoue.” Palsg. In the same book the word is used in a sense somewhat different. “To auowe, warrant, or make good or upholde, as in marchaundyse or such like. Take this clothe of my worde, I auowe it for good, je le pleuuys.”

^{page 19 note 8} “But I wol not avowen that I say.” Chauc.

^{page 20 note 1} “Babwyne beest, baboyn.” Palsg.

^{page 20 note 2} “Librilla, baculus cum corrigia plumbata ad librandum carnes. Pegma, baculus cum massa plumbi in summitate pendente, et ut dicit Cornutus tali baculo scenici ludebant.” Cath. “Librilla dicitur instrumentum librandi, idem est percutiendi lapides in castra, i. mangonus, a bable, or a dogge malyote.” Ort. voc. In the Vocabulary, Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. f. 56, b. occur under Nomina armorum, with mase and other weapons, “Dog babulle, babrilla, Babulle, Pegma.” Palsgrave renders “Bable for a foole, marotte.” See Douce's Illustrations of Shakespeare, where will be found numerous representations of the bauble. Baubella, in old French babioles, trinkets, gewgaws.

^{page 20 note 3} Piers Ploughman describes Covetyse as “byttel browede and baberlupped.” In old French the thick lips of some animals are called babeines. Roquef.

^{page 20 note 4} “Bace, ung bar.” Palsg. “Lubin, a base, or sea wolfe. Bar, the fish called a base.” Cotgr. The basse, or sea perch, the lupus of the Romans, labrax lupus, Cuv. seems to be the fish here intended, and not the coal-fish, according to the explanation in Boucher's Glossary.

^{page 20 note 5} “Badge of a gentylman, la deuise d'ung Seigneur.” Palsg. It was a cognisance or ornament, forming part of the livery assigned by a chieftain to his followers, which led to the use of uniforms. The word is probably derived from A.S. beag, corona, armilla. See in Harl. MS. 4632, an interesting list of badges of cognisance, printed in Collect. Topogr. et Genealogica, vol. III. p. 54.

^{page 21 note 1} This word seems to signify shelled, and consequently prepared for the table, from bayn, ready. See Jamieson and Boucher. In Norfolk bein means pliant or limber, Forby. Compare Beyn or plyaunte, which occurs hereafter.

^{page 21 note 2} “Lucifuga, quedam avis lucem fugiens, a backe.” Ort. voc. “Backe, a beest that flyeth, chauvesouris.” Palsg. “Vespertilio, a reremouse or backe.” Eliot. A.S. Hrere-mus.

^{page 21 note 3} Bakstale may be derived from A. S. stæl, stal, locus, status. In German stellen signifies to place.

^{page 21 note 4}

A.S. Balc, trabs. “Trabes, a beame, or a balke of a hous.” Ort. voc. “Balke, pouste,” i. e.poutre. Palsg.

^{page 22 note 1}

Of the virtues attributed to this herb, see Roy. MS. 18 A. VI. “Genciana ys an herbe that me clepyth baldemoyne, or feldewort.”

^{page 22 note 2} The signification here given to bale is uncommon; its usual meaning is mischief, woe or calamity. Thus Hampole, in the Pricke of Conscience, calls the day of doom “the day of bale and bitterness.” A.S. Balew, exitium.

^{page 22 note 3} Hereafter occurs in the Promptorium ɜErde baleys, virya. Virga is rendered a ɜerde or a rodde, Med. and Ort. voc.; and such the baleys seems to have been, and not a besom, balai, in the present sense of the word. Matthew Paris relates that in 1252, a person came to perform penance at St. Alban's, “ferens in manu virgam quam vulgariter baleis appellamus,” with which he was disciplined by each of the brethren. Wats in the Glossary observes, “Ita Norfolcienses mei vocant virgam majorem, et ex pluribus longioribus viminibus; qualibus utuntur pœdagogi severiores in scholis.” Baleys occurs in Piers Ploughman in the same sense. Forby does not notice it: but the verb to balase occurs amongst the provincialisms of Shropshire; see Hartshorne's Salopia Antiqua.

^{page 22 note 4} In the Wicliffite version Baili seems to imply the charge or office, “ɜelde reken-ynge of thi baili, for thou myght not now be baylyf.” Luc. 16. “He is my ryue and bayly, Inquilinus prediorum urbicorum et rusticorum.” Horm.

^{page 22 note 5} “Crebro, a balke bitwyne two furrowes. Porca vorat furfur, aratrum vult vertere porcam.” Med. harl. ms. 2257. “He hath made a balke in the lande, scannum fecit, sive crudum solum et inmotum reliquit.” Horm. “Baulke of lande, separaison.” Palsg. A.S. Balc, porca. The word is still in use in Norfolk and Suffolk.

^{page 22 note 6} In Gawayn and the Green Knyɜt occur the expressions “a balɜ berg,” and “balɜe hawncheɜ,” which are explained by Sir F. Madden to mean ample, swelling. Mr. Stevenson, however, in Boucher's Glossary, interprets the word as smooth or unwrinkled.

^{page 23 note 1} The banker was a cloth, carpet, or covering of tapestry for a form or bench, from the French “banquier, tapis pour mettre sur un banc, stragulum abaci.” Nicot. cotgr. “Amphitapa est tapetum circumfilosum, a woll loke.” Ort. “Tapes utrinque villosus.” Duc.; denoting the coverings of arras and tapestry work, wrought, perhaps, on both sides, such as are enumerated in the Inventory of Sir John Fastolfe's effects, 1459. Archæol. xxi. 257, 265. We there also find “Banker, hangyng tapestry worke,” which may mean the tapestry commonly in use for hangings, or that the Banker was in this instance the covering of a high-backed seat, over which it was hung. In an earlier Inventory of the Priory, Durham, 1446, occur “iij Bankquerez paleat' de blodio intenso et remisso; costerœ pro ornatu murorum ejusdem camerœ” these last being of the same suit as the Bankers, that is, of cloth of say, paly dark blue and light. Inventories published by the Surtees Society, i. 92. In the Teutonic, banck-werck is rendered by Kilian, “tapes, opus polymitum, vulgo bancalia, scamnalia, subsellii stragulum.” A Vocabulary of nearly the same date as the Promptorium gives “pepotasina, bachis, banquere.” Roy. ms. 17. C. XVII. This word has been in Boucher's Glossary incorrectly explained to mean a table-cloth.

^{page 23 note 2} Baptym is not an error of the scribes, but a singular corruption of orthography. In the other MSS. as well as the printed editions, the same spelling occurs. In the Wicliffite version it is thus written, as also baptym, and baptem, in the Legenda Aurea. The observation would be trivial, did it not afford an evidence of the predominant influence of the French language in England at the period; the word is evidently thence received, and not from the Latin.

^{page 23 note 3} Compare hereafter Debate maker, or barator, incentor. Feyghtare, or baratowre, pugnax, which is distinguished from Feyghtare, pugnator, showing that the word implies one of a contentious disposition, and not an actual combatant.

^{page 23 note 4} Spelman explains the barbacan to be “munimen à fronte castri, aliter antemurale dictum; etiam foramen in urbium castrorumque mœniis ad tragicienda missilia. Sax. burgekening. Vox Arabica.” Pennant asserts that the Saxons called the barbican to the north-west of Cripplegate, burgh-kenning; other writers have suggested a different etymology, A.S. burk-beacn, urbis specula. Bullet would derive it from the Celtic, bar, before, bach, an enclosure. Lye gives barbacan as a word adopted in the Anglo-Saxon language, and we must certainly not seek thence its derivation. The best specimens of the outworks to which this name was given were at York, and called the Bars, of which one still exists in good preservation.

^{page 24 note 1} Burbul, papula. Roy. ms. 17 C. XVII. de infirmitatibus. It is probably the same as “barbes, pushes or little bladders under the tongues of horses and cattell, the which they kill, if they be not speedily cured. Barbes aux veaux, the barbles.” Cotgr.

^{page 24 note 2} The ornaments of the girdle, which frequently were of the richest description, were termed barres, and in French cloux; they were perforated to allow the tongue of the buckle to pass through them. Originally they were attached transversely to the wide tissue of which the girdle was formed, but subsequently were round or square, or fashioned like the heads of lions, and similar devices, the name of barre being still retained, though improperly. Thus a citizen of Bristol bequeathed in 1430, “zonam harnizatam cum barris argenti rotundis.” In the description of the girdle of Richesse, in Chaucer's Romaunt of the Rose, we read,

In the original, “les cloux furent d'or epuré.” The word was similarly applied to the ornaments of other parts of costume, such as the garter, worn by the Knight of the Order, or spur-leathers, as in Gawayn and the Green Knyɜt, i. 287.

^{page 25 note 1} “Sporta, a bere lepe, or basket.” Ort. voc. In one MS. of the Medulla it is rendered “a berynge lep.” A.S. Bere, hordeum, leap, corbis. See Beringe lepe.

^{page 25 note 2} In Norfolk at the present time the season of sowing barley is termed barley-sele, in Suffolk, barsel. Forby, moore. A.S. sel, occasio.

^{page 25 note 3} “And in hire barme this litel child she leid.” Chauc. A.S. bearm, gremium.

^{page 25 note 4} Chaucer uses the word; it occurs in the Miller's Tale:

The Medulla explains limas to be “vestis que protenditur ab umbilico usque ad pedes, quâ utuntur servi coci et femine. Anglice, barm cloth.” A.S. barm-ræʓl, or barmclaʓ, mappula, Elfric.

^{page 25 note 5} The melotes is explained in the Catholicon to be “quedam vestis de pilis vel pellibus taxi facta, a collo pendens usque ad lumbos, quâ monachi utuntur. Et iste habitus est necessarius proprie ad operis exercitium, eadem ut pera ut dicunt.” Uguitio says, “melota ex pellibus caprinis esse dicitur, ex unâ vero parte dependens.” See Ducange. The King's MS. gives barniskyn, but the reading of the printed editions appears to be preferable, barme-skyn, implying simply an apron formed of the skin of a beast. Barm-skin is preserved in the dialect of Lancashire, where it means a leathern apron.

^{page 25 note 6} A barowe or crowde was a small vehicle, whether precisely similar or not to the barrow of the present times, cannot be asserted. When Sir Amiloun was worn out with leprosy, and reduced to “tvelf pans of catel,” the faithful Amoraunt expended that little sum in the purchase of a barowe, therein to carry the knight about.

A.S. berewe, vectula. “Cenovectorium, a berw. Instrumentum cum quo deportatur cenus.” Med. See Crowde, barowe.

^{page 25 note 7} The Baselard was a kind of long dagger, which was suspended to the girdle, and worn, not only by the armed knight, but by civilians, and even priests. Thus Piers Ploughman, in allusion to the neglect of clerical propriety, says,

Knighton tells us that the weapon with which Sir William Walworth put Jack Straw to death was a basillard. Sir William was a member of the Fishmongers' Company, who still preserve the weapon traditionally recorded to have been used by him on this occasion, and which he presented to the Company. Among Songs and Carols edited by Thos. Wright, is a spirited poem describing the baselard. “Pugio, a dagger or a baslarde.” Ort. “A hoked baslarde (bizachius) is a perels wepon with the Turkes.” Horm. In old French bazelaire, badelaire, from balthearis, Roquef. See Ducange, basalardus.

^{page 26 note 1} See Leep, or baskett. “Lepe, or a basket, corbeille.” Palsg. A.S. leap, corbis.

^{page 26 note 2} “Bast, bâtard.” Roquef. “He was bigeten o baste, God it wot.” Artour and Merlin. Weber, iii. 360.

^{page 26 note 3} Fascenia is explained to be “clausibilis vallatio circa castra et civitates que solet fieri quibusdam fascibus stipularum et lignorum.” Cath. “Closture de bois, palis.” Cath. abbrev. Roquefort gives “Bastille, château de bois.” In Caxton's boke of the Fayt of armes, part ii. c. Xxiiii. of habillements that behouen to an assawte, are directions at length respecting bastylles and bolwerks of wood, formed with palebordes called penelles, with defences after the manner of towers, and other batellements. See also c. Xxxiv. Lord Berners, in his translation of Froissart, writes, “They landed lytell and lytell, and so lodged in Calays, and there about, in bastylles that they made dayly.”

^{page 26 note 4} “This dublet was nat well basted at the first, and that maketh it to wrinkle thus, ce pourpoynt n'estoit pas bien basty.” Palsg. Chaucer uses this word, Rom. of the Rose, “With a threde basting my slevis.” “Besten. Fris. Sicambr. leviter consuere.” Kilian.

^{page 26 note 5} This word occurs in the Wicliffite version, Matt. xxvi. 47, “Lo Judas, oon of the twelve, cam, and with him a greet cumpany with swordis and battis.” A.S. batt, fustis.

^{page 26 note 6} “Batfowlynge, la pipee.” Palsg. The Catholicon explains hamis to be “fustis aucupabilis, scil. virgula que sustinet rhete in quo capiuntur fere, vel que levat rhete in quo capiuntur aves.”

^{page 27 note 1} “Batyldore, battouer à lessive, betyl to bete clothes with, battoyr.” Palsg. Feritorium is explained in the Medulla to be “instrumentum cum quo mulieres verberant vesturas in lavando, a battyng staffe,” “or a betyll.” Ort. voc.

^{page 27 note 2} “Baudrike, carquant, baldrike for a ladyes necke, carquan.” Palsg. Thus is found in the Ort. Voc. “Anabola est ornamentum mulieris a collo dependens, a baudrik.” The word had, however, a more general signification; it is derived, probably, from baudrier, a strap or girdle of leather, but was afterwards used to denote similar appliances of any material, and of costly decoration. In Gawayn and the Grene Knyɜt, bauderyk is the appellation of the guige, or transverse strap by which the shield was suspended round the neck. Hall relates that “Sir Thomas Brandon wore a great baudericke of gold, greate and massy, trauerse his body;” and he further describes the Earl of South. ampton, Great Admiral of England, as “wearing baudrick-wise a chayne at the whych did hang a whistle of gold, set with ryche stones,” which was a badge of office. It would appear that the bauderyke was properly a belt worn transversely, as was the “baudre de serico, argento munitum pro cornu Regis.” Lib. garderob. edw. i. 1299. It signified also the cingulum, or military belt, and in the 16th century, the jewelled ornament worn round the neck both by ladies, and noblemen. See Hall's Chronicle, p. 508, baldrellus and baldringus in Ducange, and Boucher's Glossary.

^{page 27 note 3} “Bawcyn, or brok, fiber, castor, taxus, melota.” Garl. synonym. These words are in the Medulla and Ortus explained as signifying the brocke. A.S. broc, a badger. The word bauseneɜ occurs Cott. MS. Nero, A. x. f. 62: and baucines in William and the Werwolf. See Bawson in Boucher's Glossary.

^{page 28 note 1} In the Latin-English Vocabulary, Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. occurs “rogacio, oracio, deprecacio, a bede or prayer.” A.S. bidde, oratio, biddan, petere.

^{page 28 note 2} A.S. bedredda, clinicus.

^{page 28 note 3} The verb is used in the sense of proffering in Gawayn and the Green Knyɜt, in Robert de Brunne's Chronicle, and in Sir Tristrem. A. S. beodan, jubere.

^{page 28 note 4} In the will of Sir Thomas de Hemgrave, dated 1419, among the Hengrave evidences in the possession of John Gage Rokewode, Esq. is the following bequest to the bedridden poor in Norwich, “Item lego cuilibet pauperum vocatorum bedlawermen infra civitatem predictam, iiii d. ad orandum pro animâ meâ.”

^{page 28 note 5} See hereafter Thyggynge, mendicacio. A. S. piʓan, accipere cibum.

^{page 29 note 1} See Behotyn, or make a beheste. In the Wicliffite version Acts ii. 39 is rendered, “the biheeste is to ɜou and to ɜoure sones.” Horman speaks of making “behestes to God and sayntis. I haue behest a pygge to Saynt Antony, voto nuncupavi.” “Nutio, i. promissio, a promyse, or behyghtynge. Promissio, a beheste.” Ort.

^{page 29 note 2} “To behest or promesse, to behyght.” Palsg. A.S. behatan, vovere. The Chronicler of Glastonbury, Douglas, relates amongst the miracles of St. Thomas of Lancaster, that a certain sick man “beheten to God and to Seinte Thomas thatte iff he werre hole thatte he schulde come thider to seke him” (at Pomfret.) Harl. MS. 4690, f. 64, b. In the Wicliffite version we read, “what euere God hath bihiɜt he is miɜti to do,” Rom. iv. 21.

^{page 29 note 3} Bane in the dialects of Yorkshire and Somerset signifies near, or convenient.

^{page 29 note 4} “Torrens, aqua sordida ex inundationibus pluviarum, a beke or ryndell.” A.S. becc, rivulus. The word is commonly used in the North. See Brockett.

^{page 29 note 5} A passage in Gautier de Bibelesworth, where he speaks of one who has been splashed by horses in miry places, “Cy vent vn garsoun esclaté,” or esclauoté, has this gloss in the margin, “bilagged wit swirting.” Arund. MS. 220, f. 303. A. S. lagu, aqua.

^{page 29 note 6} “Recommaunde me to your bel-fadre, and to your beldame, à vostre tayon et à vostre taye.” Boxe for trav. caxt.

^{page 30 note 1} “Cheueraux cheyrist et tor torreye, kide motereth, bole belleth.” G. de bibelesw. “de naturele noyse des bestes.” This word is retained in the dialect of Shropshire, and in Somerset to belg has the same sense. See Hartshorne's Salopia Antiqua, and Jenning's Glossary. A.S. bellan, boare.

^{page 30 note 2} This word appears of rather questionable introduction: the printed editions in which it appears omit the next word Belte, or gyrdylle. It is not found in the MSS.

^{page 30 note 3} Campanarius is explained in the Catholicon to be a bell-founder. See hereafter ɜEtyn metel, ɜEtynge of metelle as bellys, fusio. A.S. ʓeotere, fusor.

^{page 30 note 4} A. Sax. bene, precatio, daʓ, dies. The word seems synonymous with A. Sax. bentiid, rogationum dies, by which name the three days preceding Ascension day were known.

^{page 30 note 5} “Exorcista, id est adjurator vel increpator, a benette or a conjurer.” Ort. The lesser orders in the Christian church were four, Ostiarius, Lector, Exorcista, Acolythus. The functions of the third extended to the expulsion of evil spirits by the imposition of hands upon persons possessed, recently baptized, and catechumens. The ceremony was always accompanied with aspersion, and the name benett was doubtless taken from the aqua benedicta, eau bénite, or, perhaps, from the vessel called in French bénitier, which contained the holy-water. In a will dated 1449 is a bequest of “a gret holy-water scoppe of silver, with a staff benature, the sayd benature and staff weyng Xx nobles in plate.” The staff benature was the aspersorium, termed in the Promptorium Strenkyl, halywater styc. Fox, relating the death of Hooper, states that it was part of the ceremony of degrading Bishops to “take from them the lowest vesture which they had in taking bennet and collet” (i. e. acolyte). Eccles. Hist. iii. 152, A.D. 1555. T. Becon, in the Reliques of Rome, says, “Boniface V. decreed that such as were but benet and colet should not touch the reliques of saints, but they only which are subdeacons, deacons, and priests.” Edit. 1563, f. 183.

^{page 31 note 1} This appears to be the wood-bine, which in Swedish is called beenwed. Linn. Flor. Suec. Verelius explains the Icelandic beinwid to be ossea pericliminis species, a bony kind of honeysuckle, beinwid signifying bone-wood. Ivy is in the North called bindwood. See Jamieson.

^{page 31 note 2} See Byngger and Bynge, theca, cumera, A.S. bin. In Norfolk and Suffolk still pronounced bing, as in Danish, bing, cumulus. Forby.

^{page 31 note 3} This is one of the number of words in which the A. S. Mæl, pars, occurs in composition. The A. S. form of these adverbs is mælum, in parts, bit-mælum, dæl-mælum, &c. We have retained piecemeal, but the rest are wholly obsolete. See in Nares, drop-meal, inch-meal, and limb-meal. P. Ploughman uses pounde-mele and percelmele. In the Liber Festivalis we read that William Tracy, after the murder of St. Thomas of Canterbury, “fylle syke and roted all his body, in somoche that himselfe with his owne hondes cast away his owne flesshe lompe-mele.” Palsgrave gives “by ynche-meale, menuement, par poulcees, and flock-meale, par troupeaux.”

^{page 32 note 1} See hereafter But, or bercel.

^{page 32 note 2} “Bearwarde, gardeur d'ours.” Palsg. A curious representation of the bear-ward, and baiting the bear, occurs in the Louterel Psalter, illuminated in the early part of the reign of Edw. III. It has been engraved in Vetust. Monum. VI. pl. xxiv. In the Household Book of the Earl of Northumberland in 1511, under the head of Rewards, is one of “6s. 8d. to the Kyngs or Queenes Barward, if they have one,” when they come to the Earl. Ant. Rep. Iv. p. 253. The Earl had also in his own family an official of the same kind, whose reward was 20s. Shakespeare uses the word, and also bearard or bear-yerd, which are synonymous.

^{page 32 note 3} Beryl is used by Chaucer and the authors of the XIVth and XVth centuries, to denote the precious stone so called, and also a finer description of crystal glass, which resembled it in transparency or colour. This distinction is not preserved here; but it is made by Palsgrave: “Berall, fyne glass, beril. Beryll, a precious stone, beril.” Elyot renders “Glessum, crystal or berylle.” See Whitaker's Cathedral of St. Germains, ii. 280.

^{page 32 note 4} One of the MSS. of the Medulla renders sporta, a berynge lep; in the Ortus, it is explained as a bere lepe, or basket. The word is perhaps synonymous with Barlylepe, to kepe yn corne, which occurs above, aud in the printed editions is spelled Barlep. A.S. bere, hordeum, leap, corbis.

^{page 32 note 5} A. S. beorma, fermentum. See hereafter Sporgyn, taken from the French, espurger.

^{page 32 note 6} Alexander Neccham, who died in 1227, gives in his treatise de naturis rerum, a curious account “de ave que vulgo dicitur bernekke,” which grew, as he asserts, from wood steeped in the sea, or trees growing on the shores. Roy. MS. 12 G.XI.f.31. The marvellous tales respecting this bird, which has been supposed to be the chenalopeces, mentioned by Pliny as a native of Britain, are to be found at length in Gesner, Olaus Magnus, and many ancient writers. Giraldus gives in his Topographia Hiberniæ, c. xi. a detailed account “de bernacis ex abiete nascentibus,” as a phenomenon of which he had been an eye-witness on the Irish shores, and states that these birds were, on account of their half-fishy extraction, eaten during Lent. This indulgence, of which the propriety was argued by Michael Meyer in his treatise de volucri arboreâ, was sanctioned by the authority of the Sorbonne. It is scarcely needful to observe that the origin of these strange statements is to be found in the multivalve shell-fish, the lepas anatifera, which attaches itself to submerged wood, or the bottoms of ships. “Ciconia, i. ibis, a bernacle, a myrdrummyll or a buture.” Ort. voc. “A barnak.” Med. gramm. Junius derives the name from the fabulous origin of the bird, A. S. bearn, filius, and ac, quercus. See Claik, in Jamieson, and barnache in Menage.

^{page 33 note 1} “Chamus est quoddam genus freni, vel capistrum, an halter or bernacle.” Ort. voc. Junius derives the word from the French berner, comprimere petulantiam; and Roquefort mentions a kind of torture practised by the Saracens, termed bernicles. The Wicliffite version renders 2 Kings, xix, 28, “y schal putte a sercle in þi nose þirlis, and a bernacle in þi lippis.” Cott. MS. Claud. E. Ii.

^{page 33 note 2} Berne is the contraction of A.S. bere, hordeum, and ern, locus. Lathe, which does not occur in its proper place in the Promptorium, is possibly a word of Danish introduction into the eastern counties, Lade, horreum, Dan. Skinner observes that it was very commonly used in Lincolnshire. It occurs in Chaucer:

“Horreum, locus ubi reponitur annona, a barne, a lathe.” Ort. voc. “Granarium, lathe.” Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. “A lathe, apotheca, horreum.” Cath. angl.

^{page 33 note 3} “Bargheame, epiphium.” Cath. angl. This word is still retained in the North of England; see Barkhaam in Brockett's Glossary, Barkham, Craven dialect, Brauchin, Cumberland, Brechame, Jamieson. It occurs in the curious marginal gloss on Gautier de Bibelesworth, Arund. MS. 220, f. 302.

^{page 33 note 4} A.S. bearw, berwe, nemus.

^{page 33 note 5} The reading of the Harl. MS. seems here to be erroneous; the word is doubtless adopted from the French, bestail, cattle.

^{page 33 note 6} “Bestynge, colustrum.” Cath. angl. “Colostrum, novum lac quod statim primo mulgetur post fetum, quod cito coagulatur, beestnynge. Colustrum, beestnynge or ruddys.” Ort. voc. A.S. beost, bystinʓ, colustrum.

^{page 34 note 1} See a curious account of the virtues attributed to betony in the XVth century, Roy. MS. 18 A. VI. f. 68, where it is said to be “also clepyd byschuppyswort.” Horman observes that “nesynge is caused with byten (betonica) thrust in the nostril.” The powdered root of hellebore was another homely sternutatory anciently much in request.

^{page 34 note 2} “Merendula, a beuer after none. Merenda, comeslio in meridie, vel cibus qui declinante die sumitur.” Ort. Harrison, in his description of England, prefixed to Holinshed's Chronicles, i. 170, remarks that “of old we had breakefastes in the forenoone, beuerages or nuntions after dinner, and thereto reare suppers, generallie when it was time to go to rest, a toie brought into England by hardie Canutus; but nowe those are very well past, and ech one, except some yoong hungrie stomach that cannot fast till dinner time, contenteth himself with dinner and supper.” The higher classes, he observes, dine at 11 and sup at 5, merchants seldom before 12, and 6. This was written about 1579. Sherwood renders, “Bever, or drinking, un réciner, collation, gouster. To bever, réciner;” and Cotgrave explains un réciner as “an afternoones nuncheon, or collation, an Aunders-meat.” See hereafter Nunmete, which seems to have been much the same as the intermediate refection here called Beuer. The word bever still signifies in Suffolk an afternoon snack. Moore.

^{page 34 note 3} A.S. beofer, castor. That the beaver was anciently an inhabitant of these islands, the laws of Howel Dha, and the curious description of its habits given by Giraldus, in his Itinerary of Wales, 1. ii. c. 3, satisfactorily prove. The fur of this animal was in estimation from an early period. Piers Ploughman says,

“Me fyndeth furres of beuers, of lombes, pylches of hares and of conyes. On treuue fourrures d'escurieus,” &c. Caxton, Boke for Travellers. The beuer hat is mentioned by Chaucer as a part of female attire, and by Hall as worn by the Stradiote light horsemen in 1513.

^{page 34 note 4} See Woode or madde. A.S. wod, furiosus.

^{page 35 note 1} The Medulla renders “sigillatim, fro seel to seel.” Harl. MS. 2257.

^{page 35 note 2} Palsgrave renders byce by azur: the word is, however, probably taken from the French couleur bise, which properly means a brownish or blackish hue. In some curious instructions respecting the production of fine azure from lapis lazuli, it is observed that to distinguish this last “from lapis almaine of whiche men maken a blewebis azure,” they should be exposed to fire, in which the inferior material turns rather black, and becomes “brokel.” Sloan. MS. 73, f. 215, b. Probably byce, or rather blue byce, as it was in ancient times usually termed, was a preparation of zaffre, of a dim and brownish cast of colour, in comparison with the brilliancy of the true azure.

^{page 35 note 3} A.S. biddan, orare. In the Book of Curtasye, the young child on coming to church is thus admonished,

^{page 35 note 4} “Bostio, an oxe dryver.” Ort. Compare Bey or boy, scurrus.

^{page 35 note 5} “To byge, fundare, condere, edificare. A bygynge, construccio, structura. Bygynge vndyr erthe, subterraneus.” Cath. angl. A.S. byʓʓan, ædificare. See Big, in Boucher's Glossary, and Jamieson.

^{page 35 note 6} What was the precise kind of cup called byker, or beaker, it is not easy to determine. This word occurs as early as 1348, in the accounts of the Treasurer of Edward, Prince of Wales; “ii magne pecie argenti, vocate Bikers, emellate in fundo, cum cooperculis cum batellis, et ex unâ parte deauratis.” In this instance they were destined to be presented to ladies. (Beltz, Memor. of the Garter, p. 385.) Becher in German signifies a cup or goblet, as does beker in Dutch, and Teutonic; possibly we derived the vessel to which the name was originally given from Flanders or Germany. Of cognate derivation is the Italian bicchiero. In the later Latinity bacar, baccharium have the same meaning; see Ducange. The common root of these words was perhaps the Greek Βικος, vas habens ansas. Menagm.

^{page 35 note 7} “Beckeryng, scrimysshe, mêslée. Bicker, fyghtyng, escarmouche.” Palsg. “Anon after the fylde began to beker.” Horm. Skinner suggests the Welsh bicre, conflictus, as the etymon of this word, which, however, he inclines to think of Anglo-Saxon origin.

^{page 36 note 1} The curious treatise of the nature and properties of herbs, Roy. MS. A. VI. f. 69, b. gives “Billura, an herbe that me clepyth billure; he ys much worth to rype bocch.” Elyot explains lauer to be “an herbe growyng in the water, lyke to alisaunder, but hauyng lesse leaues. Some do call it bylders.”

^{page 36 note 2} The Catholicon explains matricula to signify carta promissionis, and cites the life of St. Silvester, which says that he inscribed the names of widows and orphans “in matriculâ.” Spelman gives A.S. bille, schedula; the word Bylet was, however, probably of French introduction, as also was scrowe or scroll, escrou.

^{page 36 note 3} To job signifies still in Norfolk and Suffolk to peck with a sharp and strong beak. Forby. Tusser calls the pecking of turkies jobbing.

^{page 36 note 4} The word is thus written, but the correct reading probably is comnawnt. See hereafter Cumnawnte, pactum.

^{page 36 note 5} Forby gives bing in the dialect of East Anglia, Danish, bing, cumulus. A.S. bin, præsepe. The word binna occurs in a deed of the year 1263, in Chron. W. Thorn, 1912, where it signifies a receptacle for grain. Cumera is explained by Uguitio to be “vas frumentarium de festucis,” and no doubt the bin was anciently formed of wicker-work, as in German benne crates, Belg. benn, corbis. In the Indenture of delivery of Berwick Castle, in 1539, occurs “in the pantre, a large bynge of okyn tymbar with 3 partitions.” Archæol. xi. 440.

^{page 37 note 1} The more ancient sense of this word, as denoting the place, and not the act of interment, is here distinctly preserved. A.S. byriʓels, sepulchrum. In the Wicliffite version biriel occurs often in this sense. “And the kyng seide, what is this biriel which I se ? And the citeseyns of that cite answeriden to him, it is the sepulcre of the man of God that cam fro Juda.” IVth Book of Kings, xxiii. 17. Harl. MS. 2249. In Mark v. 5, the demoniac is said to have “hadde an hous in birielis.” So likewise in Leg. Aur. “It happed after, that vpon the buryels grewe a ryght fayre flouredelyse.” f. cxi. The Latin-English Vocabulary, Harl. MS. 1002, f. 145, gives “Mausoleum, a byryelle, anabatrum, a chyrchestyle.”

^{page 37 note 2} The Solanum dulcamara, or woody nightshade.

^{page 37 note 3} See hereafter Lable, or labbe, which occurs in Chaucer. This word is doubtless derived from the same source as blabbe and blaberyn. Skinner would derive the verb to blabber from the Latin, “q. d. elabiare, i. e. labiis quicquid occurrit effutire.” Compare Teut. blapperen, garrire, Belg. lapperen, blaterare.

^{page 37 note 4} This word signifies a person who stammers, or has any defect in his speech. The Ortus renders “traulus, a ratelare.” It appears in Ducange that balbus and blesus are synonymous with traulus; the first of these is rendered in Cooper's Thesaurus, one “that cannot well pronounce wordes, a maffler in the mouth.”

^{page 38 note 1} Blanket is taken from the French blanchet, woollen cloth, no doubt of a white colour; the distinction here made is not very clear, but lodix appears to have been a bed-covering, as we now use the word blanket, langellus, blanket cloth generally. “Langeul, langais, blanchet, drap de laine.” Roquef. The Medulla explains lodex to be “a blanchet or a whytil;” the latter word, which is merely a version of the French, is still retained in North Britain to denote a woollen wrapper used by females. “Lodix, quicquid in lecto supponitur, et proprie pannus villosus, Anglice, a blanket.” Ort. voc. See hereafter Daggysweyne, lodix.

^{page 38 note 2} In Sloan. MS. 73 f. 213 are directions for making blanc plumb, album plumbum, with “strong reed wine drestis, and brode platis of newe leed, in a great erthen pot or barel, and closed for six wokis or more in hoot horsdunge.” This MS. is of the close of the XVth century; an earlier receipt occurs in Sloan. MS. 2584, f. 6.

^{page 38 note 3} Lydgate mentions this among the fruits more choice than “pechis, costardes, etiam wardons.”

“Blaundrell, an apple, brandureau.” Palsg. “Blanduriau, très blanc; pommes de Caleville blanc, qui venoient d'Auvergne.” Roquef. “Blandureau, the white apple, called in some parts of England, a blaundrell.” Cotgr.

^{page 38 note 4} The Catholicon gives the following explanation: “Guna vel guina, vas vitreum, quod et Latinis a similitudine cucurbitœ ventosa vocatur, quœ animata spiritu per igniculum in superficiem trahit sanguinem.” Papias; see Ducange. The operation of cupping, which is one of ancient use, was doubtless well known to the Friar of Lynn, who compiled the Promptorium, as one of the means resorted to when, according to the monastic institutions, there were at stated seasons (temporibus minucionis) general blood-lettings. See Martene de Antiq. Ritibus, and Mr. Rokewode's note on Chron. Joc. de Brakelonda, p. 11. In the Chirurgica of John Arderne, surgeon to Edw. III. where he speaks of cupping, “ventosacio,” a representation is given of the bledynge boyste. Sloane MS. 65, f. 70. Compare the verb Boyston.

^{page 39 note 1} “Bleke, wan of colour, blesme.” Palsg. A.S. blæc, pallidus.

Bleek is still used in Norfolk to signify pale and sickly. Forby.

^{page 39 note 2} Teut. bleycken, excandefacere insolando. A.S. ablæcan, dealbare.

^{page 39 note 3} The Latin-English Vocabulary, Harl. MS. 1587, renders “Albatrix, candidaria, blecherre or lawnderre.” “Whitstarre, blanchisseur de toylles.” Palsg. See Whytstare.

^{page 39 note 4} Horman says, “Wrytters ynke shulde be fyner than blatche, atramentum scriptorium lectius esset sutorio.” “Bleche for souters, attrament noyr.” Palsg. A.S. blæc, atramentum.

^{page 39 note 5} “Lippus dicitur qui habet oculos lachrymantes cum palpebris euersatis, blered of the eye.” Ort. voc. In Piers Ploughman the verb to blere occurs, used metaphorically. “He blessede hem with his bulles, and blerede hure eye.” “To bleare ones eye, begyle him, enguigner.” Palsg.

^{page 39 note 6} “I gyue him the best counsayle I can, and the knaue bleareth his tonge at me, tirer la langue,” Palsg. See Mowe, or skorne.

^{page 39 note 7} See Releef, or brocaly of mete.

^{page 40 note 1} Hampole, in the Pricke of Conscience, terms the day of final doom, “the day of sorowe that neuer salle blyne.” Harl. MS. 6923. Fabyan, in the Prologe to vol. ii. speaks of the great devotion that occupied, without any intermission, the numerous religious houses in London,

“To blynne, rest or cease of, cesser. He neuer felt wo or neuer sall blynne, that hath a bysshoppe to his kin.” Palsg. A.S. blinnan, cessare.

^{page 40 note 2} The reading of the Harl. MS. Erye may at first sight appear to be corrupt; it is, however, retained, because hereafter there occur Erye, or Erthe, and Eryyn, or of the erthe.

^{page 40 note 3} This word occurs in Chaucer, Test. of Creseide.

“Blober upon water (or bubble) bouteillis.” Palsg. The verb to blubre occurs in an analogous sense, in Syr Gawayn and the Grene Knyɜt, lin. 2174. “The borne blubred ther inne as hit boyled hade.” Blubber still signifies in Norfolk a bubble, from blob, as Forby says. See Bleb in Skinner, and Jamieson.

^{page 40 note 4} “Blocke of a tree, tronchet, tronc. Blocke of tynne, saumon d'estain.” Palsg.

^{page 40 note 5} Skinner gives blare as an English word, from Belg. blaren, mugire. Teut. blerren, clamitare. It is retained in the dialect of Norfolk, as applied to calves, sheep, asses, and children. Forby. Blore signifies a roaring wind, as in the Mirrour for Magistrates, p. 838, “hurried headlong with the south-west blore.”

^{page 41 note 1} “Bobet on the heed, coup de poing.” Palsg.

^{page 41 note 2} In the midland and Northern counties, a stall where cattle stand all night in winter, is called a boose, in Scotland, a bowe. See Craven Dialect, and Jamieson. Ang. Sax. bosʓ, prœsepe.

^{page 41 note 3} This word occurs in Palsgrave as a verb active. “To booce or boce out as workemen do a holowe thynge to make it seem more apparent to the eye, endocer. This broderer hath boced this pece of worke very well.”

^{page 41 note 4} A.S. bod, jussum.

^{page 41 note 5} The word suffetyn', which occurs here only, and is not found in the other MSS., or the printed editions, may be an erroneous reading, but possibly it is a corruption of the French word souffleter, to cuff on the ear. Jamieson gives the verb to souff, or strike.

^{page 41 note 6} Skinner gives “Buffet-stole, vox agro Linc. usitutissima, est autem sella levior portatilis, sine ullo cubitorum aut dorsi fulcro, credo parùm deflexo sensu à G. buffet, mensa; mensœ enim vicem satis commodè supplere potest.” The buffet, however, was the court-cupboard, in France termed also the credence, and under this a low stool without a back might be placed, but for what special purpose does not appear. Hickes derives the word from A.S. beod, mensa, and fæt, vas. Forby explains the buffet-stool in Norfolk to be a four-legged stool set on a frame like a table, and serving as the poor man's sideboard, stool, or table. In the History of Hawsted by Sir John Cullum, p. 25, the bequest occurs in 1553, of “a buffed stool,” which is explained to be an oval stool, without a back, and generally having a hole in the seat, for the convenience of lifting it. The Inventory of the effects of Katharine Lady Hedworth, 1568, comprises the following articles: “In my Ladyes Chamber, 2 cupbords, 6s. 8d. 2 cupbord stoulles, 3s. 4d. 3 buffett formes, 3s. one litle buffet stole, 6d.” Wills and Invent. i. 282, printed by the Surtees Society. See hereafter Buffett stole.

^{page 42 note 1} Palsgrave gives the verb “to botche, or bungyll a garment as he dothe that is nat a perfyte workeman, fatrouiller.” “Thou hast but bodchyd and countrefeat Latten, imaginarie umbratilisque figure.” Horm.

^{page 42 note 2} “A buyste, alabastrum, pixis, hostiarium pro hostiis.” Cath. angl. “Lechitus est vas olei amplum, vel ampulla ampla que auricalco solet fieri, Anglice, a boyste or kytte for oyle.” Ort. voc. This word is from the old French boiste, bostia, in late Latinity bustea, or bustula, and these are derived from pyxis, or, as Menage supposes, from buxus, the material chiefly employed. See Buist, in Jamieson.

^{page 42 note 3} See above Bledynge boyste.

^{page 42 note 4} “Bustus, rudis, rigidus. To be bustus, rudere.” Cath. angl. “Rudis, indoctus, inordinatus, quasi ruri datus, boystous. Rudo, to make boystous.” Ort. voc. “Boystous, styffe or rude, lourd, royde. Unweldy, boystouse, lourd. Boystousnesse, roydeur, impetuosité.” Chaucer uses the word thus, “I am a boistous man, right thus say I.” Manciple's Tale. The Wicliffite version renders Matt. ix. 16, “No man puttith a clout of boystous cloth into an olde clothing;” in the original the sense is raw, unwrought cloth.

^{page 42 note 5} “Buckeram, bougueram.” Palsg. In medieval Latinity boquerannus. Duc. If it signified a coarse-grained cloth, the name may be of French derivation, from bourre, flocks of wool, and grain, but some ancient writers describe it as telœ subtilis species, See Menage. William Thomas, in his Principal Rules of Italian Grammar, 1548, renders “bucherame, buckeramme, and some there is white, made of bombase, so thinne that a man mai see through it.”

^{page 42 note 6} “A bulas tre, pepulus.” Cath. angl. “Pepulus, a bolaster.” Ort. voc.

^{page 43 note 1} “Bulla, tumor laticum, i. aquarum, a bollynge or a bloure.” Garland. equiv.

^{page 43 note 2} “Ructo, to bolkyn.” Med. gr. “Bolke nat as a bene were in thy throte, ne route point.” Pynson, boke to lerne French. “To bocke, belche, roucter. Bolkyng of the stomake, routtement.” Palsg. A.S. bealcan, eructare. Skinner gives “Boke, vox agro Lincolniensi familiaris, significat nauseare, eructare.” See Boke, or Voke, Forby.

^{page 43 note 3} In the Wicliffite version, 1 Cor. v. 2, “Ghe ben bolnun with pride.” Chaucer speaks of “bollen hartes.” “Bollynge yes out se but febely, oculi prominentes.” Horm. “Bolnyng or swellyng of a bruise or sore. See how this tode bolneth, s'enfle.” Palsg.

^{page 43 note 4} “Bolstarre, trauersin, chevecel.” Palsg. A.S. bolster, cervical.

^{page 43 note 5} “A bande doge, Molosus.” Cath. angl. Skinner conjectures that the word bandog is derived from “band, vinculum, q. d. canis vinctus, ne scilicet noceat; vel si malis, ab A.S. bana, interfector.”

^{page 43 note 6} The Catholicon explains flegmen to be, “tumor sanguinis. Item flegmina sunt quando in manibus et pedibus callosi sulci sunt.” It would appear to be the same as a bunnian, the derivation of which has been traced from the French, “bigne, bosse, enflure, tumeur.” Roquef. Cotgrave renders it a bump or knob, and he gives also “Bigne, club-footed.” Sir Thos. Browne, Forby, and Moore, give the word bunny, a small swelling caused by a fall or blow; in Essex “a boine on the head.” In Cullum's Hawsted, among the words of local use, is given bunny, a swelling from a blow.

^{page 44 note 1} “The baneschawe, oscedo.” Cath. angl. “Oscedo, quedam infirmitas quo ora infantium exulcerantur, i. e. oscitatio, oris apertio, a boneshawe.” Ort. “De infirmitatibus. Baneschaw, cratica, i. passus.” Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. f. 40. John Arderne, who was surgeon to Edward III., says in his Chirurgica, “ad guttam in osse, que dicitur bonschawe, multum valet oleum de vitellis ovorum, si inde ungatur.” Sloan. MS. 56, f. 18 b. In Sloan. MS. 100, f. 7, is given the recipe for “a good medicyn for boonschawe. Take bawme and feþirfoie, þe oon deel bawme, and be bridde parte feþirfoie, and staumpe hem, and tempere hem wiþ stale ale, and lete þe sike drinke þerof.” In Devonshire the sciatica is termed bone-shave, and the same word signifies in Somerset an horny excrescence on the heel of an horse. ? A.S. sceorfa, scabies.

^{page 44 note 2} “A bowrde, jocus. A bowrdeword, dicerium, dictorium.” Cath. angl. “Mistilogia, a bourde, i. fabula. Nugaciter, bourdly.” Ort. voc. “Bourde or game, jeu. Bourdyng, jestyng, joncherie. To bourde or iape with one in sporte, truffler, border, iouncher.” Palsg.

^{page 44 note 3} “A bowrder, mimilarius, mimilogus, lusor, joculator, et cet' ubi a harlotte.” Cath. angl. “Mistilogus, a bourder, i. fabulator vel gesticulator.” Ort. voc.

^{page 44 note 4} “Bornysch, burnir.” Palsg. Chaucer and Gower use burned in this sense frequently, as in the Knightes tale, “wrought all of burned steele.”

The word is taken from the old French word, burni, in modern orthography, bruni.

^{page 44 note 5} “A borgh, fidejussor, vas, sponsor, obses. To be borghe, fidejubere, spondere.” Cath. angl. “Fidejussor, a borowe, qui pro alio se obligat, a suerty.” Ort. voc. The word occurs in Piers Ploughman's Vision, line 13951.

It is found also not infrequently in Chaucer and Spenser.

“Vas, i. sponsor vel fidejussor, Anglice a borowe” (borghe, in another Edition). Garland, Equiv. “Borowe, a pledge, pleige.” Palsg. A.S. borh, foenus, fidejussor.

^{page 45 note 1} “If thou be taken prisoner in this quarrell, I wyll nat borowe the, I promesse the, je ne te pledgeray point.” Palsg.

^{page 45 note 2} See Botew, and Cokyr, botew. “Boote of lether, houseau.” Palsg.

^{page 45 note 3} “Botelle of haye, botteau de foyn. Aske you for the hosteller, he is aboue in the haye lofte makynge botelles (or botels) of hay, boteller.” Palsg. In Norfolk it denotes the quantity of hay that may serve for one feed. Forby.

^{page 45 note 4} “Bottras, portant.” Palsg. “Arc boutant.” Cotgr.

^{page 45 note 5} “To boote in corsyng,” (horse-dealing) “or chaunging one thyng for another, gyue money or some other thynge aboue the thyng. What wyll you boote bytwene my horse and yours? mettre ou bouter dauantaige.” Palsg. A.S. betan, emendare.

^{page 45 note 6} The correct reading is probably Botme. “A bothome, fundus.” Cath. angl.

^{page 45 note 7} “A bothome of threde, filarium.” Cath. angl. “Bottome of threde, gliceaux, plotton de fil.” Palsg. Skinner derives it from the French, boteau, fasciculus.

^{page 46 note 1} Bouds, in the Eastern counties, are weovils in malt. Tusser, forby, moore.

^{page 46 note 2} Among appliances for sacred use in the Latin-English Vocabulary, Roy. MS. 17. C. XVII. f. 46, are “absconsa, sconsse, ventifuga, bowyt, crucibulum, cressett.” The word was no doubt taken from the French boëte, in Latin, boieta, capsula.

^{page 46 note 3} In the treatise of herbs and their qualities, Roy. MS. 18 A. VI. f. 72 b. is mentioned bothume, “Consolida media is an herbe that me clepyth wyth bothume, or whyte goldys, thys herbe hath leuys that beth enelong.”

^{page 46 note 4} “Bragott, idromellum.” Cath. angl. “Hire mouth was swete as braket or the meth.” Chauc. Milleres Tale. Skinner explains bragget to be “species hydromelitis, vel potius cerevisiœ melle et aromatibus conditœ Lancastrensibus valde usitata.” The Welsh bragod has the same signification. Grose says bracket is in the North a drink compounded of honey and spices. See bragwort, in Jamieson and Nares. Harrison, who lived in Essex about 1575, relates in his description of England, prefixed to Holinshed's Chronicles, ii. c. 6, how his wife was accustomed to make brackwoort, reserving a portion of the woort unmixed with hops, which she shut up close, allowing no air to come to it till it became yellow, calling it brackwort, or charwort, to which finally she added arras, and bay-berries powdered.

^{page 47 note 1} “The moders of the chyldern” (slain by Constantine) “camen cryenge and brayenge for sorowe of theyr chyldern.” Legend. aur. “To bray as a deere doth, or other beest, brayre. There is a deer kylled, for I here hym bray.” Palsg.

^{page 47 note 2} “A brakane, filix, a brakanbuske, filicarium.” Cath. angl. “Filix, Anglice, ferne or brakans.” Ort. voc. “Brake, ferne, fusiere.” Palsg. In the Household Book of the Earl of Northumberland 1511, it appears that water of braks was stilled yearly, for domestic use. Ray gives the word brakes as generally used; it is retained in Norfolk and Suffolk. See Forby and Nares.

^{page 47 note 3} “A brake, pinsella, vibra, rastellum.” Cath. angl.

^{page 47 note 4} “He wyll nat cease fro surfettynge, tyll he be reddy to parbrake.” Horm. “To parbrake, vomir. It is a shrewde turne, he parbraketh thus.” Palsg. This word does not occur again in its proper place in the Promptorium. See Braking, in Jamieson.

^{page 47 note 5} It is not a little singular to find so many notices as occur of Brasil-wood, considerably anterior to the discovery of Brasil, by the Portuguese Captain, Peter Alvarez Capralis, which occurred 3d May, 1500. He named it the land of the Holy Cross, “since of store of that wood, called Brasill.” Purchas's Pilgrimes, vol. i. It is probable that some wood which supplied a red dye, had been brought from the East Indies, and received the name of Brasil, long previous to the discovery of America. See Huetiana, p. 268. In the Canterbury Tales, the host, commending the Nonne's preeste for his health and vigour, says,

Among the valuable effects of Henry V. taken shortly after his decease in 1422, there occur “ii. graundes peces du Bracile, pris vi. 8. viii. d.” Rot. parl. In Sloan. MS. 2584, p. 3, will be found directions “for to make brasil to florische lettres, or to rewle wyth bookes.”

^{page 48 note 1} Brawne, which Tooke conjectured to be boaren, flesh being understood, was applied anciently in a more general sense than at present. The etymology of the word may be traced with much probability to the Latin, aprugnum, callum. Piers Ploughman speaks of “brawn and blod of the goos, bacon and colhopes;” and Chaucer in the Knight's Tale applies the word, as it has been here, to the muscular parts of the human frame.

The gloss on Gautier de Bibelesworth gives the word in this sense,

“þe brawne of a man, musculus.” Cath. angl. “Lacerna, vel lacertus, proprie superior pars brachii vel musculus, brawne of the arme.” Med. Harl. MS. 2257. “He hath eate all the braune of the lopster, callum.” Horm. “Braon, le gras des fesses.” Roquef. Roman de Rou.

^{page 48 note 2} “Breke, bracce, femorale, perizoma, saraballa. Breke of women, feminalia.” Cath. angl. A curious illustration of the use by the fair sex of this last mentioned article of dress is supplied by the Roll of expenses of Alianore, Countess of Leicester, A.D. 1265, edited by Mr. Botfield for the Roxburghe Club. “Item, pro vi pellibus baszeni ad cruralia Comitissœ, per Hicqe Cissorem, xxi d. pro iii ulnis tarentinilli ad eadem, per eundem, xii d. pro plumá ad eadem, xii d.” page 10. “Bathini dicuntur vestes linee usque ad genua pertinentes, a breche.” Ort. voc. “Breche of hosen, braiette, braie, braies.” Palsg. Elyot gives in his Librarie, a quaint synonyme in his rendering of the word “subligaculum, a nether coyfe or breche.”

^{page 48 note 3} See Crakenelle, brede, and Symnel.

^{page 48 note 4} Juncata, which is written also juncta, juncheta, and jumentata, is explained to be “lac concretum, et juncis involutum, mattes or crudde.” Ort. voc. In French jonchée, which is “a greene cheese or fresh cheese made of milke that's curdled without any runnet, and served in a fraile of green rushes.” Cotgr. Bred in the Eastern counties signifies at the present time the board used to press curd for cheese, somewhat less in circumference than the vat; the bred-chese may have been one freshly taken from the press, or perhaps so called as being served on such a “bred,” or broad platter.

^{page 49 note 1} “Brede or squarenesse, croisure.” Palsg. A.S. bræd, latitudo.

^{page 49 note 2} “Brayde, or hastynesse of mynde, colle. At a brayde, faisant mon effort. At the first brayde, de prime face. To brayde or take a thyng sodaynly in haste, je me mets à prendre hastiuement. I breyde, I make a brayde to do a thing sodaynly, je m'efforce. I breyde out of my slepe, je tressaulx.” Palsg. See brade, in Jamieson.

^{page 49 note 3} “Occo, scindere, glebas j rangere, Anglice to clotte.” Ort. voc. Compare Brestyn clottys.

^{page 49 note 4} See Paly of bryne. “Paille, chaffe, the huske wherein corn lieth.” Cotgr. From the Latin palea.

^{page 49 note 5} “A brese, atelabus, brucus, vel locusta.” Cath. angl. “Atelabus, a waspe or a brese.” Ort. voc. “Brese or long flye, prester,” Palsg. A.S. briosa, tabanus.

^{page 49 note 6} Hampole uses this word in the Pricke of Conscience.

It is perhaps taken from the Danish, “bröst, default, have bröst, to want or lack a thing.” Wolff.

^{page 50 note 1} “A bretasynge, propugnaculum.” Cath. angl. The Catholicon says, “dicuntur propugnacula pinne murorum sive summe partes, quia ex his propugnatur.” In the Treatise “de Utensilibus,” written by Alex. Neccham, about the year 1225, in the chapter relating to a castle, the French gloss renders propugnacula, brestaches, and pinne, karneus. Cott. MS. Titus, D. Xx. f. 196. “Bretesse, breteche, bretesque, forteresse, tour de bois mobile, parapet, creneaux, palissade.” Roquef. This word was applied rather indefinitely to denote various appliances of ancient fortification. See bretachiœ, in Ducange. It more properly signified the battlements; thus it is said of the valiant Normans,

In Lydgate's Troy we read that,

In a contract made at Durham in 1401, is the clause, “Et supra istas fenestras faciet in utroque muro ailours, et bretissementa battellata.”

^{page 50 note 2}

In Piers Ploughman bribors are classed with “pilors and pikeharneis.” In Rot. Parl. 22 Edw. IV. n. 30, are mentioned persons who “have stolen and bribed signetts,” that is, young swans. “A bribur, circumforaneus, lustro, sicefanta.” Cath. angl. “To bribe, pull, pyll, briber, Romant, dérobber. He bribeth, and he polleth, and he gothe to worke.” Palsg.

^{page 50 note 3} This word occurs in Chaucer, T. of Melib. “min adversaries han begonne this debat and brige by his outrage.” Roquefort gives “Briga, querelle, démélé, combat. Brigueux, querelleur:” and Cotgrave “Brigue, contention, altercation.” Skinner would however trace the word to A.S. brice, ruptura. Horman says, “beware of such brygous matters (abstineas omni calumniâ), for thou oughtest nat to hold courrishly ageynst thy maister.” See Briga, in Kennett's Glossary.

^{page 51 note 1} “Lumbare, Anglice a breke-gyrdle, cingulum circa lumbos, et dicitur a lumbis, quia eo cinguntur et religantur, vel quia lumbis inhereat. Item dicitur et coxale, et bracharium, et renale, sed proprie renale quod renibus assignatur, sicut ventrale circa ventrem cingulum.” Ort. voc. from the Catholicon. “Braccale, braccarium, a brekegirdul. Marcipium, a brigirdele.” Med. “Perisoma, braygurdylle.” Harl. MS. 1002, f. 116. The terms brekegirdle and bygirdle are occasionally confounded together, and it may be questioned which of the two was here intended: the latter is the Anglo-Saxon biʓyrdel, zona, saccus, fiscus, which properly signifies a purse attached to the girdle. In this sense it occurs in P. Ploughman, “the bagges and the bigirdles.” Vision, lin. 5072. “A bygyrdylle, marsupium, renale.” Cath. angl. “Renale, a bygyrdyll, est zona circa renes. Brachile, i. lumbare, dicitur etiam cingulum renum, a bygyrdell. Cruma vel crumena est bursa, vel saccus pecunie, vel marsupium, a bygyrdell.” Ort. voc. On the Northern coast of Norfolk, opposite Burnham Westgate, is an island of singular shape, resembling the letter S: it is about a mile in length, following the direction of its tortuous form, and very narrow throughout. It still bears the name of Bridgirdle, evidently from its supposed similarity to the ancient article of dress called the Brygyrdyle. See No. Lxix. of the Ordnance Survey.

^{page 51 note 2} “To byrle, propinare, miscere.” Cath. angl. Ang. S. byrlian, haurire, byrle. pincerna. Jamieson gives the same sense of the verb to birle. See hereafter Schenkyn drynke. A.S. scencan, propinare.

^{page 51 note 3} This word occurs in R. Brunne, and Chaucer. See also Gawayn and Golagros. “He come lyke a breme bare.” Sir Amadas. “Brimme, feirse, fier.” Palsg. A.S. bremman, furere. In the dialects of Norfolk and Suffolk, brim is retained only in the following sense, “a brymmyng as a bore or a sowe doth, en rouyr.” Palsg. “To bryme, subare.” Cath. angl. Elyot renders “subo, to brymme as a boore doth, whan he getteth pygges.” See further in Ray, Jamieson, and Forby.

^{page 52 note 1} “To bryse, quatere, quarsare. Brysille, fragilis, fisilis, fracticius, fractilis.” Cath. angl. A.S. brysan, conterere. The word bryse is, however, probably taken more directly from the French. Palsgrave gives “to brise or bray herbes or suche like in a morter, briser.” In the curious treatise of the virtues of herbs, Roy. MS. 18 A. Vi. f. 72 b. is mentioned “bryse-wort, or bon-wort, or daysye, consolida minor, good to breke bocches.”

^{page 52 note 2} Elyot renders “Analecta, fragmentes of meate whiche falle vnder the table. Analectes, he that gadereth vp brokelettes.”

^{page 52 note 3} The broche was an ornament common to both sexes; of the largesse of Queen Guenever it is related, “Everych knyɜt she ɜaf broche other ryng.” Launfal miles. “Fibula, a boton, or broche, prykke, or a pynne, or a lace. Monile, ornamentum est quod solet ex feminarum pendere collo, quod alio nomine dicitur firmaculum, a broche.” Ort. voc. The jewel which it was usual about the commencement of the XVIth Century to wear in the cap, was called a broche. Palsgrave gives “Broche for ones cappe, broche, ymage, ataiche, afficquet. Make this brotche fast in your cappe. Broche with a scripture, deuise.” The beautiful designs of Holbein executed for Henry VIII. and preserved in Sloan. MS. 5308, afford the best examples of ornaments of this description. See also the Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary, edited by Sir F. Madden.

^{page 52 note 4} Broaches are explained by Forby to be “rods of sallow, or other tough and pliant wood split, sharpened at each end, and bent in the middle; used by thatchers to pierce and fix their work. Fr. broche.”

^{page 52 note 5} “A soudear for lacke of a brotche or a spyt, rosteth his meate upon his wepon made lyke a broche.” Horm. Thomas, in his Principal Rules of Italian Grammar, 1548, renders “stocco, an armyng swoorde made like a broche.” In the Earl of Northumberland's Household Book, 1511, it appears that the broches were turned by a “child of the keching.” Ant. rep. iv. 233. Palsgrave alludes to the same primitive usage, “when you haue broched the meate (embroché) lette the boye tourne, and come you to churche.” See also Leland's Coll. Vi. 4.

^{page 52 note 6} “A sperlynge, ipimera, sperlingus.” Cath. angl. “Spurlin, a smelt. Fr. esperlan.” Skinner. The name is retained in Scotland; see sparlyng and spirling in Jamieson.

^{page 53 note 1} The Catholicon explains catapulta to be “sagitta cum ferro bipenni, quam sagittam barbatam vocant.” Palsgrave renders broad arrow, “raillon:” and Cotgrave gives “fer de flèche à raillon, a shoot-head, a forked or barbed head.”

^{page 53 note 2} See above Bawstone. “Fiber, id est castor, a brocke. Fibrina vestis que tramam de fibri lanâ habet, a clothe of brocke woll.” Ort. voc. “Brocke a best, taxe.” Palsg. The Wicliffite version renders Hebr. Xi. 37, “Thei wenten about in brok skynnes, and in skynnes of geet.” A.S. broc, grumus.

^{page 53 note 3} “To brooke meate, digerer, aualer. I can nat brooke this pylles. He hath eaten raw quayles, I fear me he shall neuer be able to brooke them.” Palsg. A.S. brucan, frui. Margaret Paston, writing about the sickness of her cousin Bernay, 14 Edw. IV. 1476, 7, says, “I remember yat water of mynte, or water of millefole, were good for my cosyn Bernay to drynke, for to make hym to browke.” Paston Corresp. V. 156.

^{page 53 note 4} Skinner explains brewse to be “panis jure intinctus,” which is the precise meaning of brewis in the North of England. Brockett. Huloet, in the reign of Edward VI. speaks of “browesse, made with bread and fat meat.”

The Latin-English Vocabulary, Roy. MS. 17. C. XVII. gives “browys, adepatum, brewett, garrus,” distinguishing these two words, as the Promptorium does. Brewes is derived from the plural of A.S. briw, jusculum, but brewett is a word adopted from the French, brouet, potage or broth. Palsgrave, however, gives “brewesse, potage of fysshe or flesshe, brouet.”

^{page 54 note 1} In the Forme of Cury, and other books of ancient cookery, will be found a variety of recipes for making brewets, such as brewet of Almony, or Germany, of ayrenne, or eggs, eels and other fish in bruet. In a MS. of the XVth century, in the possession of Sir Thomas Phillipps, No. 8336, occur “Bruet seec, bruet salmene, and bruet sarazineys blanc.” The word seems to have been applied generally to any description of potage, but Roquefort defines the original meaning of brouet as “chaudeau, et ce que les nouveaux mariés donnoient à leurs compagnons pour boire, le jour de leurs noces.”

^{page 54 note 2} Gautier de Bibelesworth, in his Tretyz de Langage, written in the reign of Edward I. gives a detailed and curious account of malting and brewing, “de breser, et de bracer.” Arund. MS. 220. In Harrison's Description of Britaine, Book ii. ch. 6. prefixed to Holinshed's Chronicles, will be found a minute description of the process of brewing, as practised in the Eastern counties in the XVIth century.

^{page 54 note 3} In Anglo-Saxon mere-swyn signifies a dolphin; the epithet brun, fuscus, is probably in reference to the colour of the fish. It is the porpesse, perhaps, which is in many places called sea-swine, in Italian porcopesse, that is here intended.

^{page 54 note 4} “Brunt, hastynesse, chavlde-colle. Brunt of a daunger, escousse, effort.” Palsg.

^{page 55 note 1} See above, Bofet, thre fotyd stole.

^{page 55 note 2} “Bugge, spectrum, larva, lemures.” Baret. This word has been derived from the Welsh bwg, larva. Higins, in his version of Junius' Nomenclator, 1585, renders “lemures nocturni, hobgoblins or night-walking spirits, blacke bugs. Terriculamentum, a scarebug, a bulbegger, a sight that frayeth and frighteth.” See Nares, and Boggarde and Bogith in Jamieson. St. Augustin and other writers mention “quosdam dœmones quos Dusios Galli nuncupant,” namely incubi. See Ducange. To this word Ducius, by which the bugge is here rendered, the origin of the vulgar term, the deuce, is evidently to be traced.

^{page 55 note 3} “Bugle beest, bevgle.” Palsg. “Bugle, buffle, bœuf sauvage.” Roquef. “Buffle, buffes or bugles, wild beasts like oxen, uri. Buffe leather, aluta bubalina.” Baret. “Preciouse cuppis be made of bugull hornys, urorum cornibus, non bubalorum.” Horm. The bugle was introduced into England in 1252, as a present to Richard, Earl of Cornwall, brother of Henry III. “Missi sunt Comiti Richardo de partibus transmarinis Bubali, pars vero sexus masculini, pars feminini, ut in his partibus transmarinis Bubali, pars vero sexus masculini, pars feminini, ut in his partibus occidentalibus, ipsa animalia non prius hic visa multiplicarentur. Est autem Bubalus genus jumenti bovi consimile, ad onera portanda vel trahenda aptissimum, cocodrillo inimicissimum, undis amicum, magnis cornibus communitum.” Matt. Paris.

^{page 55 note 4} “Bulted, sassé, boultyng clothe or bulter, bluteau. To boulte meale, bulter.” Palsg. He gives the word also in a metaphorical sense, “to boulte out a mater, trye out the trouthe in a doubtfull thynge, saicher.” See bulter-cloth, in Kennett's Glossary.

^{page 55 note 5} “To bomme as a fly dothe, or husse, bruire. This waspe bommeth about myne eare, I am afrayed leste she stynge me.” Palsg.

^{page 55 note 6} “To bounche or pusshe one; he buncheth me and beateth me, il me pousse. Thou bunchest me so that I can nat syt in rest by the.” Palsg. “He came home with a face all to bounced, contusâ.” Horm.

^{page 55 note 7} The Harl. MS. appears here to be faulty, and the correct reading probably is, Bunne, kyx. See hereafter Kyx, or bunnes or drye weed. A.S. bune, fistula. In Joh. Arderne's Chirurgica, Sloane MS. 56, p. 3, in a list of French and English names of plants, occurs “chauynot, i. bunes;” the reading should probably be chenevette, which signifies the stalk of hemp. Forby and Moore give bunds or bund-weed, as the name by which in the Eastern counties weeds infesting grass land are known. Jamieson explains bune to be the inner part of the stalk of flax, or the core.

^{page 56 note 1} “Bulliculus, id est parvus bullio, a burble, tumor aque. Bullio, a wellynge.” Ort. voc. “Burble in the water, bubette. To boyle up or burbyll up as a water dothe in a spring, bouillonner.” Palsg.

^{page 56 note 2} “Gramino, to burion, or kyrnell, or sprynge.” Ort. voc. “Burryon or budde of a tree, burion. To burgen, put forthe as a tree dothe his blossomes, bourgonner.” Palsg.

^{page 56 note 3} This word is compounded of A.S. bur, conclave, casa, and mæden, puella, a bower-maiden, a chamber-maid: in like manner as bur-þegn signifies a chamberlain.

^{page 56 note 4} Burr signifies in Norfolk, according to Forby, a mistiness around the moon; and in North Britain a halo is termed brugh, brogh, or brough; Jamieson suggests from its encircling the moon like the circular fortifications which are also called brugh. Ang. S. beorʓ, munimentum. The expression, “a burre about the moone” occurs in “Whimzies, or a new cast of Characters,” p. 173. The same derivation may possibly apply to the terms, burr of a lance, which is a projecting circular ring that protected the hand; as also the burr of a stag's horn, or projecting rim by which it is surrounded close to the head.

^{page 56 note 5} “A buske, arbustum, dumus, frutex, rubus.” Cath. angl. Buske or boske, as bush was anciently written, occurs in R. Brunne and Chaucer. Spenser uses the word buskets, and boskie is to be found in Shakespeare, Tempest, Act IV. In old French bosc and boschet. Roquef.

^{page 56 note 6} Buttes are explained by Bp. Kennet to be the ends or short pieces of land in arable ridges or furrows. “Limes, buttynge or bound in fields.” Elyot. Celtic, but, limes.

^{page 56 note 7} Yarrell, in his History of British Fishes, observes that the flounder is called at Yarmouth a butt, which is a Northern term; the name is likewise given by Pennant, but does not occur in the Glossaries of Northern dialect.

“And be lofande to hym and bouxsome,” namely, to God, ib. f. 101, b. “Boxome, obedient, obeissant.” Palsg. A.S. bocsum, obediens.

^{page 57 note 2} Cadas appears to have signified flocks of silk, cotton, tow, or wool, used for stuffing gamboised garments. In the curious poem by Hue de Tabarie, at Middle Hill, entitled, “Coment le fiz Deu fu armé en la croyz,” is this passage,

In the petition against excess of apparel, 1463, it is thus mentioned; “No yoman, &c. to were in the aray for his body eny bolsters, nor stuffe of woole, coton, or cadas, nor other stuffer in his doubtlet, save lynyng accordyng to the same.” Rot. parl. “Cadas or crule, saijette.” Palsg. “Cadarce pour faire capiton, the tow, or coursest part of silke, whereof sleaue is made.” Cotgr. Nares explains caddis to be a sort of worsted lace.

^{page 57 note 3} Caddow is still the name given to the jackdaw in Norfolk, as Coles and Forby have recorded. Palsgrave gives “Caddawe a byrde, chucas,” and Withal renders “Caddow or dawe, nodulus.” “Monedula, a choughe or cadess.” Elyot. Keo is from A.S. ceo, cornix. See hereafter coo Byrde, or schowhe.

^{page 57 note 4} The quantity of fish contained in a cade is determined by the Accounts of the Cellarist of Berking Abbey, Mon. ang. i. 83: “a barrel of herryng shold contene 1000, and a cade of herryng six hundreth, sixscore to the hundreth.” Palsgrave renders cade, escade, but the word does not occur in the Dictionaries. In 1511 it appears by the Northumberland Household Book, that the cade of red herring was rated at 6s. 4d. the cade of “sproytts, 2s.” The spirling mentioned here was the smelt, called in French esperlan. See hereafter Spirlynge, epimera.

^{page 58 note 1} “He calketh (vestigat) vpon my natyuyte.” Horm. Palsgrave gives the verb “to oalkyll as an astronomer doth whan he casteth a fygure, calculer. I dare nat calkyll for your horse that is stollen, for feare of my bysshoppe.” See also Paston Letters, i. 114.

^{page 58 note 2} In the accounts of the Churchwardens of Walden, Essex, in 1466, 7, among the costs of making the porch, is a charge “for the foundacyon, and calyon, and sonde.” Hist. of Audley End, p. 225. Among the disbursements for the erection of Little Saxham hall in 1505, is one to the chief mason, for the foundation within the inner part of the moat, “to be wrought with calyons and breke, with foreyns and other necessaries concerning the same.” Rokewode's Hundred of Thingoe, 141. “Calyon, stone, caliou.” Palsg. In the dialect of Northern England a hard stone is termed a callierd.

^{page 58 note 3} “A cale stok, maguderis.” Cath. angl. “Maguderis est secundus caulis qui nascitur in tyrso absciso, vel ipse tyrsus abscisus, a koolestocke.” Ort. voc. “A calstok.” Med. In Harl. MS. 1587, occur “maguderis, wortestokk, cauletum, cawlegarthe.” “Calstocke, kalstocke, pié de chou.” Palsg. In Scotland “castook or kail-castock, the stem of the colewort,” according to Jamieson.

^{page 58 note 4} In the Dictionary of Synonyms of names of plants, in Latin, French and English, Sloan. MS. 5, compiled about the middle of the fifteenth century, occurs “Saliunca, spica Celtica, Gall. spike seltic, Ang. calketrappe.” A.Sax. coltræppe, rhamnus. “Caltrops, tribulus, seu carduus stellatus.” Skinner. In French chausse-trappe, according to Cotgrave, signifies both the thistle, and the caltrop used in war.

^{page 59 note 1} “A calle trappe, hamus, pedica.” Cath. angl. “Caltrapa, a caltrappe,” Ort. voc. The Catholicon gives the following explanation of hamus. “Dicitur et hamus asser cum clavis quo subtegitur terra in vineis sub arboribus defendendis, vel in domo circa scrinia et thesauros, ut si aliquando fur ingrediatur, ejus pedibus infigatur.” In the contemporary poem describing the Siege of Rouen by Henry V. the city is said to have been defended by a deep and wide dike, full of pitfalls, “of a spere of heyth.”

“They hydde pretely vnder the grounde caltroppys of yron to steke in horse or mennys fete, murices ferreos leviter condiderunt.” Horm. Chaussetrappe is explained by Cotgrave to be an “iron engine of warre made with four sharp points, whereof one, howsoever it is cast, ever stands upward.” Among the “municyons and habyllyments of warre” belonging to Berwick castle, 1539, occur “15 pece of lettes calteroopes.” Archæol. xi. 439. Caltraps are mentioned by Quintus Curtius in the Life of Alexander as having been spread over the ground by the Persians to annoy the Macedonian cavalry. This circumstance is thus described, Kyng Alisaunder, line 6070:

Vegetius calls them tribuli. A representation of a caltrap, from the Tower collection, will be found in Skelton's Illustrations of the Armoury at Goodrich Court, ii. pl. 132.

^{page 59 note 2} The recipe in the Forme of Cury, p. 48, directs for “vyande Cypre of samone, take almandus and bray hem unblaunched, take calwar samone, and seeth it in lewe water,” &c. See also p. 75, “salwar salmone ysode.” Palsgrave renders “caluer of samon, escume de saulmon.” This term appears to denote the state of the fish freshly taken, when its substance appears interspersed with white flakes like curd; thus in Lancashire the fish dressed as soon as it is caught is termed calver salmon, and in North Britain caller or callour signifies fresh, according to Jamieson. “Quhen the salmondis faillis thair loup, thay fall callour in the said caldrounis, and ar than maist delitious to the mouth.” Bellend. Descr. Alb. c. 11. Calvered salmon is mentioned by Ben Jonson and Massinger as a delicacy; and Isaac Walton applies the term to the grayling. R. Holme, however, would make it appear that calver was a term applied to fish dressed in oil, vinegar, and spices. See also Nares. The word “caleweis,” which occurs in Chaucer, Rom. of Rose, and has been by the earlier glossarists interpreted as calvured salmon, is in the original “poire de caillouel,” a sort of sweet pear, called by Roquefort caillos, or cailloel.

^{page 59 note 3} This word seems to be taken from the French, “camus, qui a le nez court.” Lacombe. Cotgrave renders camus, flat-nosed.

Hence also the sea-gull appears to have received a name, which is given by Elyot, “Candosoccus, a sea-gull, or a camose.” See Camy, and Camow-nosed, in Jamieson's Dictionary.

^{page 60 note 1} Forby and Moore have given ample illustrations of the nature of the game at ball called to this day in Norfolk and Suffolk, camping: the former agrees with Ray, in deriving the word from the A. Sax. campian, prœliari. The camping-land appropriated to this game occurs, in several instances, in authorities of the fifteenth century; in Cullum's Hawsted, mention is found, in 1466, of the camping-pightle.

^{page 60 note 2} This word seems to be taken from the French chandelier, a candlestick: candelarius signifies properly a maker of candles. See hereafter Chawndelere.

^{page 60 note 3} “Canopeum, reticulum subtile factum de canabo. Canopeum, a gnate nette, rete quo culices vel musce excluduntur.” Dict. wilbr. The Canope alluded to in the Promptorium, was very probably the Umbraculum under which the Sacred Host was carried in the procession on Palm Sunday. “Canapy to be borne over the sacrament, or ouer a Kynges heed, palle, ciel.” Palsg. See the word canapeum in Ducange.

^{page 60 note 4} “Minutal, a lompe of brede, or cantel.” Ort. voc. “Cantel of bredde, cantel or shyuer, chanteau.” Palsg.

The term occurs also in “the Anturs of Arther at the Tarnewathelan.” Hall, in his account of the marriage of the Princess Mary to Lewis XII. at Paris, in 1514, describes the entry of the Dauphin, whose “apparell and bardes were cloth of golde, cloth of syluer, and crymsyn veluet kanteled together.” Hall's Chron. 6 Hen. VIII. Roquefort gives “Chantel, un morceau de pain,” from cantellus. See Ducange, and Mon. Angl. i. 411. In Norfolk, to cant is to set a thing up on edge; see Forby, Moore, and Nares.

^{page 60 note 5} The priestly vestment generally known as the cope is here intended. “Capa, a cappe or a cope; caracalla, a sclauyn or a cape.” Dict. wilbr. “A cope.” Ort. Pilleum, according to the Catholicon, signifies a garment made of skins, but in its more usual sense, a covering for the head. In early times the cappa was an ordinary upper garment worn by ecclesiastics indiscriminately, and Ecgbert, Abp. of York, ordained in the eighth century that none of the clergy should appear in the church “sine colobio vel cappâ.” Of the various modifications of this vestment, and the names by which they were distinguished, a detailed account will be found in Ducange. At a later period the cope was a vestment reserved for occasions of ceremony: when worn by prelates and dignitaries, the richest tissues were chosen, and covered with a gorgeous display of jewels, orfrays, and embroidery; but its use was not confined to them, for with the exception of the priest officiating at the altar, who was vested in the sacred garments appropriated to the service of the mass, the cope appears to have been worn by all the assisting clergy, and even the choristers. In A. Sax. the name cappa, or cæppa, was adopted from the Latin, probably as early as the mission of St. Augustine, A.D. 601; and a cappa oloserica, one of the gifts of Gregory the Great, was preserved at Canterbury until the Reformation. See hereafter Coope, capa.

^{page 61 note 1} The use of a small cap by the clergy as a covering of the tonsure is one of considerable antiquity, it was usually termed the coif, coypha, and this term occurs here-after in the Promptorium. This was identical, as Joh. de Athona asserts, with the tenœ or infulœ, but these appear more properly to have been lappets appended to the coif, and which occasionally were fastened under the chin. At various periods, when the clergy, disregarding strict propriety in demeanour and dress, became assimilated in externals to the laity, the coif was specially decried by the Church. Thus in the Council of London in 1267, the Legate Othobonus ordained that the clergy should never appear in public with the coif, except in travelling, because thereby the corona, or circlet of hair left by the tonsure, was concealed, and therein “prœcipue depositio terrenorum, et regalis sacerdotii dignitas designantur.” See Lyndwode, Provinciale, p. 88. Hure, howe, or howfe, are synonymous, and are derived from A. Sax. hufa, cidaris. See hereafter Howe or hure, heed hyllynge, and Hwyr, cappe.

^{page 61 note 2} “Cappe of a flaylle, cappa.” Cath. angl. “Cappe of a flayle, liasse d'un flaiau.” Palsg.

^{page 61 note 3} This word, which, as Skinner observes, is evidently a corruption of caballus, is used by Chaucer: the Cambridge Scholar exclaims, when the Miller lets his horse loose,

“Capull, a horse, roussin.” Palsg. Cotgrave explains roussin to be “a curtall, a strong German horse.” Elyot gives “Caballus, a horse; yet in some partes of England they do call an horse a cable.”

^{page 61 note 4} This word is written by R. of Gloucester and P. Ploughman caroyne, by Chaucer careyne. In the Wicliffite version likewise, Hebr. iii. 17, is rendered, “Whether not to hem that synneden, whos careyns weren cast doun in desert?” It is taken from the French “caroigne, cadavre.” Roquef.

^{page 62 note 1} The Harl. MS. gives here Cartehowse, which appears wholly erroneous. The word does not occur in the MS. at King's College. Skinner derives the name of the Carfax at Oxford from the French carrefour, or possibly from quatre faces: another derivation has been proposed, from quatre voies. See an article on the Oxford Carfax, in the Antiq. Repert. iii. 267.

^{page 62 note 2} “Harke howe the fat carle puffeth, le gros vilain.” Palsg. A. Sax. ceorl, carlman, rusticus.

^{page 62 note 3} According to Gerarde, carlock, or chadlocke, or chadlocke, is a sort of wild rape or turnip, rapistrum arvorum, now known as the sinapis arvensis. In Arderne's Practica, however, aubfoyn, which is properly the corn-flower, is rendered karloke, Sloan. MS. 56. A. Sax. cerlice, rapum sylvestre. “Eruca, a coleworm or a carlok.” Ort. voc.

^{page 62 note 4} “A caralle, corea, chorus.” Cath. angl. “Carole a song, carolle, chanson de Noël.” Palsg. A. Sax. kyrriole, a chanting at the Nativity.

^{page 62 note 5} Palsgrave gives the verb, “to carpe, Lydgate, this is a farre northen verbe, cacqueter,” Gower uses it, Conf. Am. lib. vii.

^{page 62 note 6} The Promptorium does not give again the verb to lead, as it is here used, in the signification of to carry. Caxton says, in the Boke for Travellers, “Richer the carter shall lede dong (mettra) on my land, whan it shall be ered, and on my herber (courtil) whan it shall be doluen.”

^{page 63 note 1} “Casings, stercus siccum jumentorum, quod pauperes agri Lincolniensis ad usum foci colligunt; a Teut. Koth, fimus, q. d. cothings.” Skinner. In the North, according to Brockett, casings, or cassons, are cow-dung dried for fuel. It is still the usage in the neighbourhood of Lynn to employ cow-dung for this purpose. Richards' Hist. i. 80.

^{page 63 note 2} The Wicliffite version renders ii. Pet. 2, 22, “The hounde turnyde agen to his castyng.” In Sloan. MS. 100, f. 5, b. is given the following prescription: “For castinge, For hem that may not browke her mete. Take centorie, and sethe it in watir, and lete the sike drink it leuc warm iii daies, and he schal be hool, for this medicyn spourgith the brest, and the stomak.”

^{page 63 note 3} “Catyrpyllar, worme, chatte pelleuse.” Palsg.

^{page 63 note 4} In the middle ages a metrical system of ethics, entitled “Disticha de moribus ad filium,” attributed to Dionysius Cato, or Magnus Cato, had attained the highest degree of estimation. It was illustrated by the comments of the most learned men of several centuries, and served as a manual for the instruction of youth. It is not certain who was the author; a translation from the Latin was made about 1480, by Benedict Burgh, Archdeacon of Colchester, for the use of his pupil Lord Bourchier; and in 1483 Caxton published his translation from a French version, entitled “The Booke called Cathon.” Chaucer frequently quotes Cato: see Miller's Tale, 3227, Marchaunt's Tale, 9261. Caxton says in the Boke for Travellers, “George the booke sellar hath doctrinals, catons, oures of our Lady, Donettis, partis, accidents.” See Warton's Hist. of Eng. Poetry, ii. 166. Dibdin's Typogr. Antiq. i. 195.

^{page 63 note 5} Caucyon may here signify a pledge, as in Palsgrave, “causion, pledge, caution.” See hereafter Wedde, or thynge leyyd yn plegge. The Catholicon, however, explains cautio to be a simple promise, without oath, pledge, or surety, but idonea cautio, implied those additional securities. It is further interpreted to be a writing, as Papias says “cautio est breve recordationis chirographum. Unde in Evang. Luc.: Accipe cautionem iuam.” In the Wicliffite Version this passage is rendered “and he seide to him, take thy caucioun and wryte fifty,” Luke xvi. 6.

^{page 64 note 1} “Caldarium, a cawdell.” Ort. voc. Palsgrave render it chaudeau, which according to Roquefort was “bouillon qu'on donnoit aux époux le matin du lendemain des noces, calens jusculum.” In Caxton's Boke for Travellers, occur as “Potages. Caudell for the seke, chaudel. Growell and wortes.” Skinner and Junius interpret it to be merely a spicy drink, but in the ancient terms of cookery cawdel signifies generally anything stewed down to a purée; see in the Forme of Cury, pp. 24, 27, “chykens in cawdel, cawdell ferry;” and in Cott. MS. Julius, D. Viii. f. 100, “Caudelle of samone, caudelle of muskles.” See further calenum, in Charpentier.

^{page 64 note 2} Cawcewey is derived directly from the French chaussée, a word taken, as Menage and other writers have observed, from the Latin calciata, so called, as some conjecture, from its being continually trodden, via calcata, but probably rather from the mode of forming such a road, with stones imbedded in mortar, via calceata, from calx, lime. See Spelman, Ducange, and Kennet, under the word calcea. There was a causeway at Lynn leading to Gaywood, on which was situated the Hospital of St. Mary Magdalen, and among the benefactors to the Hospital of St. John Baptist occurs Ufketel filius sanctimonialis de Sceringes, who grants “totam terram in Linne super calcetam.” Mon. Ang. vi. 648, new edit. Palsgrave gives “Causey in a hye way, chausée.”

^{page 64 note 3} Cotgrave renders “cautelle, a wile, cautell, sleight, guilefull devise, subtilty.” Fabyan relates that in 1448, the town of Pont-de-l'arche was taken by the “cautele” of the Frenchmen, who introduced two men disguised as carpenters; and Hall, speaking of the same occurrence, calls it “a praty cautele and slighte imposture.” In Elyot's Librarie occurs “Offuciœ, cawtelles, crafty wayes to deceyue.”

^{page 64 note 4} See hereafter Kyrnel of frute, granum.

^{page 64 note 5} In Norfolk the basket carried by the sower, is still called a seed-lep. Forby. A. Sax. sæd-leap, seminatoris corbis. See hereafter Hopur, and Seedlep.

^{page 64 note 6} See hereafter Segge of the fene, or wyld gladone. A. Sax. secʓ, gladiolus. Nares explains segs to be the water flower-de-luce. “Glayeul de rivière, sedge, water flags.” Cotgr.

^{page 64 note 7} The name sedge is now applied indiscriminately to the genus carex, which probably from the stiffness of its growth was called also stare. In Su. G. it is denominated starr, Isl. stör, “quum herba sit perquam rigida.” Ihre. See hereafter Segge, star of the fenne, and Stare.

^{page 65 note 1} Ray in his East Country Words, and Forby, have recorded the use of the word seal, signifying time, or season, from A. Sax. sæl, opportunitas. Barlysele has occurred already in the Promptorium. See hereafter Seel, tyme.

^{page 65 note 2} The Catholicon explains celo to signify sculpere, pingere, and celamen or celatura, sculptured or painted decoration. Lydgate in the Troye Boke uses the word celature to describe vaulted work of an elaborate character. It appears doubtful whether the verb to cele, and the word ceiling, which is still in familiar use, are derivable from cœlo, or may not be traced more directly to cœlum and the French ciel, signifying not only vaulting or ceiling, but also the canopy or baldaquin over an altar; the hangings of estate over a throne, which are sometimes termed dais, from the throne being placed in the part of the apartment to which that name properly belonged; and lastly the canopy of a bed, “celler for a bedde, ciel de lit.” Palsg. Gervase of Dover uses the term in his graphic description of the conflagration of Canterbury Cathedral in 1174, occasioned by sparks having been carried by the wind, and lodged between the roof and the interior vaulting of the church; “cœlum inferius egregie depictum, superius vero tabulæ plumbeœ ignem interius accensum celaverunt.” Twysden, Hist. Angl. Script. 1289. Thomas Stubbs, among the benefactions of Aldred, Archbishop of York 1061–1070, records that “totam ecclesiam à presbyterio usque ad turrim ab antecessore suo constructam, superius opere pictorio quod cœlum vocant, auro multiformiter intermixto mirabili arte construxit.” Ibid. 1704. The word had a still further signification, denoting, not merely the decoration of the vaulting or roof of a chamber, but also the wainscot-work upon the walls. Thus Horman says, “These wallys shal be celyd with cyprusse. The rofe shal be celed vautwyse and with cheker work.” See hereafter Sylure of valle, and Selyn wythe sylure.

^{page 66 note 1} “A seyne, sinodus, est congregacio clericorum.” Cath. angl. Ceene or a synod is from the French “senne, assemblée de gens d'Eglise; de cœnaculum, lieu d'assemblée, suivant Barbazan.” Roquef. Sené is explained by Cotgrave to be “a Synod or assembly of curates before their Ordinarie or Diocesan.” “Cene of clerkes, conuocation.” Palsg. In the Legenda Aurea mention is made of the “Ceene of Calcydone.” f. xxvi.

^{page 66 note 2} Tessera is rendered in the Ortus “a dyce,” and texera has the same meaning; the Catholicon, however, gives another explanation, “Texere dicuntur lapides quadrati ad modum talorum, unde pavimenta sternuntur.” There can be little doubt that the token of an inn, here referred to, is the ancient sign of the chequers, scaccarium, the chessboard or playing tables. It has been questioned whether this symbol denoted in England, as it did where it occurs at Pompeii, a house of entertainment where play was practised, or rather had its origin in the painted lattices at the doors and windows, which, as has been affirmed, were part of the external indications of an hostelry as late as 1700; the ordinary use of such lattices is mentioned by Harrison in his description of England. “Of old time our countrie houses in steed of glasse did vse much lattise, and that made either of wicker or fine rifts of oke in checker-wise.” B. ii. c. 12, in Holinshed. Among the deeds and benefactions of Thomas Chillenden, Prior of the church of Canterbury from 1390 to 1411, it is recorded in the obituary, “in civitate Cantuariœ unum Hospitium famosum, vocatum le Cheker, nobiliter œdificavit; in eadem civitate Hospitium de la Crowne.” Ang. sacra, i. 143. The “red lattice” is a term often used to signify an ale house; Shakespeare alludes to it, Hen. IV. pt. ii.; it occurs in Marston, Chapman, and other early dramatists, and Massinger speaks of the “red grates next the door” of a tavern. Of this and other inn-signs see Brand's Popular Antiqu. ii. 247, Gent. Mag. xl. 403, lxiii. 531, lxiv. 797.

^{page 66 note 3} The term helix was applied to denote the volute of a capital, but here it seems possible that the term relates to a spiral or newel-staircase. There was however, a military engine, a variety of the testudo, used in battering walls, to which the name of the snail is given in the curious version of Vegecius, made at the bidding of Sir Thomas of Berkeley, 1408. “The gynne that is clepede the snayle or the welke, is a frame made of goode tymber, shaped square, keuerede and hillede alle a-boute wythe rawe hides, or wythe feltes and heyres, for drede of brynnyng. This gynne hath wythe in hym a grete beme meuabely hangede wythe ropes, the whiche beme may wythe draughte of men wythe-in be drawe bacward, and let fie wythe his owene pais forewarde to the walle, and so astonye and shake the walle. This gynne is cleped þe snaile, for righte as be snaile hath his hous ouer hym where he walkethe or restethe, and oute of his hous he shetethe his hede whan he wolle, and drawethe hym inne a-yene, so doth this gynne.” B. Iv. c. xiv. Roy. MS. 18 A. XII. f. 105.

^{page 67 note 1} See hereafter Seware, sew, and Sewyn.

^{page 68 note 1} Chaffare or merchandise is a word derived by Lye from the Alamannic chauphen, emere. See Junius. Gautier de Bibelesworth says,

It occurs not unfrequently in Chaucer and Gower. In 1441 a complaint was made by the King's tenants of the forest of Knaresborough, that the Archbishop of York prevented their coming to Ripon, “so that none might utter their caffer, wherewith to pay his (the King's) farme att tearmes accustomed.” Plumpton Corresp. p. liv. “Chaffre, ware.” Palsg.

^{page 68 note 2} “Calenge, dispute, contradiction, contestation.” Roquef. “Chalenge or cleyme.” Palsg. In the Wicliffite version, Jerem. vii. 6 is rendered, “If ye maken not fals caleng to a comelyng, and to a faderless child, and to a widewe.”

^{page 68 note 3} The distinction is here clearly made between the two significations of the verb to challenge. Thus also Cotgrave explains “Chalanger, to claime, challenge, make title unto: also to accuse of, charge with an offence.” Robert of Gloucester, Brunne, and Chaucer use the word in the former sense. “To chalange, vendicare, calumpniari. A chalange, calumpnia.” Cath. angl. “Calanger, accuser, disputer, demander, être en conquerance.” Roquef. “The tribune dredde lest the iewis wolde take him bi the waie and sle him, and aftirward he myght be chalengid as he hadde take money.” Wicliffite version, Dedis, c. 23.

^{page 68 note 4} Chalo or chalonus is explained by Ducange to be “pars supellectilis lecti, straguli species.” In the Mon. Angl. ii. 720, chaluns are thus mentioned, “aut pannos pictos, qui vocantur chaluns, loco lectisternii.” The word occurs in Chaucer, Reves Tale.

Tyrwhitt thinks they were probably so called from having been made at Chalons. “A chalone, amphitapetum.” Cath. angl. In an Inventory taken at the Hospital of St. Edmund, Gateshead, 1325, there occurs, “In Choro, Unum frontale de Chalonns.” Wills and Invent. Surtees Society, i. 22.

^{page 69 note 1} “Chape of a knyfe, vomellus.” Cath. angl. “Chape of a shethe, bouterolle de gayne. To chape a sword or dagger.” Palsg. The word is derived from the French chappe, which Cotgrave explains to be “the locket of a scabbard,” but Skinner more correctly “vaginœ mucro ferreus.” The chape of a sword was a badge assumed by the De la Warr family, in memorial of the part taken by Sir Roger de la Warr, at Poitiers, 1356, in the capture of John King of France, when he took possession of the royal sword.

^{page 69 note 2} “A chapitrye, capitulum.” Cath. angl.

^{page 69 note 3} “A chapman, negociator, et cetera ubi a merchande. A chapmanry, negociacio. A chapmanware, vendibilis. To chappe, mercari, nundinari, negociari.” Cath. angl. “Chapman, marchant, challant.” Palsg. Ang. S. ceapman, mercator.

^{page 69 note 4} The term chare seems to have been the earliest appellation in England, of vehicles used to convey persons of distinction. It has been derived from the Anglo-Saxon cyran, vertere, but probably we derived both the vehicle and its appellation from France, where, as early as 1294, the use of the char had become so prevalent that it was forbidden to the wives of citizens by an ordinance of Philippe le Bel. A description of the rich chare prepared for the Princess of Hungary, will be found in the Squyr of low degree, Ellis's Specimens, vol. i.; and is beautifully illustrated by an illumination in the Louterell Psalter, executed in the reign of Edward II. See Mr. Rokewode's valuable paper in the Vetusta Mon. vol. vi. plate xx. A variety of representations are also given by Mr. Markland, with his remarks on the early use of carriages in England, Archæol. xx. 443. The appellation chare continued in use in the 16th century. Horman says, “the quyene came in a chare, pilento. He came in a chare or a wagen.” It occurs in Hall and Fabyan; and in Strype's Memoirs, Edward VI. 1557, is mentioned a “chair drawn by six chariot horses.”

^{page 70 note 1} “Basterna, est theca manualis vel itineris, a carre, or a chareot, or horslytter.” Ort. voc. In the Catholicon Basterna is explained to be “vehiculus itineris, quasi vesterna, quia mollibus vestibus sternitur, et a duobus animalibus trahitur, ubi nobiles femine deferuntur.” “Charryet, chariot, branlant.” Palsg.

^{page 70 note 2} “To chare, ubi to chase.” Cath. angl. A. Sax. cerran, vertere.

^{page 70 note 3} “Parapsis, discus, sive vas ex omni parte habens latera equalia, a platter, or a dobler, or a charger. Lanx, latus discus, a charger.” Ort. voc. “Charger, a great platter, ung grant plat.” Palsg. “One swanne is ynoughe to fyll a charger. This fysshe fylleth a charger, namozanum opplet.” Horm.

^{page 70 note 4} Gower uses this word to express the creaking of a door, Conf. Am. lib. iv.

Compare Chyrkyn̄, sibilo, Cherkyn̄, or chorkyn̄, or fracchyn̄ as newe cartys or plowys, strideo. Ang. Sax. cearcian, stridere.

^{page 70 note 5} In the Forme of Cury, p. 27, will be found directions for making “charlet, and charlet yforced.” It appears to have been a kind of omelet, sometimes compounded with minced pork. Pegge derives the term from the French chair. Pepo is explained, however, in the Ortus, as “herba quedam, i. melo, or mortrews, et est similis cucurbite.”

^{page 70 note 6} “A chafte, a chawylle, a chekebone, maxilla, mala, faux, mandubila, mandula, mola.” Cath. angl. “Chawe bone, machovere.” Palsg. In the Latin-English Vocabulary, Harl. MS. 1002, f. 140, occurs the word “brancus, a gole, or a chawle.”

^{page 71 note 1} “Subtelaris, vnder the hele.” Ort. voc. A similar explanation is given in the Catholicon, with this addition, “Sotular autem vel sotularis nihil aliud est, ut dicit Magister Bene. sed aliqui contrarium dicunt.”

^{page 71 note 2} The Catholicon gives the following explanation, “Parcopollex, i. tramellum,” which is properly a thimble: chauncepe appears to be a corruption of the French chaussepied.

^{page 71 note 3} Of the office of the chandeler in the household of a great lord, see the curious poem appended to the Boke of Curtasye, written about the time of Henry VI. Sloane MS. 1986, f. 46, b.

Chandler signified not only the maker of candles, but the candlestick, from the French chandelier. Thus in the Legenda Aurea mention occurs of a “chaundeler or candyl-stycke,” f. vii. b. See above Candelere, and the word chandler in Jamieson.

^{page 71 note 4} See hereafter Rooryn̄ or chaungyn̄ on chaffare for another, cambio.

^{page 71 note 5} It has been stated that the usage of chanting in the English churches was introduced by Osmund, Bishop of Sarum, 1090; but we learn from Bede that Benedict, Abbot of Weremouth, brought Abbot John, the arch-chanter, from Rome to this country, about A.D. 678, at which period Archbishop Theodoric, a Greek by birth, made a visitation of the whole island, and caused instruction to be given in the art “sonos cantandi in ecclesiâ,” until then known only in Kent. Bede states even that at an earlier period in the same century Paulinus left at York James the Deacon, who was “cantandi in ecclesiâ peritissimus,” and who “magister ecclesiastice cantionis juxta morem Romanorum, seu Cantuariorum multis cœpit existere.” Bede, lib. ii. 40. See also lib. iv. 3, and v. 20, and the appendix, edit. by Smith, p. 719. The most important treatises on the subject of Church Music are those of St. Nicetus in the VIth century, and Aurelian in the IXth, subsequent to the great change introduced by St. Gregory. A curious notice of the ancient system of notation has been given among the “Instructions du Comité Historique. Collection de documents inédits.” 1839. Chanting or “deschaunt” was among the practices violently opposed by Wickliffe, as was all Church-melody by the innovators of a later period.

^{page 72 note 1} “A kelynge, morus, piscis est.” Cath. angl. “Morus, quidam piscis, a hadok, a kelynge, or a codlynge.” Ort. voc. At the inthronization feast of Abp. Nevill, 1464, there was served “Kelyng, codlyng, and hadocke boyled.” Leland Coll. vi. 6. According to Ray, the keeling is the same as the cod-fish.

^{page 72 note 2} “To chepe, taxare. Chepe, precium.” Cath. angl. In Caxton's Boke for Travellers a servant who is sent to market is thus directed, “So chepe for us of the venyson, si nous bargaigne.” Palsgrave gives the verb “To bargen, chepe, bye and sell, marchander. Go cheape a cappe for me, and I wyll come anone and bye it.” Ang. Sax. ceapian, negotiari. The following use of the substantive occurs in the Will of Sir John Lumley, 1420, “I wille þat my brothre William haue þe landes and rentys bettir chepe þen any othir man, by a reasonable some.” Wills published by the Surtees Society, i. 63. Caxton in the Boke for Travellers says, “he byeth in tyme and at hour, so that he hath not of the dere chepe, du chier marchiet.”

^{page 72 note 3} “Ut dicit Papias, Egones sunt sacerdotes rustici.” Cath. In the Glossary of St. Isidore of Seville, who lived in the VIIth century, occur “Econes, sacerdotes rustici. Egones, sacerdotes rusticorum.” The compiler of the Promptorium was a Friar-Preacher, and the insertion of this word may possibly be attributed to the contentious feeling which subsisted between the monastic orders and the secular clergy. The illiterate condition, however, of the rural or “uplandish” clergy brought them generally into contempt, and occasioned their receiving the nick-name “Sir John,” and other appellations of invidious obloquy.

^{page 73 note 1} “To cherische or dawnte, blanditractare.” Cath. ang.

^{page 73 note 2} See above Chekyr.

^{page 73 note 3} Papiever, MS. “A chesse bolle, papaver, cinolus.” Cath. ang. The Promptorium gives also Chybolle, cinollus. “Papaver est herba somnifera, anglicè a chebole.” Ort. voc. “Cheese bowls, flores papaveris hort. a similitudine aliquâ vasculorum caseaceorum sic dicti.” Skinner. See the words Chasbol and Chesbow in Jamieson.

^{page 73 note 4} “A chesabylle, casula, infula, planeta.” Cath. ang. “Casula, a chesuble.” Ortus. At the Reformation there was still preserved at Canterbury among the vestments supposed to have been sent by St. Gregory to Augustine A.D. 601, “casula oloserica purpurei coloris aureâ texturâ, et lapidibus superius a parte posteriori ornata.” Bede, App. p. 691.

^{page 73 note 5} The Latin-English Vocabulary, Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. gives in relation to suits at law, “Causa, occasio, pretextus, cheson.” See hereafter Enchesone, or cause. “Acheison, encheison, occasion heureuse, plainte, querelle.” Roquef. In low Latin “acheso, occasio, lis contra jus intentata.” Duc.

^{page 73 note 6} In Sloan. MS. 73, f. 211, will be found directions “for to make cheuerel lether of perchemyne,” by means of a solution of alum mixed with yolks of eggs and flour; and also “to mak of whit cheuerel, reed cheuerel,” the colour being given by a compound of brazil. “Cheuerell lether, cheverotin.” Palsg.

^{page 73 note 7} The verb to cheve is used by R. Gloucester and R. Brunne, and likewise in Piers Ploughman,

Roquefort gives “Chevir, agir, posseder, jouir, en bas lat. cheviare.” “To cheve, brynge to an ende, aschieuer.” Palsg.

^{page 74 note 1} This word is used by Piers Ploughman, Chaucer, and Gower. “Schift, cheuesaunce, cheuesance.” Palsg.

^{page 74 note 2} In the Legenda Aurea, f. 64, b. it is related of Becket, “and the nexte nyght after he departed in thabyte of a brother of Sympryngham, and so cheuyssed y^t he wente ouer see.” Fabyan states that Rufus said of the Earl of Poytiers, “I woll assaye to haue hys Erldom in morgage, for welle I knowe he must cheuyche for money to perfourme that journey” (to Jerusalem).

^{page 74 note 3} “Chekynwede, herbe, movron.” Palsg. In Norfolk the alsine media according to Forby is called Chickensmeat. Ang. Sax. cicena mete, alsine. Elfric.

^{page 74 note 4} See hereafter Flytin̄, or chydin̄. The Cath. Ang. gives “To chyde, litigare, certare, et cetera ubi to flyte.”

^{page 74 note 5} To chick signifies still in Norfolk and Suffolk to germinate, as seeds in the earth or leaves from the bud. Forby.

^{page 74 note 6} Chilindrus, in French chilandre, Palsg. was a name of Greek derivation, applied to some venomous kind of water-serpent.

^{page 74 note 7} The English gloss on Gautier de Bibelesworth explains “gysine, childing.” “There was a woman with chylde grete vpon her delyueraunce, and at y^e tyme of chyldynge she myght not be delyuered.” Leg. Aurea. “Partus, puerperium, chyldyng.” Vocab. Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII.

^{page 74 note 8} “To childe, parturire, eniti, fetare, parere. Femina vult parere, sed non vult illa parere.” Cath. ang. The Wicliffite version renders Levit. xii. 2, “If a wōman childiþ a knaue child, sche schal be vncleene bi vii daies.” Cott. MS. Claud. E. 11.

^{page 75 note 1} Ang. Sax. cildiung-wif, a child-bearing woman.

^{page 75 note 2} “A chinche, tenax, &c. ubi cowatus. Chinchery, tenacitas, &c. ubi cowatyse.” Cath. ang. “Tenax, a toughe halder, or chinche.” Med. Chaucer says in the Tale of Melibeus, “men blamen an avaricious man, because of his scarcitee and chincherie.”

R. Wimbeldon said in his Sermon at Paul's Cross, A.D. 1389, “forsoth wete ye, that euerych auouterer, or vncleane man, that is gloton, other chynch, shal neuer haue heritage in the realme of Christ and of God.” Fox, Acts and Mon. The word is occasionally written chiche, as by Chaucer, Rom. of R. In French, “chice, mesquin; chicheté, avarice, vilenie.” Roquef.

^{page 75 note 3} Shingles of wood, a covering both light and durable, were probably still, at the time the Promptorium was compiled, in very general use for roofing houses, although the regulations for the dimension of the various kinds of tiles are a proof of their being likewise employed to a considerable extent. See Stat. 17 Edw. IV. c. 4. A.D. 1477. The term seems derived from the French eschandole, or Latin scindula, and is occasionally written shindles. See Holland's Pliny, B. xvi. c. 10. Piers Ploughman terms Noah's ark a “shynglede shup,” an expression that seems to bear some analogy to the Ang. Sax. scide-weall, murus de scindulis congestus. Elfric. See Schyngyl.

^{page 75 note 4} In the Seuyn Sages, line 2625, the chirche-hawe is spoken of, Ang. Sax. haʓa, agellus, or heʓe, septum. In Cath. Ang. it is termed “a kyrke-garthe.” Ang. Sax. ʓeard, sepes.

^{page 75 note 5} “Encenia dicuntur nova festa, vel dedicationes ecclesiarum.” Ortus. Ang. Sax. cyric-halgung, church hallowing.

^{page 76 note 1} “ And kisseth hire swete, and chirketh as a sparwe with his lippes.” Sompnoures Tale. “To chyrke, make a noyse as myse do in a house.” Palsg.

^{page 76 note 2} See above Charkyn, as a carte. Ang. Sax. cearcian, stridere. Chaucer uses the term to express generally a disagreeable sound.

^{page 76 note 3} Chyrrynge, ms.

^{page 76 note 4} Thomas, in his Italian Gramm. 1548, gives “Buffa, the dispisyng blaste of the mouthe that we call shirping.”

^{page 76 note 5} The Latin-English Vocabulary, Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. gives “arena, grawell, sabulum, sande, glaria, chesylle,” f. 37, and again, f. 56. “nomina lapidum, glaria, chesylle.” The etymology of the name Chesil Bank, in Dorsetshire, a singular bank of pebbles, which extends nearly seven miles S.E. from Abbotsbury, and abuts at Chesilton on the isle of Portland, is here clearly ascertained. See prefixed to Holinshed's Chron. the description of the Chesill, by Harrison, Descr. of Brit. p. 58. Harrison speaks also of the Chesill at Seaton in Devonshire, where he says “the mouth of the Axe is closed by a mightie bar of pibble stones,” p. 59, and copies the account given by Leland, ltin. iii. f. 42, “the men of Seton began of late day to stake and make a mayne waulle withyn the Haven—and ther to have trenchid thorough the chisille, and to have let out the Ax, and receyvid in the mayn se. But this purpose cam-not to effect. Me thought that nature most wrought to trench the chisil hard to Seton Town, and ther to let in the se.” In this instance the term chisel seems to accord with the explanation given in the Medulla, “Glarea, argilla, vel primum lapides quos aqua fluviatilis trahit.” Harl. MS. 2257. It implies, however, in a more general sense the pebbles on the shore; thus in the Coventry Mysteries, p. 56, is the following paraphrase of Genes. xxii. 17.

In the Wicliffite version this passage is rendered “gravel which is in þe brink of þe see.” Ang. Sax. ceosel, glarea, sabulum. Teut. kesel. In Norfolk chizzly signifies dry and harsh under the teeth, which Forby derives from Teut. kiesele, gluma. The Latin-English Vocabulary, Harl. MS. 1002, f. 147, gives among “pertinencia pistrine, Cantabrum, anglicè chycelle.”

^{page 76 note 6} “Chiterlynge, hilla.” Cath. ang. “Chyterling, endoile.” Palsg. Horman says, “let us have trypis, chetterlyngis, and tryllybubbys ynough, suppedita aulicoclia ad satietatem.” Skinner derives the word from Teut. kutteln, intestina.

^{page 76 note 7} Chaucer writes in the Blake Knyght, “I chiver for defaut of hete,” and Gower uses the verb to chever. “Chyueryng as one dothe for colde in an axes, or otherwise, frilleux.” Palsg.

^{page 77 note 1} Chuffy, as Forby observes, does not in Norfolk now signify clownish, but merely fat and fleshy, particularly in the cheeks. French, jouffu. Palsgrave gives “chuffe, bouffe,” which is explained by Cotgrave as “a swollen or swelling cheek; Bouffé, puffed, blown.”

^{page 77 note 2} See hereafter Sybbe and Sybrede.

^{page 77 note 3} See hereafter Syyd, as clothys. Talaris. This term, which is retained in Norfolk, implies commonly merely the length of a garment, “syde as a gowne, defluxus.” Cath. ang. from Ang. Sax. sid, amplus, latus. The reason of its special application here to clothes that are threadbare is not apparent, unless it were, that garments in such condition, losing the swelling folds that new stuffs would form, and hanging close to the sides, give the figure a lengthly and lean appearance.

^{page 77 note 4} See hereafter Syynge downe.

^{page 77 note 5} See Ceelyn̄ with syllure, and hereafter Sylure of valle, and Selyn̄. Cotgrave gives “Draperie, a flourishing with leaves and flowers in wood or stone, used especially on the heads of pillers, and tearmed by our workmen drapery or cilery.”

^{page 77 note 6} See Brede twyss bakyn as krakenelle, or symnel, and hereafter Symnel.

^{page 77 note 7} In a curious MS. herbal of the XVth century, in the possession of Hugh Diamond, Esq. the virtues of this plant are detailed. “Grondeswyle, we clepen in latin seneceon,” p. 61. It was used as a plaster for “bolnyngs” and sores, “hit wole staunce þe hoote potagre, and alle manere greues of þe leggys.” By most leeches it was thought dangerous to use it internally, although so recommended by Pliny; however, “þis erbe algreene, if it be dipped in vynegre, and so y ete—wole abate þe fretyng of þe wombe;” and the touch of the root was accounted a specific for the tooth ache.

^{page 78 note 1} The drain of a lavatory seems to be here alluded to, such as that with which the lavacrum or piscina on the south side of the altar was invariably supplied, which allowed the water that had served for washing the sacred vessels, and for the ablutions during the service of the altar, to sink into the earth: or generally in reference to such provisions for cleanliness as are to be observed in most monastic establishments, as especially the lavatories in the cloisters at Chester and Worcester Cathedrals. Mergulus, however, usually signifies the sink of a lamp, wherein the wick was placed.

^{page 78 note 2} The citron was probably introduced into Europe with the orange by the Arab conquerors of Spain, and first received in England from that country. By a MS. in the Tower it appears that in 1290, 18 Edw. I. a large Spanish ship came to Portsmouth, and that from her cargo Queen Eleanor purchased Seville figs, dates, pomegranates, 15 citrons, and 7 poma de orenge. See the introduction to the valuable volume on Household Expenses in England, presented to the Roxburghe Club, by B. Botfield, Esq. p. xlviii.

^{page 79 note 1} “Colum, a mylke syhe, or a clansynge syfe.” Med. See hereafter Syynge, or clensynge.

^{page 79 note 2} “Clammy, as breed is not through baken, pasteux.” Palsg. See hereafter Gleymows or lymows. In Norfolk meat over-kept is said to have got a clam; and to clam signifies to stick together by viscid matter. Forby. Ang. Sax. clam, lutum, clæmian, linere.

^{page 79 note 3} “They that serche the ende of a mannys lyfe by nygrymanciars be payed at a clappe, clade involvuntur.” Horm.

^{page 79 note 4} The French term claré seems simply to have denoted a clear transparent wine, but in its most usual sense a compounded drink of wine with honey and spices, so delicious as to be comparable to the nectar of the Gods.

In the original Romance pigment, claré, and vin parée are named together, and in the Merchant's Tale Januaric is said to indulge in consoling spiced drinks, “Ipocras, clareie and vernage.” Barth. Anglicus gives a description of the mode of compounding claret, lib. 19, de propriet. rerum, c. 56; and recipes “ad faciendum claretum” occur in Sloan. MSS. 1986, f. 14, b. and 3548, f. 105. The following directions are found in Sloan. MS. 2584, f. 173. “To make Clarre. Take a galoun of honi, and skome it wel, and loke whanne it is i soden þat þer be a galoun; þanne take viii galouns of red wyn, þan take a pounde of pouder canel, and half a pounde of pouder gynger, and a quarter of a pounde of pouder peper, and medle alle þese þynges to geder, and þe wyn; and do hym in a clene barelle, and stoppe it fast, and rolle it wel ofte siþes, as men don verious, iii dayes.” Palsgrave gives “Clarry wyne, cleré.” In Norfolk at the present time any kind of foreign red wine is called claret.

^{page 80 note 1} “Clarine, cleron.” Palsg. Horman says that “a trumpette is streyght, but a clarion is wounde in and out with an hope.” This instrument received its name from its shrill sounds: it was called in low Latin clario, and Knyghton mentions “clarriones et tubœ,” as sounding the onset at Cressy, and speaks of them also in his account of the siege of Paris, by Edward III. A.D. 1360.

^{page 80 note 2} The verb to scratch, derived by Junius from the Danish, kratse, or the Flemish, kratsen, was formerly written cracche: see hereafter Cracchyn̄. Chaucer speaks of “cratchinge of chekes,” and Piers Ploughman says,

^{page 80 note 3} This term is derived from the Latin, or more directly, perhaps, from the French, “closier, petit clos fermé de haies.” Roquef. Horman says, “these byrdis muste be kepte in with a rayle, or a closer latis wyse, clathro.” See Closere of bokys or oþer lyke.

^{page 80 note 4} Cambuca is rendered in the Medulla Grammatice, “a buschoppys cros, or a crokid staf.” See hereafter Croce of a byschope. The term Cley-staffe seems to be taken from the similarity of the head of the pastoral staff, in its simplest form, resembling the ancient lituus, to the claw of an animal, which here, as by Gower, is written cle. “Cley of a beste, ungula.” Cath. ang. In Norfolk the pronunciation cleyes is still retained.

^{page 80 note 5} Chaueryn may be here the same as Charyn, or geynecopyn, which occurs previously.

^{page 80 note 6} Clean formerly signified, not merely external, but also intrinsic purity. “He gave a senser, and a shyp of clene syluer, argento puro.” Horm.

^{page 81 note 1} The verb to clepe is commonly used by Robert of Gloucester, Chaucer, Gower, and other ancient writers; but as early as the commencement of the XVIth century it appears to have become obsolete, for Palsgrave gives “I clepe or call, je hysche. This terme is farre Northern.” Ang. S. cleopian, clamare. Forby gives the word as still in use in Norfolk.

^{page 81 note 2} “A clerge, clerus, clerimonia.” Cath. ang.

^{page 81 note 3} The word clergy, signifying erudition suitable to the office, in the sense given to the word in the King's Coll. MS. of the Promptorium, is thus used also in Piers Ploughman's Vision,

See the word clargie, in Jamieson. “Clergie, science, littérature, savoir.” Roquef.

^{page 81 note 4} Clift occurs in the gloss on Gautier de Bibelesworth, to denote what is termed the fork of the human figure, in the following passage, Arund. MS. 220.

Clough, a deep fissure or ravine, is a name still retained at Lynn, at a spot described by Forby. Ang. Sax. clouʓh, fissura ad montis clivum. See also cleuch and cleugh in Jamieson, and Brockett's Northern words.

^{page 82 note 1} “A clekett, clavis.” Cath. ang. “Clyket of a dore, clicquette.” Palsg. The French term cliquet, in low Latin cliquetus, seems properly to have signified a latch, “pessulus versatilis, Gall, loquet.” Duc. Thus the gloss on Gautier de Bibelesworth renders it.

Chaucer, however, uses the word in the sense that is here given to it, “clavicula, a lytel keye.” Ortus. Thus in the Merchant's Tale,

^{page 82 note 2} “A clippynge, tonsura. A clippynge howse, tonsorium.” Cath. ang. In Norfolk to clip signifies now to shear sheep, and the great annual meeting at Holkham was commonly termed the Holkham clip, or clipping. Forby.

^{page 82 note 3} “þe clippys of þe sone and moyne, eclypsis. To make clippys, eclipticare.” Cath. ang. Chaucer, comparing the course of love to that of the moon, says that it is like the planet,

^{page 82 note 4} The verbs from Clyue, to Cowryn, are omitted in the Harleian MS. and are here given chiefly from the MS. at King's College, Cambridge, and Pynson's edition.

^{page 82 note 5} This term is derived from the French clocher, or the low Latin clocherium. It occurs in the accounts of the Chamberlain of Norwich, among charges for the celebration of the exequies of Henry VIII. A.D. 1547, where a payment appears “to the Clarks of Cryste Churche, for ryngyng the clocher bells.” Blomf. Hist. ii. 155.

^{page 83 note 1} “A clotte, cespis, occarium. To clotte, occare. A clottynge malle, occatorium.” Cath. ang. “Occo, glebas frangere, to clotte.” Ortus. In the Medulla, Harl. MS. 2257, occur “glebarius, a clotte maller. Gleba est durus cespes cum herbâ, an harde klotte.” Palsgrave gives the verb to clodde as signifying the formation, and not the breaking up of clods. “To clodde, go in to heapes, or in to peces, as the yerthe dothe, amonceler. This yerthe clotteth so faste that it must be broken. To clodde, figer, fortier, congeler.” Compare Cloteryn.

^{page 83 note 2} A note, copied by Hearne from a copy of the Promptorium, states that the compiler of the work was “frater Ricardus Fraunces, inter quatuor parietes pro Christo inclusus.” See Hearne's Glossary to Langtoft's Chron. under the word Nesshe. If, however, it had been true that he had belonged to the order of Anchorites, who were called inclusi, or reclusi, it seems probable that some indication of the fact would have here occurred. The dwelling of the Anchorite, domus inclusi, or clusorium, appears to have often immediately adjoined the church, and is doubtless in many instances still to be distinguished. The ritual for his benediction will be found in Martene, Antiq. Rit. lib. iii. c. 3. Palsgrave gives the verb “to close up in a wall, or bytwene walles, emmurer. Cannest thou fynde in thy herte to be an Anker, to be closed up in a wall?” See hereafter Recluse.

^{page 83 note 3} Compare Clausure, or clos. Jamieson gives closeris, enclosures, and closerris, which he conjectures may signify clasps. In Norfolk Forby observes that the cover of a book is called clodger, which he supposes to be derived from the French, closier, as the term codger is corrupted from cosier, a cobler.

^{page 84 note 1} Compare hereafter Skye, nubes. The word skye is thus used both by Chaucer and Gower, to signify a cloud. Ang. Sax. skua, umbra, Su. G. sky, nubes.

^{page 84 note 2} Clawys, MS. “A clowe of flodeɜate, singlocitorium, gurgustium.” Cath. ang. The term clowys appears to be taken from the French écluse. See the word clouse, in Jamieson.

^{page 84 note 3} “A clowte of yrne, crusta, crusta ferrea, et cetera ubi plate.” Cath. ang. In Norfolk the terms cleat and clout signify an iron plate with which a shoe is strengthened. Forby. Ang. Sax. cleot, clut, pittacium, lamina. Palsgrave gives the verb “to cloute, carreler, rateceller. I had nede go cloute my shoes, they be broken at the heles.”

^{page 84 note 4} “To wynde clowys, glomerare.” Cath. ang. A. Sax. cleow, glomus.

^{page 84 note 5} The chough or jackdaw, called in the Eastern counties a caddow. See before Cadaw, or keo, or chowghe, and hereafter Koo, bryd, or schowghe. “Monedula, coo.” Vocab. Harl. MS. 1587. “A ka, monedula.” Cath. ang. “Nodulus, a kaa.” Ort. voc. Ang. Sax. ceo, cornix.

^{page 84 note 6} The coarse half-boot used by rustics was called a cocur, and the term cocker is still used in the North of England, but properly signifies gaiters or leggings, and even coarse stockings without feet, used as gaiters. In a MS. of the Medulla in the Editor's possession, Culponeus is rendered “a carl stoghe,” (in the Ortus “a chorles shoo,”) with this additional explanation, “vel a Cokyr, ut dicit Campus florum.” Piers Ploughman speaks of his “cokeres,” Vision, line 3915, and they may be seen in the curious drawing in a MS. of the Poem in the Library Trin. Coll. Cant. an engraving from which is given in Shaw's Dresses. Elyot gives “Carpatinœ, ploughmen's bootes made of vntanned lether, they maye be called cokers. Peronutus, he that weareth rawe lether shoen, boteux, or cokars lyke a ploughman.” Librarie, 1542.

^{page 85 note 1} Junius compares this word with the Dutch, kokerillen, celebrare hilaria, but Lye is inclined to trace its etymology to the Welsh, cocr, indulgens. The use of the term is fully illustrated by Palsgrave. “To coker, cherysshe to moche, mignotter. This boye canne never thriue, he is cokered so moche. To coker, bring up with daynty meates, affriander, affrioller. Coker hym up thus in his youthe, and you shall haue a fayre caulfe of hym shortly.” See below, Cookerynge mete.

^{page 85 note 2} This singular term was given most erroneously in the printed editions of the Promptorium; Pynson printed it Ckyrmete, Julian Notary Chyimete, and W. de Worde Chymette. It appears to relate to the kind of rustic boot called here a cocur, and cokyr; but the whimsical application of such a term to clay is wholly unaccountable.

^{page 85 note 3} Among numerous substances, resin, grease, and herbs, mentioned in the curious directions for making a good “entreet,” or plaster to heal wounds, occurs “Spaynisch code.” Sloan. MS. 100, f. 17.

^{page 85 note 4} Elyot renders “Sepia, a fyshe called a cuttell. Loligo, a fyshe whiche hath his head betwene his feete and his bealy, and hath also two bones, oone lyke a knyfe, the other lyke a penne.” The Sepia officinalis, which is found commonly on the coasts of Britain, is not properly a fish, but belongs to Cuvier's great division of Molluscous animals, and the class of Céphalopodes. Ang. Sax. cudele, sepia. See hereafter, Cotull.

^{page 85 note 5} The primary meaning of the word cofyn seems to have been, as in Latin and French, a basket, and is thus used in the Wicliffite version, which renders Matt. xiv. 20, “Thei token the relifis of broken gobetis, twelve cofyns full.” Elyot renders “Tibin, a baskette or coffyn made of wyckers or bull rushes, or barke of a tree; such oone was Moyses put in to by the daughter of Pharao.” The term also implied a raised crust, as for a pie, or a custard, and occurs in this sense in Shakespeare. See also the Forme of Cury, pp. 72, 83, 89. Palsgrave gives “Coffyn, grant boiste.”

^{page 86 note 1} “A coyfe, pillius, pilleolus, apex, galerus. Versus, Pillius est juvenum, peregrinumque galerum.” Cath. ang. See above, the note on Cappe, or hure.

^{page 86 note 2} Chaucer uses the verb to “acoie,” in the sense of making quiet; in Spenser it signifies to caress, and also to daunt. Palsgrave gives “to coye, styll, or apayse, acquoyser.” The derivation is evidently from the French quoi, quietus, now written coi.

^{page 86 note 3} “A coknay, ambro, mammotrophus, delicius. Versus, Delicius qui deliciis a matre nutritur.” Cath. ang. The term coknay appears in the Promptorium to imply simply a child spoiled by too much indulgence; thus likewise in the Medulla, “Mammotrophus, qui diu sugit. Mammotrophus mammam longo qui tempore servat, Kokenay dicatur, noster sic sermo notatur.” There can be little doubt that the word is to be traced to the imaginary region “ihote Cokaygne,” described in the curious poem given by Hickes, Gramm. A. Sax. p. 231, and apparently translated from the French. Compare “le Fabliaus de Coquaigne.” Fabl. Barbazan et Méon. iv. 175. Palsgrave gives the verb “To bring up lyke a cocknaye, mignotter;” and Elyot renders “delicias facere, to play the cockney.” “Dodeliner, to bring vp wantonly, as a cockney.” Hollyband's Treasurie. See also Baret's Alvearie. Chaucer uses the word as a term of contempt, and it occasionally signifies a little cook, coquinator. See further in Douce's Illustrations, King Lear; and Brand's Popular Antiquities, notes on Shrove Tuesday.

^{page 86 note 4} This word occurs here as a substantive. See above, Cokerynge.

^{page 86 note 5} “Cokylle, quedam aborigo, zazannia.” Cath. ang. It would seem that Chaucer considered the term Lollard as derived from lollium. See hereafter, Lollarde.

^{page 86 note 6} Colder in the dialect of Norfolk signifies “broken ears of corn mixed with fragments of straw, beaten off by the flail;” and in Suffolk the “light ears and chaff left in the caving sieve, after dressing corn, “are termed colder, or cosh.” See Forby, and Moore. Petro signifies the clippings of stone. “Petrones sunt particule que abscinduntur de petris.” Cath.

^{page 87 note 1} The usage of distributing year by year a robe, or some external token of adherence to the service or interests of the personage by whom such general retainer was granted, appears to have commenced during the XIIIth century. The gift, whether a robe, a hood, or other outward sign, was termed a livery, liberata, and the practice was carried to so pernicious an extent, that various statutes passed in the reigns of Edward III. Richard II. and Henry IV. by which the use of liveries was restricted or regulated. Mr. Beltz, in his curious article on the Collars of the King's Livery, Retrosp. Review, N. S. ii. 500, states that the first instance on record of conferring such marks of distinction in England is in 1390, when Richard II. distributed his cognisance of the white hart, but the assertion copied from Anstis, that it was pendant from a collar of broom-cods, does not appear to rest on any authority. This collar was, however, presented in 1393 to Richard II. and his three uncles by Charles VI. King of France, whose cognisance it was. Such a “colare del livere du Roi de Fraunce” is mentioned in the Inventories of the Exchequer Treasury, vol. iii. 357. See Mr. J. G. Nichols's interesting observations on the Effigies of Richard II. and his Queen, Archæol. xxix. 46. The earliest notice of collars of livery, that has been observed, occurs in Rot. Parl. iii. 313, where it appears that when John of Gaunt returned in 1389 from the wars in Spain and Gascony, Richard took his uncle's “livere de coler” from his neck, and wore it himself; that it was also worn by some of the King's retinue; and that Richard declared in Parliament that he wore it in token of affection, as likewise he wore the liveries of his other uncles. It is not improbable that this livery of the Duke of Lancaster's was the collar of letters of SS, subsequently adopted by Henry IV. as his livery, the origin of which is still involved in obscurity. This device had been in use many years before his accession, and as early as 1378 Sir John de Foxle, whose will is preserved in Bishop Wykeham's Register at Winchester, bequeathed “Monile auri, cum S literâ sculptâ et amelitâ in eodem.” The livery of Henry V. during the life-time of his father, was a swan, adopted doubtless in token of his descent from the Bohun family; the Stat. 2 Hen. IV. c. 21, contains a clause “que Monseigneur le Prince purra doner sa honorable liveree del Cigne as seigneurs et a ses meignalx gentilx;” and such were probably the “Colers d'argent de la livere du Roy,” which are enumerated in the Inventories of the effects of Henry V. taken at his decease, 1423. Rot. Parl. iv. 214. Henry VI. used a collar formed of broom-cods and the letter S alternately, and Edward IV. adopted as his livery a collar of suns and roses, to which a white lion was appended. There is no evidence that collars of livery were ever distributed by subjects, excepting the Princes of the blood.

^{page 88 note 1} “A culice, morticium.” Cath. ang. In the collection of Recipes, dated 1381, printed with the Forme of Cury, will be found one “for to make a Colys,” which was a sort of invigorating chicken broth. See p. 94, and Preface, p. xvii. where will be found references for further information on the subject. The term is French. Cotgrave gives “Coulis, a cullis or broth of boiled meat strained, fit for a sick body.” See the words collice in Junius, and cullis in Nares' Glossary.

^{page 88 note 2} Of the minor orders in the Christian church, the fourth is that of acolyte, succeeded immediately by that of subdeacon, the first of the greater orders. The functions of the acolyte, consisting chiefly in attendance on the services of the altar, will be found detailed by Martene, or Ducange. By the writers of the XVIth century the orders of “benet and colet” are mentioned not infrequently together. See above Benett, ordyr, Exorcista. “Accolitus, serviens in missâ habens ordinem, a collect. Acholitus Grece, ceroferarius Latine, a colet.” Ortus.

^{page 88 note 3} “A collemase, alcedo.” Cath. ang. “Alcedo est quedam avis que ceteris avibus sedulius alit pullos. Anglice, a seemewe.” Ortus. Ang. Sax. colmase, parula.

^{page 88 note 4} “A colrake, trulla, verriculum.” Cath. ang. Elyot gives “Rutabulum, a coole rake to make cleane an oven.” See Comenius, orbis sensualium, by Hoole, p. 113.

^{page 88 note 5} “To colowe, make blacke with a cole, charbonner.” Palsg. Forby gives the verb to collar, as used in Norfolk in the same sense. In other parts of England the expression to collowe or colly is retained. Shakespeare in Mids. Night's Dream applies the epithet “colly'd” to the night. See Nares.

^{page 88 note 6} See above the note on A-comelyd for coulde. Cumbled still signifies in Norfolk cramped or stiffened with cold; cumbly-cold denotes great severity of weather. See Forby, and the word cumber, or benumbed with cold, in Jamieson. In the Wicliffite version a-clumsid occurs in the same sense: “We herden þe fame þerof, our hondis ben a-clumsid, tribulacioun haþ take us,” Jerem. vi. 24; and the expression “thou clomsest for cold” is found in the Vision of Piers Ploughman, line 9010. “Clumsyd, eviratus. Cumbyrd, ubi clumsyd.” Cath. ang. In the curious translation of Vegecius, Roy. MS. 18 A. XII. it is said that a fleet should not venture to sea after the autumnal equinox, when “the see is looke and shit up, and men bethe combered and clommed with colde.” B. Iv. c. 39.

^{page 89 note 1} In the Wicliffite version the following passages occur: “A comelynge which is a pilgrim at ɜou.” Levit. xviii. 26; “Most dere I biseche you as comelingis and pilgryms.” 1 Pet. ii. 11. The following expression occurs in Trevisa's translation of Higden's Polychronicon, in reference to the use of the French language in Britain; “the langage of Normandie is a comlynge of another lande,” in the original “adventitia.” “Accida, Anglice a comlynge.” Ortus. “Accola, advena, a comelinge.” Med. gramm. “A cumlynge, advena.” Cath. ang. Ang. Sax. cumling, advena.

^{page 89 note 2} “Cummynge as malte, germinatus.” Cath. ang.

^{page 89 note 3} “A commontye, vulgus, populus, gens, plebs.” Cath. ang.

^{page 89 note 4} Jamieson derives the word from the Latin conabilis, what may be attempted with prospect of success.

^{page 90 note 1} “To cone, to cunne, scire.” Cath. ang. “Cognoscere, scientiam habere, to conne.” Ortus. To conne is used in this sense by Chaucer, and in the Wicliffite version, 1 Cor. ii. 2, is rendered thus, “I deeme not me to kunne ony thing.” Caxton remarks in the Boke for Travellers, “It is a good thyng to conne a good craft, scavoir.” So likewise in the Legenda Aurea, f. 92, b. “O who sholde conne shewe hereupon the secretes of thyne herte!” Palsgrave gives “to konne, learne or knowe, scavoir. I can konne more by herte in a day, than he can in a weke;” and “to conne thanke, or can one good thanke, scavoir bon gré.” “Thou shalt kun me thanke.” Horm. See Jamieson. Ang. Sax. connan, scire.

^{page 90 note 2} “A connynge, scientia, facultas.” Cath. ang. “Connynge is of that thou haste lerned the memory or mynde, and reteyneth that thou sholdest forgete.” Legenda Aurea, f. 53. Ang. Sax. cunning, experientia.

^{page 90 note 3} This word is used by Lydgate in the Concords of Company, Minor Poems, p. 174.

Among the Privy Purse expenses of Henry VII. is a payment in 1493, “for making of the Conyngerthe pale.” Horman observes that “warens and conygers and parkis palydde occupie moche grounde nat inhabitaunt, leporaria sive lagotrophia.” Elyot gives “Vivarium, a counnyngar, a parke;” and Thomas, in his Italian Grammar, 1548, uses the word to denote a pleasance, or enclosed garden, “Horti di Venere, the womans secrete connyngers.” “Cony garthe, garenne. Cony hole or clapar, taisniere, terrier, clappier.” Palsg. In the Paston Letters, iv. 426, the term “konyne closse” occurs in the same sense. In almost every county in England, near to ancient dwelling places, the name Coneygare, Conigree, or Coneygarth occurs, and various conjectures have been made respecting its derivation, which, however, is sufficiently obvious. See Mr. Hartshorne's observations on names of places, Salopia Antiqua, p. 258.

^{page 90 note 4} Coinoun, or konioun, occurs in Kyng Alisaunder, and is explained by Weber as signifying coward, or scoundrel, from the French coion, which has that meaning.

Here, however, the word seems merely to signify a dwarf. See hereafter Dwerowe.

^{page 90 note 5} The first record of a mint at Lynn, where the Promptorium was compiled, occurs in 9th John, 1208, but there was possibly one in earlier times, and the name occurs on the coins of Edgar. Parkins supposes that it fell into disuse about 1344,18 Edw. III.; and he states that the Bishop of Norwich had also a mint there, but the fact is questionable. See Blomefield's Hist. Norf. iv. p. 582, and Ruding's Annals of the Coinage, ii. 198.

^{page 91 note 1} The Latin-English Vocabulary, Harl. MS. 1587, gives “summitas, coppe,” namely, of a steeple. In the Wicliffite version, Luke iv. 29 is thus rendered, “And they ledden him to the coppe of the hil, on which her cytee was bildid, to cast him down.” The crest on a bird's head likewise was thus termed, “Cop, cirrus, crista, est avium ut galli vel alaude.” Cath. ang. The gloss on Gautier de Bibelesworth explains “geline hupée, coppede hen;” and Elyot gives “Stymphalide, a coppe of fethers, whiche standeth on the head of a byrde.” In Norfolk, the term copple-crown still has this meaning. Horman says, “Somtyme men were coppid cappis like a sugarlofe,” and uses the term “a cop heedyd felowe, cilo,” which is explained by Elyot as having a great round forehead; and again, “Homer declaryng a very folysshe and an haskard felowe under the person of Thersyte, sayth that he was copheeded lyke a gygge, vertice acuminato.” Cotgrave renders “pignon, a finiall, cop, or small pinnacle on the ridge of a house.” The epithet is applied to the pointed shoe, or poleyn, in fashion in the XVth century. “Milleus, a copped shoo.” Ortus. Ang. Sax. cop, apex.

^{page 91 note 2} See above Cappe, capa; this sacred vestment commonly called a cope, the wearing of which has fallen into disuse, excepting at coronations, is by the Canons of the Reformed Church directed to be worn at the celebration of the communion in cathedral and collegiate churches. See Queen Elizabeth's Advertisements, A.D. 1564, Wilkins' Conc. IV. p. 248, and the Ecclesiastical Constitutions, or Canons, A. D. 1604, ibid. p. 383.

^{page 91 note 3} The Catholicon explains capitellum as signifying merely the capital of a column, but in the Medulla it is rendered “summa pars capitis;” and in this sense, coporne signifying the apex or pinnacle, the work with which a tower, or any ornamental construction, is crowned, may perhaps be regarded as a diminutive of coppe. The term occurs in a curious description of a castle, written about the time of Richard II.

A round tower appears to have had the appellation of a fyell, a phioll, or fylyole, not as Ruddiman conjectures, from fiola, a vial, but from phala. “Fala, a tour of tre.” Med. gramm. In the description of Belshazzar's feast, in another poem of the same time, cited by Sir F. Madden in his notes on Sir Gawayn, it is said of the covered cups which were fashioned like embattled castles,

^{page 92 note 1} See hereafter Craske, or fryke of fatte, a word which seems to be derivable as a corruption from crassus, or the French cras. Crank, which occurs here in the printed editions of the Promptorium, usually signifies sickly or feeble, but in Kent and Sussex it has the sense of merry or brisk; the reading is, however, questionable, as the word crank does not occur in these editions subsequently, but craske, as in the MSS.

^{page 92 note 2} “Acus, coralle.” Vocab. Harl. MS. 1587. “Curailles de maisons, the dust, filth, sweepings, or cleansing of houses.” Cotg. See Draffe hereafter.

^{page 92 note 3} “Corsy, corpulentus.” Cath. ang. “Corcyfe, corpsu. Corsyfe, to full of fatnesse, corsu, corpulent.” Palsg. Elyot gives “Pinguis, he that is fat, corsye, unweldye.”

^{page 92 note 4} Chaucer, in the Rime of Sir Thopas, mentions “his shoon of cordewane;” and in the Boke for Travellers Caxton speaks of “hydes of kyen whereof men make lether; of fellis of gheet, or of the bukke make men good cordewan; of shepes fellis may be made the basenne.” The kind of leather to which this name was applied was originally prepared at Corduba, and thence, according to Junius and Menage, received the appellation.

^{page 92 note 5} The Medulla gives “Nicetrum, tokene of overcomynge.” Harl. MS. 2257. The Catholicon gives the following explanation, “dicuntur Niceteria filateria, quœ gestabant athletœ, facta de summitatibus armorum, quœ a victis acceperant.” See Ducange.

^{page 93 note 1} In N. Britain a temporary building or shed is called a corf, or corf-house, signifying, as Jamieson observes, a hole or hiding place, Ang. Sax. cruft, crypta, or perhaps approaching most nearly to Isl. korbae, tuguriolum. The floating basket used on the Suffolk coast to keep lobsters, is called, as Forby states, a corf or coy; and it seems possible that this appellation may have been given to the shepherd's hut, from its being formed with wattles, like a rudely-fashioned basket. Caxton, in the Boke for Travellers, calls a basket a “corffe, or mande.”

^{page 93 note 2} A distinction seems to be made in the Promptorium between the Cormuse and the Bagge-pype, panduca, a word which has occurred previously. Chaucer speaks of the great multitude that he saw in the House of Fame,

In the Romance of the Rose he describes the discordant sounds produced by Wicked Tongue “with hornepipes of cornewaile,” evidently identical with the cornmuse. Palsgrave renders “Bagge-pype, cornemuse,” in low Latin, “cornemusa, vox ab Italis et Hispanis usurpata, uter symphoniacus.” Duc. Hawkins has given in the Hist. of Music, vol. ii. 453, a representation of the cornamusa or bagpipe, copied from the Musurgia of Luscinius, published at Strasburg, 1536. Dr. Burney observes that “the cornmuse was the name of a horn or Cornish pipe, blown like our bagpipe.” Vol. ii. 270. This instrument appears to have been in favour as an accompaniment of the dance. Roquefort gives it another appellation, estive; and in the list of Minstrels who played before Edward I. in 1306, when Prince Edward was knighted, are found Hamond Lestivour, and Geffrai le Estivour. See the volume presented to the Roxburghe Club by Mr. Botfield, on Manners and Household Expenses in England, p. 142.

^{page 93 note 3} The term corporas, corporalis palla, denotes a consecrated linen cloth, folded and placed upon the altar in the service of the mass, beneath the sacred elements. Its symbolical import, allusive to the fine linen in which the body of Christ was wrapped, is fully explained by Durandus. See Lyndwood's Observations on the Constitutions of Abp. Walter Reynold, 1322, p. 235. The Constit. of the Bishops of Worcester in 1229 and 1240, required that in every Church should be provided “duo paria corporalium,” and the Synod of Exeter in 1287, ordained that in every Church should be “duo corporalia cum repositoriis.” Wilkins, Conc. i. 623, 666, ii. 139. The repositorium, or case wherein the corporas was enclosed, when not in use, was richly embroidered, or adorned with precious stones; it was termed likewise theca, capsa, or bursa corporalium. See the inventories of the gorgeous vestments and ornaments at St. Paul's, 1295, Mon. Angl. iii. 321. “Corporale, alba palla in altari, Anglice, a corporalle.” Ortus. “A corparax, corporale.” Cath. ang. “Corporas for a chales, corporeau.” Palsg.

^{page 94 note 1} “Corse of a gyrdell, tissu. Corse weauer, tissutier.” Palsg. See hereafter Seynt, or cors of a gyrdylle.

^{page 94 note 2} “A coyseyr of hors, mango. To coyse, alterare, et cetera ubi to chawnge.” Cath. ang. To cose signifies in N. Britain, according to Jamieson, to exchange or barter. In Octovian a dealer in horses is termed a “corsere.” See Weber's Metr. Rom. iii. 191. Horman says, “Corsers of horses (mangones) by false menys make them loke fresshe.” “He can horse you as well as all the corsers in the towne, courtiers de chevaulx.” Palsg.

^{page 94 note 3} As Coote occurs hereafter in its proper place, the reading of the Harl. MS. appears here to be corrupt. “Cosshe, a sorie house, caverne.” Palsg. In the Craven dialect cosh still has this signification.

^{page 94 note 4} Of the various virtues of coste, which is the root of an Indian plant, the early writers on drugs give long details, and Parkinson has represented it at p. 1582 of his Herbal. In Mr. Diamond's curious MS. on the qualities of plants and spices, two kinds of coste are described, both brought from India: “þe oone ys heuy and rede, þe toþer is liɜt and noɜt bittere, and somedel white in colour;” and it is recommended to make an ointment of coste ground small with honey, excellent to cleanse the face of the freckles, and “a suffreyn remedie for sciatica, and to þe membris þat ben a-stonyed.”

^{page 94 note 5} The Catholicon explains auleum as “cortina, quia in aulis extendi solet.” The hangings with which the side-walls of a hall were garnished, previously to the more general use of wainscot, appear to have been termed costers. The name was applied likewise to hangings, either in a church at the sides of the choir, or in a hall near the high table, as a kind of screen, or even to the curtains of a bed. In the Register of the ornaments of the Royal Chapel at Windsor, taken 1385, 8 Ric. II. under the head of “Panni,” several are enumerated. “Duo costers panni magni de Velvetto, pro principalibus diebus, rubei et viridis coloris, cum magnis imaginibus stantibus in tabernaculo.” Mon. Ang. T. iii. part 2, p. 81. Ralph Nevill, Earl of Westmorland, bequeathed in 1424 to his wife a third part of his estate, “cum uno lecto de Arras operato cum auro, cum costeris eidem pertinentibus et concordantibus;” and to his son Richard another bed of Arras, “cum costeris paled de colore rubeo viridi et albo, qui solebant pendere in magnâ camerâ infra castrum de Sherifhoton.” Madox, Formul. p. 432.

^{page 95 note 1} Chaucer, in the Persones Tale, makes great complaint of the “sinneful costlewe array of clothing,” occasioned by the extravagant fashions of the time of Richard II. In the Stat. 3 Henry VII. c. 2, against murderers, it is stated that “he that will sue eny appell must sue in propre persone, which sute ys long and costlowe (costeouz, Fr.) that yt makyth the partie appellant wery to sue.” The Cath. Ang. gives “costy, sumptuosus,” and Palsgrave, “costyouse, sumptueux.”

^{page 95 note 2} Chaucer uses the verb to costeie in the sense of the French costoier, to pass alongside; as in the complaint of the Black Knight, line 36.

Palsgrave gives the verb “to coste a countrey or place, ryde, go, or sayle about it, costier or costoyer. To hym that coulde coste the countray, there is a nerer way by syxe myle.”

^{page 95 note 3} Chaucer, in the Legend of Hypermestre, relates that her father Danao gave her “a costrell” filled with a narcotic, in order to poison her husband Lino. “A costrelle, oneferum, et cetera ubi a flakett. A flakett, flacta, obba, uter, et cetera ubi a potte.” Cath. ang. A MS. of the XIVth century, which gives the explanation of words that occur in the Missal, contains the following interpretation: “Uter, Anglice a botel, sed collateralis, Anglice, a costrelle. De cute dicis utres, de ligno collaterales.” M. Paris gives a curious relation of poison discovered in the year 1258, concealed in certain vessels, “quœ costrelli vocantur.” Costerellum or costeretum, in old French costeret, signified a certain measure of wine, or other liquids; and a costrell seems to have been properly a small wooden barrel, so called because it might be carried at the side, such as is carried by a labourer as his provision for the day, still termed a costril in the Craven dialect.

^{page 95 note 4} Baltheus, which properly implies the girdle or mark of knightly dignity, the cingulum militare, is here used as signifying a kind of military garment. Compare hereafter Dobbelet, garment, baltheus. The Cath. Ang. gives “a cotearmour, insignium.” The usage of wearing an upper garment, or surcote, charged with armorial bearings, as a personal distinction in conflict, when the features were concealed by the aventaille, commenced possibly in the reign of John, but was not generally adopted before the time of Henry III. A portion of the armorial surcote of William de Fortibus, Earl of Albemarle, who died 1260, still exists, and an engraving of it is given in the Vetusta Monum. VI. plate 18. Among the earliest representations may be mentioned the effigies at Salisbury of William Longespee, who died 1266, and of a knight of the De l'Isle family at Rampton, Cambridgeshire. See Stothard's Monumental Effigies. Sir Thomas de la More relates that the Earl of Gloucester was slain at Bannockburn, 1314, in consequence of his neglecting to put on his insignia, termed in the Latin translation “togam propriœ armaturœ.” Chaucer relates that the heralds after the conflict distinguished Arcita and Palamon by their “cote armure,” as they lay in the “tas” severely wounded. Knight's Tale, 1018. An early instance of the use of the term coat-armour occurs in the Close Roll, 2 Edw. III. 1328, where the King commands the keeper of his wardrobe to render up “omnes armaturas, tam cotearmurs quam alias,” which had belonged to Bartholomew de Badlesmere, deceased, for the use of Giles his son, to whom the King had given them. Rymer, iv. 371. During the reign of Edward III. the surcote gave place to the jupon, and this was succeeded, about the time that the Promptorium was compiled, by the tabard, the latest fashion of a garment armorially decorated, and the prototype of that which is still worn by the heralds and pursuivants.

^{page 96 note 1} The inferior tenants, or occupiers of cottages, are termed in the Domesday Book cotarii or coscets, in Ang. Sax. cotsæta, casœ habitator, in French cotarel, or costerel. Ducange and Spelman make no distinction between cotarelli and cotarii, but Bp. Kennett thinks there was an essential difference, and that the coterelle held in absolute villenage. See his Glossary, Paroch. Ant.

^{page 96 note 2} Sir Thomas Browne mentions cothish among words peculiar to Norfolk, and Forby gives cothy as the word still used, signifying faint or sickly. In Bishop Kennett's Glossarial Collections, Lansd. MS. 1033, is given “cothish, morose. Norf.” Ang. Sax. cothe, morbus.

^{page 96 note 3} See above Codulle, fysche. Sepia.

^{page 96 note 4} This word appears to signify a piece or a lump of meat; congiarium is in the Catholicon explained to be “frustum carnis undique equatum.” Minsheu states that “cowde is an old English word, signifying a gobbet, morcell, or peece of any thing cut out,” but he appears to have taken it from the Promptorium, and Skinner gives it on his authority. Possibly Cowde may have some analogy with cud, which in the Promptorium is written cood. See above Chew the cood. Ang. Sax. cud, rumen.

^{page 97 note 1} “ A couent, conventus, conventiculus.” Cath. ang. The derivation of the word is here evidently from the French, couvent, and not from the Latin: and the orthography of the name Covent Garden thus appears to have the sanction of ancient authority.

^{page 97 note 2} Among the virtues of “horhowne,” as stated in a translation of Macer's Treatise on Plants, MS. XVth Cent. belonging to Hugh W. Diamond, Esq. is the following: “þis erbe y-dronke in olde wyne helpiþ þe kynges hoste, and þe comone coghe eke.” In another place a decoction of roots of “skyrewhite” is recommended to heal “þe chynke and þe olde coghe.” Skinner says the hooping-cough was termed in Lincolnshire kin-cough, and derives the word from the Belg. kicnkhost, and the verb kinchen, difficulter spirare. See hereafter Hoose, or cowghe, and Hostyn̄.

^{page 97 note 3} “Coupe or coule for capons, or other poultrie ware, caige aux chappons.” Palsg. The name was probably assigned in consequence of a supposed similarity to a monk's cowl, whence likewise the name has been given to the covering of a chimney. Ang. Sax. cuhle, cuculla. Elyot gives “scirpea, a dounge potte, or colne made with roddes.”

^{page 97 note 4} The cope was originally worn with a hood, which at a subsequent time was represented only by embroidery on the back. Hence, probably, this garment was sometimes termed a cowle. Chaucer repeatedly terms the monastic habit a cope. See the description of Huberd the Frere, who was not like a “cloisterere,”

^{page 97 note 5} “Tina, vas vinarium amplissimum.” Ortus. In the accounts of the churchwardens of Walden, in Essex, occurs a charge in 27 Hen. VI. 1448, for a “cowle pro aquâ benedictâ, x.d.” Hist. of Audley End, by Lord Braybrooke. In Essex the term cowl is applied at the present time to any description of tub. See Kennett's Glossary, under the word cowele; he supposes it to be derived from cucula, a vessel shaped like a boat.

^{page 97 note 6} “Phalanga est hasta, vel quidam baculus ad portandas cupas, Anglice a stang, or a Cam. soc. culstaffe.” Ortus. “Courge, a stang, pale-staffe, or cole-staffe, carried on the shoulder, and notched for the hanging of a pale, at both ends.” Cotgr. In Caxton's Mirrour of the World, c. 10, A.D. 1481, it is related that in Ynde “the clustres of grapes ben so grete and so fulle of muste, that two men ben gretly charged to bere one of them only vpon a colestaff.” In Hoole's translation of the Orbis sensualium by Comenius, 1658, is given a representation of the cole-staff (œrumna) used for bearing a burden between two persons, p. 135; and again at p. 113, where it appears as used by brewers to carry to the cellar the newly-made beer in “soes,” or tubs with two handles (labra), called also cowls. In Brand's Popular Antiquities, ii. 107, will be found an account of the local custom of riding the cowl-staff, or stang.

^{page 98 note 1} At the period when the Promptorium was compiled, calculations were usually made by means of the abacus, or counting-board, and counters, which were chiefly the pieces of base metal to which the name of Nuremburgh tokens has commonly been given. The “augrim stones” mentioned by Chaucer in the Miller's Tale, where he describes the clerk of Oxford's study, probably served the same purpose. Palsgrave gives “counters to cast a count with, iect, iecton.” The science of calculation termed algorism had, however, been partially introduced. See above Awgrym. The term counter signified also the table on which such accounts were cast, and even the counting-house, in which last sense it occurs in Chaucer, where it is related that the Merchant's wife went to call her husband,

A curious representation of the counter-table occurs in drawings of the time of Edward II. in Sloane MS. 3983. In a letter from Margaret Paston to her husband, about 1459, regarding some alterations in his house, is the following passage: “I have take the measure in the draute cham'yr, as ye wold yo^r cofors and yo^r cowntewery shuld be sette for the whyle, and y^r is no space besyde the bedd, thow the bedd wer remevyd to the dore, for to sette bothe yo^r bord and yo^r kofors ther, and to have space to go and sytte besyde.” Paston Letters, iii. 324. At a later time there appears to have been a piece of ordinary furniture in the hall of a mansion termed a counter, probably from its resemblance to the table properly so called. In the Inventories printed by the Surtees Society, mention frequently occurs of the counter and the counter-cloths; as likewise of “doble counters, counters of the myddell bynde, Flanders counters with their carpets.” Wills and Invent. i. 133, 154, 158.

^{page 99 note 1} “A cowntynge place, libratorium.” Cath. ang.

^{page 99 note 2} “A cownter, anticopa.” Cath. ang.

^{page 99 note 3} See above Clerke of cowntys. The appellation which occurs in Chaucer's description of the Frankelein was placed by Tyrwhitt among his words not understood.

A countour appears to have been one retained to defend a cause or plead for another, in old French, conter. See the Stat. 3 Edw. I. c. 24, against deceit or collusion by pleaders, “serjaunt, contour, ou autre,” who being convicted, should suffer imprisonment, and never again be heard “en la Court le Rey, a conter pur nulluy.” It may, however, be questionable whether Chaucer used the term in this sense, and it seems possible that escheator may be meant; the office like that of sheriff was held for a limited time, and was served only by the gentry of name and station in their county.

^{page 99 note 4} See hereafter Pece, cuppe.

^{page 99 note 5} See above Awke, or angry, and hereafter Wraw, froward.

^{page 99 note 6} See above the note on Clawyn̄', or cracchyn̄'. In the history of St. Eutrope it is related that “she ran to hym y^t had slayne her broder, and wolde haue cratched his eyen out of his heed.” Legend. Aur. f. 51, b. Palsgrave gives the verb “to cratche violently with ones nayles, gratigner.” “He crached me cursedly about the chekis, unguibus laceravit.” The Promptorium gives also Cramzyn̄’ in the same sense.

^{page 100 note 1} The kind of biscuit which still bears this name was in France called craquelin; Skinner gives also Belg. craeckelinck. “Pastilla, a cake, craknel or wygge.” Ortus. See above Brede twyys bakyn, as krakenelle, or symnel.

^{page 100 note 2} “Jacto, id est gloriari, erogare. Anglice, to boost, or crake. Jactor, a craker.” Ortus. “Craker, a boster, bobancier. To make auaunte, boste or crake. When he is well whyttelled, he wyll crake goodly of his manhode; quand il a bien beu, il se vante gorgiasement.” Palsg. Forby gives this word as still in use in Norfolk. See Jamieson's Dictionary.

^{page 100 note 3} Cransynge, supra in Crecchynge, ms.

^{page 100 note 4} Girgillus signifies a kind of reel for winding thread. “Girgillum, Anglice, a haspe, or a payre of yerne wyndle blades.” Ortus. Ang. Sax. cranc-stæf, a weaver's instrument.

^{page 100 note 5} In low Latin the word crappœ is used in this sense, “abjectio bladi, ut crappœ—recolligatur.” Fleta, lib. ii. c. 82. Ducange gives also crapinum, which he derives from Belg. krappen, excidere. “Crappes, acus.” Cath. ang. “Crapin, criblure, le bled qui tombe du van.” Roquef.

^{page 100 note 6} “To crasshe with my tethe togyther, grincher. To crasshe, as a thynge dothe that is cryspe or britell bytwene ones tethe, cresper.” Palsg.

^{page 100 note 7} This word is given by Skinner among the ancient words, “Crask, Authori Dict. Angl. apud quem solum occurrit, exp. pinguis, obesus, q. d. crassius, a Lat. crassus.” It is perhaps more directly corrupted from the old French word cras, which has the same signification.

^{page 101 note 1} In a MS. of the Medulla in the Editor's possession cremium is rendered “a craconum of grece or talwhe.” “Extrema crematio cepi, vel illud quod relinquitur ustum in frixorio.” Ortus. “A crakane, cremium.” Cath. ang. The term cracklings, which occurs in the Scotch Acts, James VI. is explained by Jamieson as signifying the refuse of melted tallow; Su. G. and Isl. krak, quisquiliœ, from krekia, to throw away. Tallow craps has a like meaning in the Craven dialect.

^{page 101 note 2} Creel is given by Moore as a word not frequently used in Suffolk; Forby does not mention it, but it occurs in the Craven dialect, and signifies an ozier basket, or crate. See Jamieson's Dictionary. Roquefort explains creil as signifying a hurdle, craticula. Lepe occurs hereafter.

^{page 101 note 3} See hereafter Remyn̄, as ale, or other lycoure.

^{page 101 note 4} Precyoustone, Ms. “Crapaude, a precious stone, crapaudine.” Palsg. Cotgrave explains crapaudine as signifying the stone chelonitis, or the toad-stone. The precious stone found, as it was asserted, in the head of a toad, was supposed to possess many virtues, and especially as a preservative against poison. On some of these stones, according to Albertus Magnus, the figure of the animal was imprinted; these were of a green colour, and termed crapaudina, being possibly the kind here called smaragdus, a name which properly denotes the emerald. These stones were known also by the appellations borax, brontia, chelonitis, nise, batrachites, or ceraunia. In the Metrical Romance entitled Emare is described a rich vesture, thickly set with gems, rubies, topaze, “crapowtes and nakette;” the word is also written “crapawtes.” More detailed information on this subject will be found in Gesner, de quadrup. ovip. ii. G. See also Douce's Illustrations of Shakspeare, As you like it, Act 2, Sc. I.; and the word toad-stone in Nares' Glossary.

^{page 102 note 1} “A cressent a-bowte y^e nek, torques, torquis, lunula.” Cath. ang. Lunula is explained in the Ortus to be an ornament for a woman's neck, shaped like the moon. “Anglice, an ouche, or barre.”

^{page 102 note 2} “Batulus, a cressed, quoddam vas in quo ponuntur prune.” Ortus. “A cressett, batillus, crucibulum, lucubrum. A crosser, crucibulum, lucubrum.” Cath. ang. A curious representation of the cresset of the time of Henry III. occurs in one of the subjects from the Painted Chamber, engraved in the Monum. Vetusta, vol. vi. where Abimelech is pourtrayed attempting to set fire to the tower of Thebes. Gower relates that in Gideon's little troop every man had

This word is derived from the French, “crasset, lampe de nuit.” Roquef. See Douce's Illustrations of Shakspeare, and the representations of ancient cressets there given. Hen. IV. Part I. In Queen Elizabeth's Armoury at the Tower, there is one affixed on a long spear-headed pole. “Cresset, a lyght, flambeau, fallot.” Palsg. “Falot, a cresset light (such as they use in Playhouses) made of ropes wreathed, pitched, and put in small and open cages of iron.” Cotgr.

^{page 102 note 3} “Anaglypha dicuntur eminentes picturœ, sicut sunt in frontispiciis ecclesiarum, et in aliis altis locis. Anglice, borde of painters.” Ortus. The finishing which surmounts a screen, roof, or other ornamented part of a structure, was called a crest, such as is seen at Exeter Cathedral on the high-ridged roof. The Stat. 17 Edw. IV. c. 4, comprises an enactment respecting the manufacture and dimensions “de tewle, appellez pleintile, autrement nosmez thaktile, roftile, ou crestile,” the prescribed length of the last being 13 in. the thickness five-eighths, with convenient deepness accordyng. Crest-tiles, pierced with an ornamental open pattern, were to be seen on the roof of the ancient hall of the Templars, at Temple Balsall, Warwickshire. In Hall's Chron. are described “crestes karued wyth vinettes and trailes of sauage woorke,” which ornamented the Banqueting-house prepared at Greenwich in 1527. Reprint, pp. 606, 722. “Crest of a house, coypeau de la maison.” Palsg. The Glossary of Architecture cites several authorities, in which the use of the term crest occurs.

^{page 102 note 4} See above Balke of a londe eryd. “Porca est terra illa que eminet inter duos sulcos.” Ortus.

^{page 102 note 5} In the Medulla polipus is rendered “a schrympe,” and in the Ortus “a lepeste,” or lobster; but the fish here intended is probably the craw-fish, Cancer Astacus, Linn, which still bears the name in the North of England, and Jamieson gives it the appellation crevish. “Creues, a fysshe, escreuice.” Palsg.

^{page 103 note 1} “Celeuma est clamor nauticus, vel cantus, ut heuylaw romylawe.” Ortus. See hereafter Halow, schypmannys crye.

^{page 103 note 2} In the Legenda Aurea the manger in which our Saviour was laid is termed a crybbe or racke; in the Wicliffite version it is called a cratche, Luke xi. 7. “Cratche for horse or oxen, créche.” Palsg. “Creiche, a cratch, rack, oxe-stall, or crib.” Cotg. See Nares's Glossary. Booc, or boos, occurs previously.

^{page 103 note 3} “Cryspe as ones heer is that curleth, crespe, crespeleux.” Palsg. In the Cath. Angl. is given “A cryspyngeyrene, acus, calamistrum.”

^{page 103 note 4} Horman uses this word in the sense of the common term Christening; “I was called Wyllyam at my Christendome, die lustrico.” So likewise in the Cath. Angl. “A crystendame, baptismus, baptisma, Christianitas.”

^{page 103 note 5} The pastoral staff with a curved head, to which the appellation Cleystaffe has been given previously in the Promptorium, was called croce, crosse, croche, or crutch, words derived from the French croce or croche. “Croce, lituus, ce nom vient de croc, pource qu'une croce est crochue.” Nicot. In Piers Ploughman's Vision, line 5089, it is said that Do-best “bereth a bisshopes crosse,” with one extremity hooked: and at the consecration of a church, according to the Legenda Aurea, “the bysshop gooth all aboute thre tymes, and at euery tyme that he cometh to that dore, he knocketh with his crosse,” in the Latin original, “baculo pastorali.” Chaucer uses the word croce. “Crosse for a bysshoppe, crosse.” Palsg. “Pedum, croche.” Vocab. Roy. ms. 17 C. Xvii. “Cambuca, a crutche.” Ortus. “A cruche, cambuca, pedum.” Cath. angl. A costly “cruche” occurs in the Inventory taken at Fountains Abbey, and published by Burton. In Ang. Sax. cruce signifies both a cross and a crook, and from similarity of sound between cross and croce, words perfectly distinct in their derivation, some confusion of terms has arisen, especially as regards the usual acceptance of the word crosier, which has been supposed to be incorrect. Crosier, however, properly signifies the pastoral staff, or croce, the incurved head of which was termed in French crosseron, part of the insignia of Bishops: thus in Brooke's Book of Precedents it appears, that at the marriage of Philip and Mary in 1554, the Bishops present had their “crosiers carried before them.” Lel. Coll. Iv. 398. Fox says that Bonner, who was then Bishop of London, at the degradation of Dr. Taylor in 1555, would not strike him with his “crosier-staff” upon the breast, lest he should strike again. Minsheu says that “croce is a shepherd's crooke in our old English; hence the staffe of a Bishop is called the crocier or crosier.”

^{page 104 note 1} “A croser, cruciferarius, crucifer,” Cath. ang. In the relation of the martyrdom of St. Thomas of Canterbury it is said that “one Syr Edward Gryme, that was his croyser, put forthe his arme with the crosse to bere of the stroke, and the stroke smote the crosse on sonder.” Legenda Aur. At the first progress of Henry VII. after his coronation, during the solemnities at York, the Archbishop's “suffragan was croyser, and bar the Archebisshops crosse.” Lel. Coll. Iii. 192. It appears, however, by the Promptorium, that the appellation Crocere denoted also the bearer of a pastoral staff, or crosier. In this sense Higins, in the version of Junius' Nomenclator, 1585, renders “lituus, a crosier's staffe, or a Bishop's staffe.”

^{page 104 note 2} This word, signifying a staff with an hooked end, is still retained among the provincialisms of Norfolk and Suffolk, and is traced by Forby to the Belg. crom, uncus. Tusser speaks of a “dung-crome,” and Jamieson gives crummock, or crummie-staff, a stick with a crooked head. Ang. Sax. crumb, curvus.

^{page 104 note 3} Forby gives crop, as the name applied to the craw of a bird, Teut. krop, stomachus; according to Jamieson it signifies the same in N. Britain, and also the human stomach. Ang. Sax. cropp, gutturis vesicula.

^{page 104 note 4} “A croppe, cima.” Cath. angl. Chaucer uses this word repeatedly, signifying the topmost boughs; so likewise Gower, alluding to the confused state of affairs in the latter part of the reign of Richard II. says,

Crap has the same signification in the North, as given by Jamieson. Ang. Sax. crop, cima.

^{page 105 note 1} The crowde appears to have been a six-stringed instrument resembling a fiddle, called in Wales crwth, and in Scotland cruit. Fortunatus, Bishop of Poitiers, who wrote at the close of the VIth century, enumerating the kinds of music peculiar to different countries, uses this expression, “Chrotta Britanna placet.” Carm. lib. vii. c. 8. In the Wicliffite version, Judges xi. 34 is thus rendered, “Forsoþe whanne Iepte turnede aɜen—his oon gendrid douɜter cam to him wiþ tympans and croudis.” The word occurs again, Luke xv. 25. “Coralla, a crowde. Coraldus, a crowdere.” Vocab. Roy. MS.17 C. XVII. “A crowde, corus, lira; Corista, qui vel que canit in eo.” Cath. angl. “Croude, an instrument, rebecq. Croudar, iouevr de rebecq.” Palsg. The English interpretation of the Equivoca of Joh. de Garlandia gives “chorus, crouthe.”

^{page 105 note 2} Of the barrow, called in the Romance of Sir Amiloun a “croude wain,” and still called in the Eastern Counties a crud-barrow, some notice has been taken under the word Barowe. The use of the verb occurs in the following passage, after the description of the leprous knight being placed in the barrow,

Moore gives the verb to crowd as signifying in Suffolk to push or shove.

^{page 105 note 3} This term, as well as several others of synonymous meaning, appear to be onoma-topeias, and to be traced to their similarity of sound to the noise which they express. The Medulla explains coax to be “vox ranarum, croudynge of padokys.” Palsgrave gives “to crowle, crouiller. My bely crowleth, I wene there be some padokes in it.” Horman says, “his bely maketh a great crowlynge, patitur bothorygmon.” In N. Britain to croud, according to Ruddiman, signifies the noise of frogs. See Jamieson.

^{page 105 note 4} “A crudde, bulducta, coagillium.” Cath. angl. “Cruddes of mylke, mattes.” Palsg.

^{page 105 note 5} The vessels which contained the wine and water for the service of the altar were called cruets, in Latin phialœ, urceoli, amululæ, in French burettes, chennettes, &c. The Constitutions of Walter de Cantilupe in 1240 require that in every church there should be “duœ phialœ, una vinaria, altera aquaria;” and at the Synod of Exeter in 1287 it was ordained that there should be “tres phialœ.” Wilkins, Concil. i. 666, ii. 139. Among the costly bequests of the Black Prince in 1376 to our Lady's altar at Canterbury, are mentioned “deux cruetz taillez come deux angeles, pur servir à mesme l'autier perpetuelement.” Horman, under the head of things sacred, says, “Have pure wyne and water in the cruettes, amulis.”

^{page 106 note 1} In Norfolk, according to Forby, crish or crush signifies cartilage, or soft bones, and in Suffolk crussel or skrussel has a similar meaning. Ang. Sax. gristl-ban.

^{page 106 note 2} This term is derived from the old French word creusequin, which signifies a drinking cup. In a MS. Inventory, dated 1378, 1 Ric. II. in the possession of Sir Thomas Phillipps, are enumerated “Un petit cruskyn oue le pee et le couercle d'argent enorre et eym'. Un cruskyn de terre garnis d'argent, &c. Un pot d'argent blanc au guyse d'un cruskyn, oue le couercle sanz pomelle. Un cruskyn de terre couere de quir bende en la sumete d'or et le couercle d'or.” Among the “pertinencia promptuario,” in Vocab. Harl. MS. 1002, occur “cornua, horne cuppe, picarius, cruskyn.”

^{page 106 note 3} The smallest Anglo-Saxon coin was the styca, of which two were equal to a farthing. Ruding observes that the stycas appear identical with the “minuta,” Domesd. i. f. 268, and the passage rendered in the Saxon Gospels, “tweʓen stycas,” is in the Wickliffite version, “tweie mynutis, that is a farthing.” Mark, xii. 42. See Mynute hereafter. In Duncombe's Hist. of Reculver is given a mortmayn grant, dated 13 Henry VI. 1435, in which half a farthing is named as a portion of rent paid to the Hospital of Herbaldowne, namely, “xxv schelynges, and the halfin dell of an fferdyng of rente, and rente ɜeldynge of a quat' of berr', and an henne and a half, a certell (sarcella) and þe iij parte of a certell,” &c. Bibl. Top. i. 151. At the time however that the Promptorium was compiled it does not appear that there was actually a coin of this value; the mite, as well as its equivalent, called here a Cu, were merely terms retained in calculation, and the latter was commonly used at Oxford at a much later period. It is thus explained by Minsheu, who completed his first edition in that University. “A cue, i. halfe a farthing, so called because they set down in the Battling or Butterie bookes in Oxford and Cambridge the letter q. for halfe a farthing, and in Oxford when they make that cue or q. a farthing, they say, Cap my q. and make it a farthing, thus q^a. But in Cambridge they use this letter, a little s. for a farthing, and when they demand a farthing bread or beare, they say a seize of bread or beare. Latin, calcus, a cue of bread.” The abbreviation q. did not, it plainly appears, always stand as at present for quadrans, a farthing, but denoted a value of only half that amount; and it seems possible that cue or q. may have been an abbreviation of “calcus, quarta pars oboli.” Ortus. The term cue occurs in Beaumont and Fletcher. See Nares's Glossary.

^{page 107 note 1} “Terbichetum, a cokstole.” Ortus. “Cokestole, cuckestole, selle a ricaldes.” Palsg. The earliest mention of this mode of punishing female offenders occurs in the laws of Chester in the time of Edward the Confessor, as stated in Domesd. i. f. 262, b. The fine for using false measures was fixed at 4 shillings; “similiter malam cervisiam faciens, aut in cathedrâ ponebatur stercoris, aut iiij sol. dabat prepositis.” It was called in Ang. Sax. “scealfinʓ-stol, sella urinatoria, in quâ rixosœ mulieres sedentes aquis demergebantur.” Somner. The pillory for male offenders, and cucking-stool for females, were essentially appendant to the view of frank-pledge, or Leet: inquest was ordered to be made respecting the sufficient provision of both, by the Stat. assigned to 51 Hen. III. c. 6; and among the “Capitula Escaetrie,” one of the duties of the Escheator is declared to be inquiry “de pilloriis et tumbrellis sine licentiâ Regis levatis.” Stat. of Realm, i. 201, 240. It was termed, perhaps from its resemblance to a warlike engine so called, trebuchet, or trebuchetum. See hereafter Trebget for werre. By Bracton it is spoken of as tymborella, and in the Statutes tumbrellus, appellations likewise derived from its construction. An instance of the jealousy with which any unauthorized assumption of this manorial right of punishment was repressed, occurs in the Chron. of Jocelin de Brakelond, p. 38, where it is related that about 1190 certain encroachments were made on the privileges of the Abbot of St. Edmund's Bury, in the manor of Illegh; “levaverunt homines de Illega quoddam trebuchet ad faciendam justiciam pro falsis mensuris panis vel bladi mensurandi, unde conquestus est abbas.” This punishment was chiefly inflicted in early times on brewers, who are spoken of always as females, for any transgression of the assize of ale, “Braciatrix (paciatur) trebuchetum vel castigatorium;” in Scotland it was used in like manner. Stat. of Realm, i. 201, and Skene's Reg. Majest. It became subsequently the punishment of scolds, and women of immoral or disorderly life; thus in the town of Montgomery such offenders were adjudged to suffer the penalty “de la Goging-stoole,” as appears by a MS. cited in Blount's Tenures; in the Leet Book of Coventry mention occurs in 1423, of the “cokestowle made apon Chelsmore grene to punysche skolders and chidders, as y^e law wyll:” and items of account are found so late as 1623, which show that the punishment still continued to be used in that city. Of the “coke-stool” at Norwich, which was to be provided by the gild of St. George, see Blomf. Hist. ii. 739; an account of expenses connected with another at Kingston-on-Thames is given in Lysons's Env. i. 233; and in Lord Braybrooke's Hist. of Audley End, p. 261, are mentioned payments so late as the year 1613, at Saffron Walden, where the scene of such punishments at the end of the High Street is spoken of in 1484 as the “cokstul hend.” In 1555 Mary Queen of Scots enacted that itinerant singing women should be put on the cuckstoles of every burgh or town; and the first Homily against contention, part 3, published in 1562, sets forth that “in all well ordred cities common brawlers and scolders be punished with a notable kind of paine, as to be set on the cucking-stole, pillory, or such like.” An original cucking-stool, of ancient and rude construction, was preserved in the crypt under the chancel of St. Mary's, Warwick, where may still be seen the three-wheeled carriage upon which was suspended by a long balanced pole a chair which could readily be lowered into the water, when the cumbrous vehicle had been rolled into a convenient situation. This chair is still in existence at Warwick. Another cucking-stool, differently contrived, may be seen at Ipswich in the Custom House; it appears to have been used by means of a sort of a crane, whereby the victim was slung into the river, and is represented in the Hist. of Ipswich, published 1830, and Gent. Mag. Jan. 1831. More detailed information on this curious subject will be found in the Glossaries of Ducange, Spelman, Blount, and Cowel; as also in Brand's Popular Antiqu. ii. 441. The term flyterys, here applied to contentious persons, does not occur again in the Promptorium, but only the verb Flytin̄ or chydin̄. See hereafter Kukstole.

^{page 108 note 1} Culpon, derived from the Latin colpo, or the French coupon, a shred, or any portion cut off, is a term not uncommon in the early romances.

Hoveden, speaking of the livery allowed to the King of Scotland at the court of King Richard in 1194, says he had “40 grossos longos colpones de dominicâ candelâ Regis.” Chaucer says of the long hair of the Pardoner, which hung “by vnces” on his shoulders,

“Culpon that troute” is given as the proper term of the art, in the “Boke of Kerving,” 1508. “Culpit, a large lump of any thing.” Forby.

^{page 108 note 2} The Persicaria hydropiper, Linn. was called culrage, from the French, “curage, culrage, the hearbe water-pepper, arse-smart, killridge or culerage.” Cotgr. Its aphrodisiac properties are thus alluded to by Piers of Fulham,

^{page 108 note 3} See Comelynge. Sir Ywaine, when he had long time left the lady whom he had espoused in a foreign land, is called by her messenger, “an unkind cumlyng.” Ywaine and Gawin, 1627. “Komelynge” occurs in Rob. of Gloucester; “comlyng,” R. Brunne.

^{page 108 note 4} Cumnawnte or comenaunt are perhaps corruptions of the French convenant. In Sir John Howard's Household Book, entries frequently occur of agreements made with domestics or artificers, always expressed by the term comenaunt. In 1464 his steward made the following note: “My master made comenaunt at Fressefeld with. … Carpenter, y^t he schalle be wyth hym this xii monyth, and he shalle have in mony xxxs. and a gowne, and his comenaunt begynnith the iiii. yer of the Kynge, and the next Monday before myhelmesse.” Household Expenses in England, presented to the Rox-burghe Club by B. Botfield, Esq. Palsgrave gives “comnant, appoyntment, conuenant. To comnaunt, conuenancer; that that I comnaunt with you shall be parfourmed.” Compare Breke cōuenant above, p. 50, in which instance, if the correct reading be conuenant, it will accord perfectly with the French word. In the Romance of Sir Amadas, “conande” occurs in the sense of a covenant:

In Mr. Robson's edition the word is printed “couand,” possibly a contraction of “couenand,” which is found in the context. See stanzas 63, 64, the Anturs of Arther, st. 16, and Avowynge of King Arther, s. 38, where occurs the same word “couand.”

^{page 109 note 1} Compline, called in Latin Completorium, completa, or complenda, “quod cœtera diurna officia complet et claudit,” Duc. is the service with which in monastic establishments the day closed, after which, by the rule of St. Benedict, all converse was forbidden. It was called in Ang. Sax. niht-sanʓ, vespertina cantio, completorium, and Abbot Ælfric speaks of it in his pastoral Epistle translated from Latin into the language of England, by order, as he states, of Abp. Wulstan. The seven canonical hours, that the four synods had appointed for daily services of praise to God, are in this epistle stated to be matins with the after song appertaining thereto, prime, tierce, sext, none, vespers and compline (niht-sanʓ). Ancient Laws and Institutes, ii. 377. See also the Regularis concordia Angl. nationis monachorum. Amalarius says, “completorium ideo dicitur quia in eo completur quotidianus usus cibi vel potus, seu locutio communis.” De Eccl. Offic. lib. iv. c. 8. The hour of compline is stated by Fuller, in his Church History, B. vi. 278, to have been at 7 o'clock, but in Davies' rites of the Church of Durham, it is fixed at an earlier hour.

^{page 109 note 2} Cunte, ms. The verb cungyn̄ is evidently derived from the low Latin congeare, and French congéer, signifying to send away, to give license to depart.

^{page 109 note 3} In the Commentary on the Equiv. Vocab. Interpret. of Joh. de Garlandia abacus is explained to be the marble table whereon, in the feasts of the ancients, the cups were placed, “apud modernos fit de aliis lapidibus, sive de lignis artificiose conjunctis, et vocatur a cupborde.” The cupboard was, in the more common sense of the word, an open buffet, whereon a rich display of plate was made, such as Hall and other chroniclers describe frequently. It was also sometimes closed with doors, as usual at the present time; such as in the will of Elizabeth Drury, in 1475, is called a “cupbord with two almeries.” Rokewode's Hund. of Thingoe, 284. The livery cupboard, often mentioned in accounts and ordinances of household, was open, and furnished with shelves, whereon the ration called a livery, allowed to each member of the household was placed; and in well ordered families every dormitory appears to have been supplied nightly with a substantial provision. In the contract for building Hengrave Hall, in 1538, is the following clause; “the hall to have ii. coberds, one benethe at the sper (screen) with a tremor, and another at the hygher tables ende without doors.” Palsgrave gives “cupborde of plate, or to sette plate upon, buffet: cupborde to putte meate in, dressouer. Methinke my cupborde is ungarnysshed, nowe I wante my salte celler.” Cotgrave renders “Buffet, a court-cupboard, or high standing cupboard; also a cupboard of plate. Dressoir, a court cupboord (without box or drawer).”

^{page 110 note 1} The origin of the curfew in England is generally ascribed to the Conqueror, by whom it was imposed in token of servitude, but the assertion seems to rest on no sufficient authority, and no mention of the usage occurs in the Stat. de nocturnis custodiis. Ancient Laws and Instit. i. 491. Dr. Henry observes that the custom prevailed, at the time of the Conquest, in France, and probably in all the countries of Europe, and was intended merely as a precaution against fires, at a time when cities were constructed chiefly of wood. It has been stated also that the custom was abolished by Henry II. The Statutes of the City of London, 13 Edw. I. enjoin that no one shall be found in the streets “apres coeverfu personé ù Seint Martyn le graunt.” Stat. of Realm, i. 102. Couvre feu, or carfou in France was rung at 7 in the evening, but in some places at a later hour in summer, and there was also a bell at daybreak. See Pasquier, iv. 18, and Menage. In England the hour of ringing the curfew was eight, Wats, however, gives nine as the hour in summer; that hour is so named in “the Merry Devil of Edmonton,” and it was the customary time in Scotland, as appears by Act Parl. 13 James I. 1419, but subsequently was altered to ten. The usage of the curfew is still retained in the Universities, and many towns and villages in England, as is likewise the custom of ringing a bell at day-break, or four o'clock. At Lynn, where the Promptorium was compiled, the largest bell of the principal churches is still tolled at six, both morning and evening, and serves as a signal to labourers and artizans. The salutatio angelica, commonly called the angelus, was recited daily morning and evening, “ad pulsationem ignitegii,” an institution ascribed to St. Bonaventure, but more probably, as Ducange observes, to Pope John XXII. at the Council of Sens, 1320. In the Statutes of Lichfield Cathedral, it is ordered as follows: “Est autem ignitegium quâlibet nocte per annum pulsandum horâ septimâ post meridiem, exceptis illis festis quibus matutinœ dicuntur post completorium.” In the Institutions of Guarin, Abbot of St. Alban's, who died 1195, the curfew is called pyritegium. Matt. Paris. The Medulla renders “ignitegium, a coure feu,” in the Ortus “a fyrepanne,” alluding perhaps to such an implement for extinguishing the fire, as is represented in Antiqu. Repert. i. 89, and which was afterwards in the possession of Horace Walpole at Strawberry Hill. “Courefewe, a ryngyng of belles towarde euenyng, couurefev.” Palsg. In the Romance of the Seuyn Sages the word is repeatedly written “corfour bell.” VIth Tale. “Curfur, ignitegium.” Cath. angl. See curfure in Jamieson. Spelman gives the Ang. Sax. curfu-bell, but it is not found in Lye. See further on this subject Brand's Popular Antiqu. ii. 136, and Barrington on the Anc. Stat. 133.

^{page 111 note 1} This term of reproach occurs in Piers Ploughman and Chaucer,

Chaucer uses the expressions, “a daffe, or a cokenay,” in a similar sense, and “bedaffed,” made a fool of,

In the “seconde fyt of curtasie” occurs the following advice:

^{page 111 note 2} Draggyde, ms. daggyd, K. p. Chaucer, among the costly fashions of the reign of Richard II. which are satirized in the Parson's Tale, speaks of “pounsed and dagged clothing;” this custom of jagging or foliating the edge of a garment had commenced in the previous reign, and is curiously represented in the History of the Deposition of Richard, Harl. MS. 1319. Archæologia, vol. xx. Chaucer uses also the diminutive dagon; thus in the Sompnoures Tale the importunate Friar, who went from house to house to collect anything he could lay hands upon, craves “a dagon of your blanket, leve dame.” Ang. Sax. “daʓ, anything that is loose, dagling, dangling.” Somn.

^{page 112 note 1} A bed-covering, or a garment formed of frize, or some material with long thrums like a carpet, was termed a daggysweyne; lodix is explained in the Ortus to be “quic-quid in lecto supponitur, et proprie pannus villosus, Anglice a blanket.” Horman says, “my bed is covered with a daggeswaine and a quylte (gausape et centone) some dags-waynys haue longe thrumys (fractillos) and iaggɜ on bothe sydes, some but on one.” So likewise Elyot gives “Gausape, a mantell to caste on a bed, also a carpet to lay on a table, some cal it a dagswayne.” Andrew Borde, in the Introduction of Knowledge, 1542, puts the following speech in the mouths of the Frycelanders:

Harrison relates in the description of England, written in Essex during the reign of Elizabeth, that the old men in his village used to say, “our fathers (yea and we our selues also) haue lien full oft vpon straw pallets, on rough mats couered onelie with a sheet under couerlets made of dagswain, or hopharlots (I vse their owne termes) and a good round log vnder their heads insteed of a bolster.” Holinshed, Chron. i. 188.

^{page 112 note 2} “The dayng of day,” Anturs of Arther, edited by Mr. Robson, st. 37. See Dawyn̄.

^{page 112 note 3} The Council of Worcester, in 1240, ordained regarding the Clergy, “nec ludant ad aleas vel taxillos;” the latter game was probably the same which is here termed Dayly, but in what respect it differed from ordinary dice-play has not been ascertained. Ducange supposes it may have been the same as the French “trictrac, ludus scrupulorum.” Horman says that “men pley with 3 dice, and children with 4 dalies, astragulis vel talis. Wolde God I coude nat playe at the dalys, aleam. Cutte this flesshe into daleys, tessellas.”

^{page 112 note 4} Delk, according to Forby, signifies in Norfolk a small cavity either in the soil, or the flesh of the body. In this last sense the gloss on Gautier de Bibelesworth interprets the expression “au cool troueret la fosset, a dalke in þe nekke.” Arund. MS. 220, f. 297, b.

^{page 112 note 5} The dalmatic is a sacred vestment, so named, according to St. Isidore, from its having originated in Dalmatia, and was introduced into the Christian church by St. Silvester, P.P. in the 4th century, as stated by Alcuin, who describes it as “vestimentum in modum crucis, habens in sinistrâ suâ parte fimbrias, dextrâ iis carente, inconsutile, et cum largis manicis.” It was specially appropriated to the deacon, who was vested therewith at the time of his ordination, and therefore St. Stephen and St. Laurence, who were deacons of the Church, are always represented as wearing this vesture. A very interesting portraiture of the former will be found in a MS. of XIth cent. Calig. A. Xiv. In early times the dalmatic was ornamented with longitudinal bands, called clavi, which were either of gold, as in the illumination just mentioned, or purple; “Dalmata, vestis sacerdotalis candida cum clavis purpureis.” Gloss. S. Isid. Orig. Hence the epithets auroclavus, chrysoclavus, and purpurâ clavatus. To these bands were attached at intervals the plagulœ, as exhibited in the illumination of the Bible of Charles the Bald at Paris, executed in the IXth century, engraved in Montfaucon Mon. Franc. tom. i, and the splendid work published by the Comte Bastard. See also the curious German Missal, Xth cent. Harl. MS. 2908, and the illumination in Cott. MS. Claud. A. Iii. supposed to represent St. Dunstan. In the Ang. Sax. Inventory of sacred ornaments given by Bp. Leofric to the church of Exeter about A.D. 1050, occur “2 dalmatica, 3 pistel roccas.” Mon. Angl. i. 222. These last were probably tunicles, vestments appropriated to the order of subdeacon, as was the dalmatic to that of deacon; in effigies and representations that exist in England of ecclesiastics in pontificalibus, both vestments are almost invariably exhibited. The Legate Ottoboni ordained, A.D. 1268, that if any Prelate neglected to punish the immoral conduct of his clergy, “Episcopus a dalmaticœ, tunicœ, et sandaliorum usu sit suspensus donec duxerit quœ statuta sunt exequenda.” Wilkins, Conc. xi. 5.

^{page 113 note 1} Drapyr, or party, MS. dapyr, or praty, K. p. Palsgrave gives “daper, proper, mignon, godin; dapyrnesse, propernesse, mignotterie.”

^{page 113 note 2} A very usual sense of the verb to dare, in the old writers, is to gaze about, or stare; Palsgrave gives “to dare, prye or loke about me, je advise alentour. What darest thou on this facyon, me thynketh thou woldest catche larkes ?”

The same signification has been assigned, by Tyrwhitt and the commentators on Chaucer, to an expression occurring in the Shipman's Tale, the true import of which appears above to be made clear. Dan John rallies the old merchant's wife on the sluggishness of her spouse:

Chaucer appears evidently here to use dare in the sense given to the word in the Promptorium of lying concealed, as an animal in its den, which is termed hereafter Dwere, or dowere. “Dilatesco, to biginne to dare. Lateo, to lurk.” Med. Cotgrave gives “blotir, to squat, ly close to the ground, like a daring larke, or affrighted fowle.”

^{page 114 note 1} The derivation of this word appears, according to Skinner and Junius, to be from Ang. Sax. dwæs, hebes, stultus; the Teut. daesen, insanire, phantasmate turbari is more closely assimilated to it. In the Wicliffite version Gen. xxvii. 1 is rendered thus: “Foresothe Isaac wax eld, and hise iɜen dasewiden.” The word is repeatedly used by Chaucer.

^{page 114 note 2} “Duribuccus, þatn euer openeþ his mouþ, a dasiberde.” Med. “A daysyberd, duribuccus.” Cath. angl. “Dasturde, estourdy, butarin.” Palsg. See Daffe and Dullarde.

^{page 114 note 3} Palsgrave gives the verbs “to dawbe with clay onely; to daube with lime, plaster, or lome, that is tempered with heare or straw. Dauber, placqueur.” Forby states that a dauber in Norfolk is a builder of walls with clay or mud, mixed with stubble or short straw well beaten and incorporated, and so becoming pretty durable; it is now difficult to find a good dauber. This mode of constructing fences for farm-yards and cottage walls is much used in Suffolk, as appears by Sir John Cullum's account of the process, Hist. of Hawsted, 195, and Moore's explanation of the term “daabing.” The proverb given by Ray, “there's craft in dawbing” would make it appear that this mode of construction was once more generally known; in the western counties it is still in continual use, being known by the appellations cob, or rad and dab, a curious article on which, and on the use of concrete in building generally, will be found in Quart. Rev. vol. lviii., 524.

^{page 114 note 4} “To dawe, diere, diescere, diet, impersonale.” Cath. angl. This verb is used by Chaucer:

Palsgrave gives “to dawe as the day dothe, adjourner, l'aube se crieve. To dawe from swounyng; when a dronken man swouneth, there is no better medecyne to dawe hym with, than to throwe maluesy in hys face. To dawne or get lyfe in one that is fallen in a swoune; I can nat dawne hym, get me a kaye to open his chawes.” Compare Dayyn̄, or wexyn day. Ang. Sax. daʓian, lucescere.

^{page 115 note 1} Dawncyn', MS. “To dawnte, blanditractare.” Cath. angl. In N. Britain to dawt has the same signification. See Jamieson. In the vision of Piers Ploughman to daunt appears to mean to tame by kind treatment; the allusion is to the dove which was trained by Mahomet to come to his ear for her food.

In Norfolk to daunt is used in the sense of knocking down, Fr. dompter, as by Palsgrave, “To dawnte, mate, overcome, je matte. Lydgat. This terme is yet scarsly admitted in our comen spetche.”

^{page 115 note 2} See Baratowre. In “the Charge of the Quest of Warmot in euery Warde,” given by Arnold, in the Customs of London, p. 90, inquiry is ordered to be made “yf ther be ony comon ryator, barratur, &c. dwelling wythin the warde.” The term is taken from the French, barateur, in low Latin, baraterius, which have the same meaning.

^{page 115 note 3} “To defy, degere, degerere. A defiynge, digestio.” Cath. ang. This word occurs in Piers Ploughman, where repenting Gluttony makes a vow to fast, and that

See also line 457. In the same sense it is used in the Wicliffite version, and by Gower. To defy has also the signification of dissolve; thus Master Langfrank of Meleyne in one of his prescriptions, directs certain substances to be compounded, and “make pelotes, and defy one of heme in water of rewe.” MS. in the possession of Sir Thomas Phillipps. See Fyin̄, or defyin̄ mete and drynke.

^{page 116 note 1} Drynge, Ms.

^{page 116 note 2} Jamieson observes that deaf signifies properly stupid, and the term is transferred in a more limited sense to the ear. It is also applied to that which has lost its germinating power: thus in the North, as in Devonshire, a rotten nut is called deaf, and barren corn is called deaf corn, an expression literally Ang.-Saxon. An unproductive soil is likewise termed deaf. The plant lamium, or archangel, known by the common names dead or blind nettle, in the Promptorium, has the epithet Deffe, evidently because it does not possess the stinging property of the true nettle.

^{page 116 note 3} “Androchia, a deye.” Vocab. Harl. MS. 1002. “A deye, Androchius, androchea, genatarius, genetharia. A derye, androchiarium, bestiarium, genetheum.” Cath. ang. The daia is mentioned in Domesday, among assistants in husbandry, and the 2d Stat. 25 Edw. III., A.D. 1351, occasioned by the exorbitant demand for wages made by servants after the pestilence, enacts that “chescum charetter, caruer, ckaceour des carues, bercher, porcher, deye et tous autres servantz” should be content with such rate of wages as had been previously usual, and serve not by the day, but the year, or other usual term. The term is again found in Stat. 37 Edw. III., A.D. 1363, c. 14, “de victu et vestitu,” which defines the homely provision and attire suitable to the estate of “charetters, &c. bovers, vachers, berchers, porchers, deyes, et touz autres gardeinz des bestes, batours des bleez, et toutes maneres des gentz d'estate de garson, entendantz à husbandrie,” not having goods or chattels of 40s. value. The word is rendered here in the translations “deyars,” and “dairymen,” and by Kelham is explained to signify drivers of geese. The Stat. 12 Ric. II. c. 4, A.D. 1388, fixes the wages of all servants for husbandry, and rates the porcher, femme laborer, and deye at vjs. each by the year. The word is here translated “deye” and “deyrie woman.” In the Stat. 23 Hen. VI. c. 12, by which the wages of such servants were assessed at double the previous rate, the term deye is no longer used. It appears by Fleta, 1. ii c. 87, de caseatrice, that the androchia was a female servant who had the charge of all that pertained to the “daëria,” and of making cheese and butter. A more detailed account of her duties is given by Alex. Neccham, Abbot of Cirencester, A.D. 1213, in his Summa de nominibus utensilium. “Assit et androgia (vne baesse) que gallinis ova supponat pullificancia, et anseribus acera substernat; que agnellos morbidos, non dico anniculos, in suâ teneritate lacte foveat alieno. Vitulos autem et subrumos (sevlement dentez) ablactatos inclusos teneat in pargulo juxta fenile. Cujus indumenta in festivis diebus sint matronales serapelline (pelysains) recinium (riueroket) teristrum. Hujus (androgie) autem usus, subulcis colustrum et bubulcis et armentariis, Domino autem et suis collateralibus in obsoniis (supers) oxigallum sive quactum in cimbiis ministrare, et catulis in abditorio repositis pingue serum cum pane fulfureo porrigere.” Cott. MS. Titus, D. xx. f. 15 b. The French interlinear gloss which gives here baesse, signifying a female servant of an inferior class, is not contemporary with the MS. This account satisfactorily illustrates Chaucer's description of the poor widow who lived on the produce of her little farm, her three sows and kine, and one sheep; her fare was milk and brown bread in plenty,

The deye was sometimes a male servant; thus in the commentary on Neccham it is stated that “androgia dicitur ab andros, vir, et genet, mulier, quia id officium exercetur a viro et muliere,” and Bp. Kennett cites the “compotus Henrici Deye et uxoris de exitibus et provenentibus de dayri.” A.D. 1407. See the word kevere in his Glossary. Palsgrave gives “dey wyfe, meterie,” i. e. métayère, and Shakespeare speaks of the “day woman,” Love's Labour's Lost, i. sc. 2. See Douce's Illustrations. Jamieson has discussed the obscure etymology of the word dey. In Gloucestershire and the neighbouring counties day-house signifies dairy house, and many instances are met with among names of places. See Hartshorne's Salopia Antiqua.

^{page 117 note 1} See hereafter Eyɜtyndele, mesure, and Halvundel. In the Rot. Parl. A.D. 1423, mention is made of a “thredendels, or tercyan,” 84 gallons of wine, or the third part of a “tonel.” The Ortus gives “sepile, somdele ofte; sobriolus, somdele sober.” In the Legenda Aur. occurs the word “euerydeale,” which is rendered by Palsgrave “tout tant qu'il y a.” He gives also “by the halfe deale, la moitié; any deale, goutte; neuer a deale, riens qui soyt; somdele grete, small wyse, quelque peu.” Ang. Sax. dæl, pars.

^{page 117 note 2} In the Legenda Aur. it is related of St. Genevieve, that “in her refeccyon she had no thynge but barly bread, and somtyme benes, y^e whiche soden after xiiij dayes, or thre wekes she ete for all delyces.”

^{page 117 note 3} “To dele, distribuere, dispergere, erogare.” Cath. ang. This verb in its primary use has the sense of division or separation. Thus the Gloss on Gautier de Bibeles-worth,

^{page 118 note 1} This word appears to be taken from the French, delivre, and is very frequently used in old writers. “Industris, sleyghe, bisy, or deliuur.” Med. gramm.

Palsgrave gives “delyuer of ones lymmes, as they that prove mastryes, souple; delyver, redy, quicke to do anything, agile, delivre; delyuernesse of body, souplesse.” Thomas, in his Italian Grammar, renders “snello, quicke, deliuer.” Beyn, or plyaunte, has already occurred, and bain is still used in Norfolk in the same sense; the word has also, as shown by Jamieson, the sense of alert, lively, active, or of prepared, made ready, as has been observed above in the note on Baynyd, as benys or pesyn.

^{page 118 note 2} The verb to delve, Ang. Sax. delfan, appears to have become obsolete in Norfolk, and is now rarely used in Suffolk, but the substantive delf, a deep ditch or drain, is still retained. The verb occurs frequently in early writers. In the Legenda Aur. occurs this expression, “I have dolphen in the depe erthe;” and it is related that when St. Donate conjured his wife, after her death, to reveal where she had concealed some treasure, “she answered out of the sepulcre, and sayd, at the entre of the hous, where I dalue it.” In the Wicliffite version, 2 Chron. xxxiv. 10, the expression occurs, “stonys hewid out of þe delues (eþer quarreris).” Cott. MS. Claud. E. Ii. “Aurifedella, a gold delfe.” Vocab. Harl. MS. 1002. Delph and delf occur not infrequently as names of places in the fenny districts of the Eastern counties.

^{page 118 note 3} “To departe, abrogare, disjungere, separare. Departiabylle, divisibilis. To departe membres. To departe herytage, herecescere. Departyd (or abrogate) abrogatus, displosus, phariseus, scismaticus. A departynge, hœresis, divisio, scisma,” &c. Cath. ang. In the will of Lady Fitzhugh, A.D. 1427, is the bequest, “I wyl yat myn howsehold s'uantz haue departed emāg theym a C. marc.” Wills and Inv. Surtees Soc. i, 75. So it is said of Christ in the Legenda Aur. “he shall departe the heete of the fyre fro the resplendour and bryghtnesse.” Palsgrave gives the verb, “to departe, deuyde thynges asonder that were myxed or medled together; departe this skayne of threde, désmesler. Departe or distribute the partes of a thynge to dyuers persons, mespartir.” Fr. départir, to separate or distribute, in low Latin, dispertire.

^{page 119 note 1} The verb to dere, or hurt, is commonly used by Chaucer, and most writers, until the XVIth century.

Fabyan observes, under the year 1194, “so fast besyed this good Kyng Rycharde to vex and dere the infydelys of Sury.” Palsgrave gives “to dere, or hurte, or noye, nuire; I wyll never dere you by my good wyll. To dere, grieve, blecer; a lytell thynge wyll dere hym.” Sir Thomas Browne mentions dere among words peculiar to Norfolk, in which county it still has the sense of sad or dire. See Jamieson. Ang. Sax. derian, nocere, derung, lœsio. Noyynge occurs hereafter.

^{page 119 note 2} The term dese, Fr. deis or daix, Lat. dasium, is used to denote the raised platform which was always found at the upper end of an hall, the table, or, as here in the Promptorium, the seat of distinction placed thereon, and finally the hanging drapery, called also seler, cloth of estate, and in French ciel, suspended over it. With regard to its etymology, various conjectures have been offered by Ducange, Menage, and others. See also Jamieson's Dictionary. Matt. Paris, in his account of the election of John de Hertford, Abbot of St. Alban's, A.D. 1235, and the customary usages on the occasion, says, “solus in refectorio prandebit (electus) supremus, habens vastellum, Priore prandente ad magnam mensam quam Dais vulgariter appellamus.” Ducange suggests that vastellum may here mean a canopy or hanging dais, from Ang. Sax. vatel, tegmen, umbraculum. Chaucer, in his Prologue, describes the haberdasher and his companions, members of a fraternity, and having the appearance of fair burgesses, such as sit “at a yeld hal, on the hie deys.” Gower speaks of a king at his coronation feast, “sittend upon his hie deis.” In the Boke of Curtasye, Sloane MS. 1986, f. 17, written about the time of Henry VI. a person coming into the hall of a lord, at the time of first meat, is advised not to forget

In the ceremonial of the inthronization of Abp. Nevill, A.D. 1464, after the Lord and the strangers had entered, the marshal and other officers were to go towards the “hygh table, and make obeisance, first in the midst of the hall, “and agayne before the hygh dease.” Leland, Coll. vi. 8.

^{page 120 note 1} This verb is directly taken from the old French descrier, and is by some writers used to denote the enuntiation, or distinction generally of the combatants by their coat armour, either previously to entering the lists, or at other times, duties which devolved upon the heralds.

In the Vision of Piers Ploughman occurs an allusion to the usage that heralds of arms “discryued lordes.” Palsgrave gives “to descryue or descrybe or declare y^e facyons or maners of a thynge, blasonner; Ptolemye hath discryued y^e worlde.”

^{page 120 note 2} Deseeit, ms. desert, h. deserte, P.

^{page 121 note 1} “To dadir, frigucio, et cetera ubi to whake.” Cath. angl. “Barboter de froid, to chatter or didder for cold, to say an ape's Paternoster.” Cotgr. Skinner gives this word as commonly used in Lincolnshire, “a Belg. sitteren, prœ frigore tremere.” The Medulla renders “frigucio, romb for cold.” In the Avowynge of King Arther, edited by Mr. Robson, to “dedur” has the sense of shaking, as one who is soundly beaten; and in the Towneley Mysteries, Noah's wife, hearing his relation of the approaching deluge, says,

“Didder, to have a quivering of the chin through cold.” Forby. See Brockett's Glossary, the verb dither in the Dialect of Craven, and Hartshorne's Salopian Glossary.

^{page 121 note 2} Dymyn̄', MS.

^{page 121 note 3} This verb is given in a somewhat different sense, namely, of suffering acutely, “to dindylle, condolere.” Cath. angl. Brockett gives to dinnel, or dindle, to be affected with a pricking pain, such as arises from a blow, or is felt by exposure to the fire after frost. In the Craven dialect to dinnle has a similar signification. Langham, in the Garden of Health, 1579, recommends the juice of feverfew as a remedy for the “eares ache, and dindling.” Dutch, tintelen, to tingle.

^{page 121 note 4} The office for the dead received the name of Dyryge, or dirge from the Antiphon with which the first nocturne in the mattens commenced, taken from Psalm 5, v. 8, “Dirige, Domine Deus meus, in conspectu tuo viam meam.” In 1421, Joanna, relict of Sir Thos. de Hemgrave, directed daily mass to be said for his and her own souls, and the anniversaries to be kept with a solemn mass, “cum placebo et dirige.” Among the “coosts laid out at the monthes mynde” of Sir Thos. Kytson at Hengrave, 1540, occur payments “to M^r p'sson for dirige and masse, ijs.; to iiij prists for dirige and masse, xijd.; to the clark for dirige and masse, xijd.” Rokewode's History of Hengrave, 92, 112. The name is retained in the Primer set forth in English by injunction from Henry VIII. in 1546; and this Dirige, from which portions have been retained in the burial service of the Reformed Church, appears to have been only a service of memorial, to be used even on occasion of “the yeres mynde” of the deceased, and comprises a prayer for departed souls in general. “Dirige, seruyce, vigiles.” Palsg. Horman says, “he must go to the dirige feste, ad silicernium,” which is mentioned by Harrison in his description of England, written in the reign of Elizabeth, where he alludes to the changes that had taken place in religious observances; “the superfluous numbers of idle waks, guilds, fraternities, church-ales, helpe-ales, and soule-ales, called also dirge-ales, with the heathnish rioting at bride-ales, are well diminished and laid aside.” B. ii. c. i. Holinsh. vol. i. There occur items in the Hengrave accounts, already cited, which shew the feasting that took place on that occasion.

^{page 122 note 1} By Gower and other writers dysour is used as signifying a tale teller, a convivial jester;

Palsgrave renders “dissar, a scoffar, saigefol,” and Horman says, “he can play the desard with a contrefet face proprely, morionem representat.” Elyot gives “Pantomimus, a dyssard which can fayne and counterfayte euery mannes gesture. Sannio, a dysarde in a playe or disguysynge; also he whiche in countenaunce, gesture, and maners is a fole.” Ang. Sax. dysian, ineptire.

^{page 123 note 1} In the Wicliffite version, disperplid, disperpriled, disparplid, and disparpoylid, occur in the sense of dispersed. In the curious version of Vegecius, attributed to Trevisa, Roy. MS. 18 A. XII. the danger is set forth of surprise by an ambush, while the host is unprepared, some employed in eating, “and somme disperbled and departede in oþer besynes.” B. Iii. c. 8. In a sermon by R. Wimbeldon, as given by Fox, A.D. 1389, it is said that “by Titus and Vespasianus Jerusalem was destroyed, and the people of the Jewes were disparkled into all the world.” Palsgrave gives “to disparpyll, Lydgate, same as disparke, escarter, disparser. They be disparkled nowe many a mile asonder.” See hereafter Sparplyn̄.

^{page 123 note 2} This verb is used by Chaucer, and occurs in the Wicliffite version. “And they seynge him walkinge on the see weren disturblid.” Matt. xiv. 26. So also in the version of Vegecius, Roy. MS. 18 A. XII. it is said that a young soldier should be taught “that he destrowble nat the ordre of ordenaunce.” The Mayor of Norwich, on being sworn, made proclamation “that iche man kepe the pees, and that no man disturble, ne breke the forseid pees, ne go armed.” A.D. 1424, Blomf. Hist. ii. 100.

^{page 123 note 3} In the Household Book of Sir John Howard, A.D. 1467, among expenses incurred for one of his retinue, is entered this item, “My Lady paid a surgeone for dytenge of hym, whan he was hurte, 12d.” Palsgrave gives the verb in its more usual sense, “to dyght, or dresse a thynge, habiller. A foule woman rychly dyght, semeth fayre by candell lyght.” Ang. Sax. dihtan, disponere.

^{page 123 note 4} The place in which this word is found in the alphabetical arrangement seems to indicate that it was originally written dywere, or divere, which may be derived from the old French, “divers, inconstant, bizarre, incommode.” Roquef. It occurs, however, written as above, in a poem by Humphrey Brereton, who lived in the reign of Hen. VII. which has been printed under the title of “the most pleasant song of Lady Bessy, eldest daughter of King Edw. IV.”

^{page 124 note 1} “A dubler, dualis, et cetera ubi a dische.” Cath. ang. The Medulla gives the following explanation of Parapsis, “proprie est discus sive vas quadrangulum, ex omni parte habens latera equalia, a dobuler.” The term is derived from the French doublier, a dish; it occurs in Piers Ploughman, and is still retained in the Cumberland and Northern dialects. See Ray and Brockett.

^{page 124 note 2} It appears that the compiler of the Promptorium assigned to baltheus, which properly signifies the cingulum militare, the unusual meaning of a garment of defence. Thus Cote armure previously is rendered baltheus. The Catholicon explains “diplois, duplex vestis, et est vestis militaris,” but it does not appear to have been originally, as it subsequently became on the disuse of the gambeson, a garment of defence. The dublectus mentioned in the Constitutions of Fred. II. King of Sicily, in the XIVth century, was a garment of ordinary use by nobles and knights, as were also, it is probable, the rich garments provided for John II. of France, in 1352, when Stephen de Fontaine, his goldsmith, accounts for the delivery of “un fin drap d'or de damas, et un fin camocas d'outremer, pour faire deux doublés.” At this period wadded defences were made in Paris by the armuriers, and the tailors were divided into two crafts, pourpointiers and doubletiers; it was only in 1358 that the Regent Charles, on account of the use of the doublet becoming general, permitted the tailors to exercise also the craft of doubletiers. See the Reglemens sur les Métiers, edited by Depping, p. 414. Shortly after, however, the doublet appears as a military defence; “25 doublettes, 24 jakkes,” and other armours, are enumerated among the munitions of Hadlegh Castle granted in 1405 by Henry IV. to his son Humfrey. Rymer, viii. 384. The importance at this time attached to the manufacture of this kind of armour appears by the privileges conceded in 1407 to the “armurariis linearum armaturarum civitatis Londonie.” Pat. 9 Hen. IV. confirmed 18 Hen. VI. and 5 Edw. IV. It is related that the Duke of Suffolk, when murdered at sea in 1450, was attired in a “gown of russette, and doblette of velvet mayled;” Paston Letters, i. 40; and in the curious inventories of the effects of Sir John Fastolf, at Caistor, in Norfolk, 1459, occur “j dowblettis of red felwet uppon felwet; j dowbelet of rede felwet, lynyd with lynen clothe.” Archæol. xxi. 253. See further Sir Samuel Meyrick's valuable observations on military garments worn in England, Archæol. xix. 228. At a later time the doublet seems again to have become a vestment of ordinary use, the military garment which resembled it being termed a coat of fence. “I wyll were a cote of defence for my surete, loricâ lintheâ.” Horm. Caxton says “Donaas the doblet maker hath performed my doublet and my jaquet, mon pourpainte, et mon paltocque.” Book for Travellers.

^{page 125 note 1} Dorcere, ms.; but this reading is evidently erroneous, and the word is derived from the French, dossier, or Latin, dosserium. See Dosse, and Dorcere, which occurs afterwards in its proper place. In a Latin-English Vocabulary, Harl. MS. 1002, f. 144, occur “auleum, scannarium, a dosure;” and another makes the following distinction: “anabatum, hedosour, dorsorium, syd-dosour.” Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. The term occurs in the Awntyrs of Arthure, 431, where a costly pavilion is described;

Sir F. Madden explains it as signifying here a cushion for the back, but in its usual sense it seems to denote the hangings or “hallyngs” of tapestry, which, before the use of wainscot, were generally used to cover and adorn the lower part of the wall of a chamber. Chaucer uses the word “dosser” in a different sense, speaking of sallow twigs, which men turn to various uses,

Panniers are still called, in many parts, dosses, dorsels, or dorsers. See Ray and Moore. Hollyband renders “hotte, a basket, a dosser.”

^{page 125 note 2} Dodded is used in the North in this sense; see Brockett, and the Craven Dialect. Jamieson gives doddy and dottit with a similar signification. In Norfolk doddy still means low in stature. Phillips has dodded, lopped as a tree, and in Suffolk scathed or withered trees are called dooted, in the North, doddered, words which appear to be derivable from the same source. Skinner suggests “Belg. dodde, caulis, fustis, paxillus.”

^{page 125 note 3} This word does not occur in the other MSS.; the reading is probably corrupt, and from the place in which it occurs, Dogon’ may be suggested as a correction. This term of contempt seems to be derived from the French “Doguin, brutal, hargneux.” Roquef. See Dugon in Jamieson's Dictionary.

^{page 126 note 1} Agnes Paston writes to her son Edmund, the lawyer, respecting the dispute as to a right of way, between his father and the Vicar of Paston, who had been “acordidde, and doolis sette howe broode the weye schuld ben, and nowe he hath pullid uppe the doolis, and seithe he wolle makyn a dyche ryght over the weye.” Paston Letters, iii. 32. Forby gives this word as still used in Norfolk, the mark being often a low post, called a dool-post; it occurs also in Tusser. Bp. Kennett states that landmarks, or boundary-stones, are in some parts of Kent called “dowle-stones,” and explains dole or doul as signifying “a bulk, or green narrow slip of ground left unplowed in arable land.” See his Glossarial Collections, Lansd. MS. 1033. Queen Elizabeth, in her Injunctions, 1559, directs that at the customary perambulations on the Rogation days, the admonition shall be given, “Cursed be he which translateth the bounds and dolles of his neighbor.” Wilkins, Conc. IV. 184. Ang. Sax. dælan, dividere.

^{page 126 note 2} “Dollyd, defrutus.” Cath. ang. The Medulla renders “tepefacio, to make leuke.”

^{page 126 note 3} The grammar most universally used in the middle ages was that composed by Ælius Donatus in the IVth century, and the term Donet became generally expressive of a system of grammar. See Warton's Eng. Poet. i. 281, Clarke's Bibl. Dict. iii. 144. It was printed among Gramm. Vet. Putsch. p. 1735. The rich hall prepared for the education of the son of the Emperor was decorated with symbols of grammar, musick, astronomy, geometry, arithmetic, rhetoric, and physic.

Allusions to Donet occur in Chaucer, and Piers Ploughman. In Sir John Howard's Household Book is a payment, 1466, “fore a donet for master Gorge, 12d.” and Caxton mentions it as one of the books in greatest demand, “George the booke-sellar hath doctrinals, catons, oures of our lady, Donettis, partis, accidents.” Book for Travellers. “Donett, Donatus, a Donett lerner, Donatista.” Cath. ang.

^{page 127 note 1} In the Inventory of Effects of Sir John Fastolfe, at Caistor, 1459, there appear the following items in his own chamber: “j fedderbedde, j donge of fyne blewe, i bolster, ij blankettys of fustians; j purpeynt,” &c. Archæol. xxi. 268. A previous entry mentions a “donge of purle sylke.”

^{page 127 note 2} The little Grebe is still known by the names didapper, dipper, or dobchick, the Mergulus fluviatilis of the older naturalists, Podiceps minor of Temminc. Ang. Sax. dop fugel, mergus, dufedoppa, pelicanus, according to the sense in which the word occurs Ps. ci. 7, in the Lambeth Psalter; but its derivation from dufian, immergere, would make the appellation inappropriate to that bird.

^{page 127 note 3} Forby and Moore mention the word dop, as used in East Anglia at the present day to denote a short quick curtsy. Ang. Sax. doppetan, mersare.

^{page 127 note 4} “Auleum, dorsarium, cortina, anabatrum, anastrum, dosure or curtayne; colaterale, syd-dosour.” Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. “A dorsure, dorsorium.” Cath. ang. “Anabatrum, a cortyne. Auleum, an hangyn, i. indumentum aule, cortina, or a cortyne.” Ortus. M. Paris speaks of the “dossale, sive tapesium in quo passio S. Albani figuratur,” given to St. Alban's by Abbot Richard, who died 1119. Among the cloths of arras and tapestry work belonging to Sir John Fastolfe, at Caistor, enumerated in the curious inventories taken about the year 1459, occur several “hallyngs” of tapestry and worsted, a term probably synonymous with dorsure. Archæol. xxi. 259. See above, Docere.

^{page 127 note 5} Dorlott is taken from the French dorelot, which signifies an ornament of female attire generally, but here seems to denote particularly the elegant network, frequently enriched with jewels, in which the hair was enclosed, termed a kelle, caul, or crepine; or the head dress called a volipere, which is mentioned by Chaucer. “Trica, plicatura vel nexus capillorum.” Ortus. “Caliendrum, a voliper.” Med. gramm. In 1394 Johanna Laburn of York bequeaths “j kyngll, j dorlot, j armari … best volet yat se hat, and a red hude singill.” Testam. Ebor. i. 196. Cotgrave gives “dorlot, a jewel or pretty trinket, as a chain, brooche, aglet, button, billement, &c. wherwith a woman sets out her apparel;” and by the Statutes of the trades of Paris in 1403 it appears that the craft of doreloterie consisted in making fringes and ribbons both of silk and thread. See Roquefort and Charpentier.

^{page 127 note 6} A dormant or sleeper is a main beam that, resting upon the side walls, serves to support the joists, or the rafters of the roof. It is called in Norfolk a dormer. “Treine, a dorman or great beame.” Cotgr.

^{page 127 note 7} Doss is at the present time the name given in Norfolk and Suffolk to a hassock, such as is used in church, and panniers are in some places called dosses. See Docere.

^{page 128 note 1} This name for a faucet appears to be a corruption of ductulus, which in the Latin-English Vocab. Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. is rendered “dosselle,” as the word is more commonly written, from the French dosil, doucil, or according to Cotgrave, “doisil, a faucet.” Among the pertinencia promptuario, in another Vocabulary, Harl. MS. 1002, is given “clipsidra, a doselpyn.” In the Seuyn Sages, it is related how Ypocras pierced a tun in a thousand places:

See dottle in Jamieson's Dictionary, dossel, Craven Dialect.

^{page 128 note 2} This word appears here to signify a foolish person, not the stupid bird common in Lincolnshire and the neighbouring counties, the Charadrius morinellus, and the repetition caused by the word “fowle” is probably here an error. “A dotrelle, desipa.” Cath. ang.

^{page 128 note 3} In the Forme of Cury doucets are not named, but “daryols,” p. 82, seem almost the same; directions are given in the following recipe, which is taken from Harl. MS. 279, f. 41, b. under the head of “Bake metis, vyaunde furnéz. Doucetez. Take creme a gode cupfulle, and put it on a straynoure, þanne take ɜolkys of eyroun, and put þer-to, and a lytel mylke; þen strayne it þorw a straynoure in-to a bolle; þen take sugre y-now and put þer-to, or ellys hony for defaute of sugre; þan coloure it wit safroun; þan take þin cofyns, and put in þe ovynne lere, and lat hem ben hardyd; þan take a dyssche y-fastened on þe pelys ende, and pore þin comade in-to þe dyssche, and fro þe dyssche in-to þe cofyns, and whan þey don a-ryse wel, take hem out, and serue hem forthe.” Among the election expenses of Sir John Howard at Ipswich, 1467, appears the item in his household book, “viij boshelles of flour for dowsetes;” and in the first course at dinner in Sir John Nevile's account of the marriage of his daughter to Roger Rockley, in 1526, appear “dulcets, ten of dish.” Palsgrave gives “dousette, a lytell flawne, dariolle.”

^{page 128 note 4} Downe, MS. and K. downe, P.

^{page 129 note 1} A rybbe is an household implement, which probably received its name from its form, a kind of scraper or rasp used in making bread; thus Palsgrave renders “dowrybbe, ratisseur à paste.” The term occurs in the gloss on Gautier de Bibelesworth.

Hence it appears to have served for scraping and cleansing the kneading trough. Another implement, termed likewise a rybbe, was used in the preparation of flax. See hereafter Rybbe, and Rybbyn̄ flax.

^{page 129 note 2} In the Forme of Cury, p. 20, will be found recipes for egurdouce, a compound of the flesh of rabbits or kids with currants, onions, wine and spices; and for egurdouce of fysshe, pp. 63, 113. Directions are also given for concocting “an egge dows,” which seems more to resemble the mixture alluded to in the Promptorium, being composed of almonds, milk, vinegar, and raisins. Mulsus signifies a kind of mead, and dowce egyr was probably much the same as oximel.

^{page 129 note 3} “ Dughty, ubi worthy.” Cath. ang. A. Saxon, dohtiʓ, instructus.

^{page 129 note 4} This word is still used in Norfolk, in the sense of to draggle, and a slattern is called a drabble-tail. Ang. Sax. drabbe, fœces.

^{page 129 note 5} Draffe, or chaffe, is a word that occurs in Chaucer:

In the Reve's Tale the scholar John complains of being left to lie in his bed “like a draf sak.” So likewise in Piers Ploughman's Vision, where allusion is made to casting pearls to swine, it is said that

In the Vocabulary, Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. occurs under the head “ad brasorium pertinencia, dragium, draf;” and in the Cath. Ang. “draf, segisterium, acinatum, brasipurgium.” “Segisterium, Anglice, droffe.” Ortus. “Draffe, dracque.” Palsg. Ang. Sax. drof, sordidus. Matt. Paris has given a charter of Guarin, Abbot of St. Alban's, dated 1194, in which the word drascum occurs, which appears to signify the grains that remain after brewing, called in French drasche, or drague. Compare Coralle, or drasse of corne, and Drosse.

^{page 130 note 1} Numerous virtues are ascribed by Macer and other writers to the herb dragaunce or nedder's tongue, called also dragon wort, addyrwort, or serpentine, arum or aron. See Roy. MS. 18 A. VI. f. 73. Macer says that “water of dragaunce ys gode to wasshe venome soris,” and it appears to have been yearly distilled in the household of the Earl of Northumberland, 1511. See Antiqu. Rep. iv., 284. “Dragence, or nedder gryffe, dragancia, basilisca, herba serpenlina.” Cath. ang.

^{page 130 note 2} This word is taken from the French dragée, a kind of digestive and stomachic comfits anciently much esteemed. Chaucer says of the Doctor of Phisike,

^{page 130 note 3} In the XIIIth century the grains chiefly cultivated in England, as appears by the accounts of the bailiff of the royal manor of Marlborough, Rot. Pip. 1 Edw. I., were wheat, “berecorn, dragg,” or a mixture of vetches and oats, beans and pease. The regulations for the brewers of Paris, in 1254, prescribe that they shall brew only “de grains, c'est à savoir, d'orge, de mestuel, et de dragée;” Réglemens sur les Arts, ed. by Depping. Tusser speaks of dredge as commonly grown in the Eastern counties.

Bp. Kennett, in his Glossarial collections, Lansd. MS. 1033, mentions “dredge mault, malt made of oats mixed with barley malt, of which they make an excellent fresh quick sort of drink,” used in Staffordshire. “Dragée aux chevaux, provender of divers sorts of pulse mixed together.” Cotgr. See Mestlyone, or monge corne.

^{page 130 note 4} “ Drake, or darnylle, zizannia.” Cath. ang. The gloss on Gautier de Bibelesworth makes a distinction between these two weeds:

Gerard assigns the name to a species of bromus sterilis, which he calls small wild oats, in Brabant called drauich, and Skinner suggests that the name may be derived “a Belg. droogh, siccus, quia et actu et potentiâ siccum est.” Drawke or drake is well known in Norfolk and Suffolk, and Forby says it is the common darnel grass, lolium perenne.

^{page 131 note 1} The Medulla renders “fecula, a little traist, feculentus, fulle of traiste,” (Harl. MS. 2257); in the Ortus, “dregges.” Amurca is explained by Elyot to mean “the mother or fome of all oyles,” in Harl. MS. 1002, “drastus.” Palsgrave gives “dresty, full of drest, lieux.” Horman says “the drastys (floces) of the wyne be medicynable.” Ang. Sax. dresten, fæces.

^{page 131 note 2} This verb is used by Chaucer, and other writers, in the sense of being disturbed by dreams.

It has also the sense of to delay or hinder, in several passages of Chaucer and Gower. See also Piers Ploughman's Crede, where the baneful conduct of the Friars is exposed, who desert the rule of their order and “dreccheth the puple,” lin. 924, 1004. Ang. Sax. dreccan, turbare. See Jamieson.

^{page 132 note 1} The drift of the forest, agitatio animalium in forestâ, is a legal term which implied a view taken of the cattle feeding in the chase, forest, or waste, at certain seasons when they were driven into an enclosure, in order to ascertain whose they were, and whether legally commonable. The Stat. 32 Hen. VIII. c. 13, among various clauses, devised for the improvement of the breed of horses, directs the drift to be made at Michaelmas, and other convenient times, and under-sized horses to be destroyed. The word is used by Horman metaphorically, in its more ordinary acceptation, “subtyle dryftis (callida consilia) ought nat to sette a iudge out of the ryght wey.” Elyot renders “adpulsus, the dryfte of shepe to the water.”

^{page 132 note 2} “To dryte, cacare, egerere.” Cath. ang. In the Wicliffite version, Phil. iii., 8, is thus rendered; “I deme alle thingis as drit;” and the word occurs also in Wicliffe's “Objections of Freres. Freres setten more by stinking dritt of worldly goods, then they don by virtues, and goods of bliss.” See Jamieson's observations on the etymology of the verb to drite, exonerare ventrem. Ang. Sax. ʓedritan, cacare.

^{page 132 note 3} Horman speaks of “a dryuyl or a drudge: he is a very dryuell, sterquilinium.” Junius gives in this sense “drivell or droile, mastigia, qui ubique expulsus abactusque est. Belg. drevel.” See droile in Jamieson's Dictionary. Tusser, in his Points of Huswifery, speaks of an under servant in the dairy termed a droy, or droie, whose duties appear to have been similar to those of the Deye, described in the note on that word.

^{page 132 note 4} Chaucer, in the Persone's Tale, says, “he is like to an hors, that seeketh rather to drink drovy or troubled water, then for to drink water of the clere well.” “Drovy, turbidus, turbulentus.” Cath. ang. “Turbidus, troubli, drobli, or dark.” Med. gramm. “Turbulentus, i. non lucidus, drouy.” Ortus. Bp. Kennett, in his Glossarial Collections, Lansd. MS. 1033, gives “dravy or druvy, Bor. druvy, Northumb. drevy, thick, muddy as the water is. Sax. drefend, turbidus.” Forby mentions drovy, used in Norfolk as an epithet of loathing, on account of filthiness of the person. Ang. Sax. drof, cœnosus.

^{page 133 note 1} Higins, in his version of Junius's Nomenclator, renders “vannus, a van wherwith corne is clensed from chaffe and drosse against the wind.” Ang. Sax. dros, fœx, sordes. At Hengrave Hall, in Suffolk, in 1604, is entered in account a delivery “for the swine, of dross wheat.” Hist. of Hengrave, 207.

^{page 133 note 2} This term, implying difficulty of speech, or stuttering, has not been met with elsewhere. The Ortus renders “traulus, a ratelere,” a word equally unnoticed by Glossarists, which occurs also in Cath. Ang. “To ratylle, traulare; a ratyller, traulus.”

^{page 133 note 3} In the Anturs of Arther, where a description occurs of the King and his court going forth to the chace, it is said,

^{page 133 note 4} “Turbidus, troubli, drubli, or darke.” Med. In the Ortus and Cath. Angl. drouy occurs in the same sense; Jamieson gives droubly and drumbly; and the verb to drumble, signifying to be confused, is used by Shakespeare. See Nares.

^{page 133 note 5} This word is used repeatedly by Chaucer, and occurs in Piers Ploughman and the Wicliffite version.

Horman uses the word “dronkleu, dronkeleu.” In a curious treatise on Obstetrics of the later part of the XVth century, Add. MS. 12,195, are particular instructions for the selection of a nurse, among whose recommendations are “þat sche be wysse and well a-vyssyd, and þat sche lof þe chylde, and þat sche be not dronkeleche.”

^{page 134 note 1} Gower, speaking of the vices that spring from original sin, says,

“Drunkechepe, ebrietas, vinolencia, &c.” Harl. MS. 1002, f. 173, b.

^{page 134 note 2} Chaucer makes repeated allusion to the somniferous qualities of the night-shade, or dwale, the Atropa belladonna.

A strange effect is attributed to this plant in a volume of miscellaneous collections, once belonging to William Worcestre, Sloane MS. 4, p. 2. “For to take alle maner of byrdys. Take whete, or other corne, and take guse of dwale, and menche þe corne þer yn, and ley yt þer þe byrdys hawntene, and when they have eten þer of, þey shalle slepe, þat ye may take þem with yowre handys.” Higins, in the Version of Junius's Nomenclator, gives “Solanum letale, banewoort, dwall, or great nightshade.”

^{page 134 note 3} “Amphibalus, a sclaveyn, a faldynge, or a dudd.” Med. gramm. “Lacerna est pallium fimbriatum, a coule, or a dudde, or a gowne.” Harl. MS. 2257. According to the explanation given of birrus, the garment called a Dudde seems to have been a coarse wrapper or dread nought, probably the same as the Irish mantle made of raw wool, which was in request in England as late as the time of Charles 1., as appears by the Customhouse rates. “Birrum, vestis pilosa seu grossa, a schypper's mauntel.” Ortus. Forby gives to duddle up, or wrap up with clothes; in the North, as well as other parts of England, rags or clothes in general are called dudds; and Grose mentions a square in Stourbridge fair, where linen cloth was sold, called the duddery. See Jamieson.

^{page 134 note 4} By early writers this word is written very variously, but approaching more or less to the Ang. Sax. dweorg, dweorh, nanus, which in the valuable fragment of Ælfric's Glossary, discovered by Sir Thomas Phillipps, in the Chapter Library, Worcester, is written “dwæruh.” Thus the gloss on G. de Bibelesworth, “Ieo vey ester un petit neym (dwerouh).” Arund. MS. 220. In Lybeaus Disconus “dwerk” occurs repeatedly, and in King Alisaunder we read of “durwes, the leynth of an elne.” In Synonym. Harl. MS. 1002, f. 173, occurs the word “dwarof,” and in Cath. Ang. “a dwarghe, tantillus.” See duergh and droich in Jamieson's Dictionary. In the Catholicon is given the following explanation: “Sessillus, i. parvus staturâ, quia non videtur stare, sed sedere;” and the Ortus gives “Nanus, a dwarfe, or a lytell Turke.” Compare Coonyone, or drowtly. Bp. Kennett gives the word “dwerowe” as of local use, but in the Eastern counties it appears to be no longer known; in his Glossarial collections, Lansd. MS. 1033, is the term “durgan, of short or low stature, as, he is a durgan, a meer durgan, a durganly fellow. Isl. duergur, Kiliano, dwergh. West-m(orland) a dwarwh.”

^{page 135 note 1} The Medulla explains bigermen to be the mixed grain called in the Promptorium Mestlyone, but it seems here to signify after-grass, or after-math, still called edgrow in some parts of England. Bp. Kennett mentions the word in his Glossarial collections, Lansd. MS. 1033. “Eddish, roughings or after-math in meadows, but more properly the stubble or gratten in corn-fields, from Sax. edisc, quod post messem in campis relinquitur. This word is in some southern parts corrupted into ersh, and in Surrey into esh, as a wheat esh, a barley esh. In Cheshire eddgrew, eddgrow, eddgrouth, from the Saxon preposition ed (which in composition denotes allwaie again, as re in the Latin,) and ʓrowan, germinare, crescere.” This word is not noticed by Mr. Wilbraham, and it does not appear in the East Anglian Glossaries; in Shropshire, according to Holloway's Provincial Dictionary, the after-grass is called “edgrew,” or as stated by Mr. Hartshorne, “headgrove, or headgrow.” Salopia Antiqua. The common appellation both in Norfolk and Suffolk is eddish, Ang. Sax. edisc, gramen serotinum, but it is also termed rawings, roughings, or rowen, a word used by Tusser and noticed by Ray, which may be a corruption of the older appellation edgrow. See Forby and Moore. Tusser uses the words eddish and etch to signify a stubble, or land that has produced a crop. In a copy of the Practica of John Arderne, Sloane MS. 56, p. 3, are some names of plants in French and English, among which occurs “weldillone, i. edgrowe,” possibly some herb of autumnal growth, abounding in the after-grass. The Medulla gives “frutex, a styke, a yerde, and buske, vnderwode, or eddysche.”

^{page 136 note 1} Horman says, “my tethe edge with eating of these codlynges.”

^{page 136 note 2} The verb to egg, from Ang. Sax. eggian, incitare, occurs in this signification in R. Brunne, Piers Ploughman, and Chaucer, who uses also the substantive;

^{page 136 note 3} The old writers give to the word eager the significations of sour, and of fierce; the first from the French “aigre, eager, sharp, tart, biting.” Cotgr. “Exacerbo, to make eygre.” Ortus. Palsgrave gives “Egernesse, bytternesse. Egar, fiers or mody as a wild beest is, fel.”

^{page 136 note 4} In the dialects of the North, as observed by Ray, any kind of fuel is called eldin, and the term is applied to the brush-wood of which fences are made. See Brockett, the Craven Glossary, and Jamieson. Ang. Sax. æld, ignis, ælan, accendere. The word is given by Bp. Kennett among his valuable glossarial collections, Lansd. MS. 1033.

^{page 137 note 1} Half a bushel is given hereafter as the same measure which is here intended; and the term Eyɜtyndele seems to be derived from its being the eighth part of a coom, or half quarter, which has already occurred, Cowme of corn̄e, cumba. Compare Dele, and Halvundel. Ang. Sax. dæl, pars. Bp. Kennett, in his Glossarial collections, Lansd. MS. 1033, mentions another local name for the same measure, “a tofet, the measure of half a bushel, Kent; some say two fats. Sax. fat, or fæt was the same measure as our peck.”

^{page 137 note 2} Agn̄, Ms. The word elde, still retained in the Northern dialect, occurs often as a substantive in old writers. Thus in the Wicliffite version, 3 Kings, Xv., 23 is thus rendered, “Asa hadde ache in feet in þe tyme of his eelde;” and it is commonly used in Piers Ploughman. See Chaucer's description of “Elde” personified, Rom. of Rose. “Senectus, helde; senex, haldman.” Vocab. Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. “Elde, senecta, senium, annositas.” Cath. ang. In the version of Vegecius, Roy. MS. 18 A. XII., it is said that military exercises “must be vsede before in yongthe, or the body be made slewthefulle by age and elde.” B. i, c. 4. Ang. Sax. eld, seneclus.

^{page 137 note 3} In Norfolk, according to Forby, the elder tree is still called eldern; “sambucus, an eldrun,” Harl. MS. 1002. Gautier de Bibelesworth says,

In Worcestershire the elder is termed ellern, and Piers Ploughman speaks of it thus:

“Un sehu, an ellir tree.” Harl. MS. 219. Ang. Sax. ellarn, ellen, sambucus. In the North the alder is called an eller, whence several names of places, as Ellerbeck, Ellerburn, &c. in Yorkshire, are derived. Ang. Sax. alr, alnus. “An ellyrtre, alnus; alnetum est locus ubi crescunt.” Cath. ang. In the Ortus is given another name of the elder, “sambucus, burtre, or hydul tre.”

^{page 137 note 4} “An elfadyr, socer; an eldmoder, socrus.” Cath. ang. In the North an ell-mother, or eld-moder, signifies a mother in law, or step-mother, but, as Jamieson observes, must have properly denoted a grandmother, from Ang.-Sax. ealde-moder, avia. John Heworth of Gateshead bequeathed, in 1571, his best horse to his father in law, and adds, “Item, I gyve vnto my eldmoder, his wyffe, my wyffes froke, and a read petticote.” Wills and Inv. published by the Surtees Soc. i. 352.

^{page 138 note 1} The Catholicon explains lamia to be a creature with a human face, and the body of a beast, or, according to a gloss on Isai. xxxiv, 14, a sort of female centaur, which entered houses when the doors were closed, as old wives’ tales went, and cruelly used the children, whence the name, “quasi lania, a laniando pueros.” The ancient leeches have given in their books numerous charms and nostrums for the relief of children “taken with elvys;” among which may be cited the following from a curious medical MS. of XVth cent. in the possession of Sir Thomas Phillipps. “For a chylde that ys elfe y-take, and may nat broke hys mete, that hys mouthe ys donne (sic.) Sey iij tymes thys verse, Beata mater munere, &c. In the worchyppe of God, and of our Ladi, sey iij pater noster, and iij aueys, and a crede; and he schal be hole.” In Sloane MS. 73, f. 125, it is directed to “take þe roote of gladen and make poudre þerof, and ɜeue þe sike boþe in his metes, and in hise drynkis, and he schal be hool wiþinne ix dayes and ix nyɜtis, or be deed, for certeyn.” William Langham, practitioner in physic, recommends this same remedy in his Garden of Health, 1579; and orders the root and seeds of the peony to be hung about children's necks, as a charm against the haunting of the fairies and goblins. The term elf is not, however, applied exclusively to mischievous spirits, but to fairies generally. See in Brand's Popular Antiquities detailed observations on the Fairy Mythology. “An elfe, lamia, eumenis, dicta ab en, quod est bonum, et mene, defectus. Elfe lande,” (no Latin word) Cath. ang. Horman seems to speak of elves as a sort of vampires: “No man stryueth with deed men but elfis, laruœ;” and Palsgrave give “elfe, or dwarfe, nain.” Ang.-Sax. elf, lamia.

^{page 138 note 2} This instrument seems to be the same which in East Sussex and Kent is known by the appellation of an eel-shear, but in other parts better known as an eel-spear.

^{page 138 note 3} This word occurs in the gloss on Gautier de Bibelesworth, Arund. MS. 220, where a buckled girdle is described:

“An elsyne, acus, subula.” Cath. ang. “Sibula, an elsyn, an alle, or a bodkyn.” Ortus. In the Inventory of the goods of a merchant at Newcastle, A.D. 1571, occur “vj doss’ elsen heftes, 12d. j clowte and ½ a c elson blades, viijs. viijd. xiij clowtes of talier nedles,” &c. Wills and Inv. published by the Surtees Society, i., 361. The term is derived from the French alène; “elson for cordwayners, alesne.” Palsg. In Yorkshire, and some other parts of England, an awl is still called an elsen.

^{page 139 note 1} The Anglo-Saxon word eam, avunculus, is commonly used by Chaucer, Gower, and all the earlier writers, and is not yet obsolete in the North of England. It is related in the life of St. Peter of Melane, that “one his eme whiche was an heretyke de-maunded of his lesson, and the chylde sayd to hym, credo;—his uncle sayd to hym that he sholde no more say so.” Legenda Aur. “An eme, avunculus, patruus. Versus, Patruus a patre pendet, avunculus ex genitrice. An eme son or doghter, patruelis, ex parte patris; consobrinus, ex parte matris.” Cath. ang. Bp. Kennett gives in his Glossarial collections, Lansd. MS. 1033, the following use of the word eam, noticed likewise by Grose: “Eam, an unkle, Bor. This term in the North is familiarly applied to a gossip, and indeed to any friend or neighbour; so is the word unkle in Worcestershire, and adjoining parts, where mine unkle or my nunkle is a common appellation, as mine eam in the North. Ex ore viri doctissimi G. H.”

^{page 139 note 2} This word is derived from the French “acheison, encheison; occasion heureuse, loisir, cause de bonheur, dessein,” &c. Roquef. “Enchesun, causa, occasio, accio, eventus, casus, racio.” Synonym. Harl. MS. 1002. See Chesun, and Cawse, or enchesone. It is used by Wicliffe, and many early writers. Occleve says of St. Margaret,

^{page 139 note 3} This appellation of a duck, which now seems to be quite obsolete, is the Ang. Saxon ened, anas, in Dutch, eend; it occurs in the glosses on Gautier de Bibelesworth.

And in another passage, “de naturell noyse des oyseaus, it is said,

^{page 139 note 4} Endytyd, or yid..…Ms. The scribe has left a blank on account of a defect in the MS. from which his transcript was made; this appears to be supplied by the reading of the King's MS.

^{page 140 note 1} The verb to ean or yean, which is commonly applied only to the bringing forth of lambs, here appears to have had anciently the more general signification of the word from which it is derived, Ang. Sax. eanian, eniti, parturire. See Somner, Nares, and Richardson.

^{page 140 note 2} In the Latin-English Vocab. Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. occurs among “nomina vermium, aranea, nerane;” the Medulla gives “muscaraneus, a litelle beste that sleethe the flye, the erayne;” and the Catholicon Angl. “Erane, a spyder or an attercopp, aranea.” Ray mentions arayn as the name given to the larger sorts of spiders in Nottinghamshire, and the word aran, or arain, is still in use in Yorkshire. See Araynye and Spynnare.

^{page 140 note 3} A garden was termed an Erbare, or herber, from the French herbier, and the appellation must not be here confounded with arbour, the derivation of which is probably from Ang.-Sax. herberga, mansio. Chaucer, however, seems to use the word herber in both significations. “Viretum, locus pascualis virens, a gresɜerd, or an herber.” Med. “An herber, herbarium.” Cath. ang. “Herbarium, an herber, ubi crescunt herbe, vel ubi habundant, or a gardyn.” Ortus. Caxton says, “Richer the carter shall lede dong on my land whan it shall be ered, and on my herber (courtil) whan it shall be doluen.” Book for Travellers. Hall describes a curious pageant exhibited at the entry of the Emperor Charles Vth into London, A.D. 1522, part of which was “a quadrant stage where on was an herber full of roses, lyllies, and all other flowers curiously wrought, and byrdes, beastes, and all other thynges of pleasure.” Chron. 14 Hen. VIII.

^{page 141 note 1} It has been observed under the word Blo erye, that the reading of the MS. may perhaps be considered as corrupt, by an error of the scribe, who wrote y for þ; but it must be observed that similar errors are of very rare occurrence in this MS. and that the words are here placed in their proper order, as written with a y, whilst Erthely will be found in its place afterwards, the letter þ being in the Anglo-Saxon alphabet usually placed at the end, and in the Promptorium next after W. In an early MS. of the Medulla Grammatice, in the Editor's possession, which is equally free from the use of the character y instead of þ, which towards the later part of the XVth century became very general, occurs the word “gliteus, eryen.”

^{page 141 note 2} “An erthe dyne, terremotus, or an erthe qvake.” Cath. ang. Mention occurs of “erthequaues” in the Legenda Aur. f. Xxv. Ang.-Sax. eorð-dyn, terrœ motus, cwacung, tremor. Robert of Gloucester uses the words erþgryþe, and erthegrine, signifying an earthquake.

^{page 141 note 3} “To ere, ubi to plughe.” Cath. ang. Palsgrave gives the verbs to ere, or to erye land, in the sense of ploughing; “he hath eared his lande, God send hym good innyng. To erye the yerthe, labourer.” Harrison, in his description of Britain, B. ii., c. 24, speaking of the numerous antiquities turned up by the plough, says that “in the beginning of the same Kings daies (Henry VIII.) also at Killeie a man found as he eared, an arming girdle harnessed with pure gold,” with spurs of gold, and other precious things, of which part were in the possession of one Dr. Ruthall. Holinsh. Chron. i., 217. Ang.-Sax. erian, arare.

^{page 141 note 4} From the Anglo-Saxon times until the Reformation, hermits, as well as anchorites or recluses, were a numerous class in England; many curious particulars regarding them have been brought together by Fosbroke, in his British Monachism, p. 503. The essential difference between the hermit and the Ankyr, or recluse, the terms occurring in the Promptorium, appears to be defined by Giraldus in his epistle to Abp. Langton, where he makes use of the following expression: “Heremitœ solivagi—Anachoritœ conclusi.” Ang. Sacra, ii., 436. They had both, however, a fixed dwelling-place, although differing in certain conditions; the establishment of an hermitage was among those acts which in former times served to testify, in a signal manner, of the piety of the founder, or his gratitude for divine protection. Thus it appears by Pat. I Hen. IV. that, having landed in Holderness, on his return after many years of banishment, and been seated on the throne, one of the first acts of that sovereign was the precept “de heremitagio œdificando apud quendam locum vocatum Ravenescrosbourne, in quo Rex ultimo suo adventu applicuit.” A curious evidence of the high respect and estimation in which recluses and hermits were held at this period, is afforded by the will of Henry, Lord de Scrop, A.D. 1415, whose bequests in their favour are singularly numerous and detailed. Rymer, ix, 275.

^{page 142 note 1} The verb to erne or yerne, signifying to hasten, or run as an animal, Ang.-Sax. yrnan, currere, has not been sufficiently distinguished from the verb to yearn, Ang.-Sax. ʓeornian, desiderare, expressive of anxious longing or deep affection. The former occurs in several of the old romances; thus it is related of the wonderful long-legged race that Alexander found running bare-foot in the Indian forest,

So also of the King of Navarre, when he charged forward to meet the Soudan's champion,

See also line 1934, where it is written “erne.” It expresses also the strenuous movement of the sailor.

In Piers Ploughman's Vision it is used to signify the flow of water, or running of tears.

Laneham, in his curious account of the reception of Elizabeth at Kenilworth Castle, in 1575, uses the word in describing the eager course of the stag-hound; “the earning of the hoounds in continuauns of their crie, y^e swiftnes of the deer, the running of footmen, the galloping of horsez … mooued pastyme delectabyl.” Bishop Kennett, in his Glossarial Coll. notices the sense of the word to earn, as used in the North, which is given also by Brockett and Jamieson; “to earn, to run as chees doth. Earning, chees rennet, Bor. from Sax. yrnen, currere.” Lansd. MS. 1033.

^{page 143 note 1} The earwig is still, according to Forby, called eriwiggle in Norfolk, but it appears to be only a local corruption, as the word is usually written more conformably to its Ang. Saxon original, ear-wiʓʓa, vermis auricularis. Thus in a Vocabulary, Harl. MS. 1002, is found “auriolus, Anglice a ɜerwygge;” and Palsgrave gives “Erwygge, a worme.” See Arwygyll.

^{page 143 note 2} This curious word appears to be a Latinism; but is, perhaps, more directly taken from the old French, “Esche; appât, amorce; esca.” Roquef.

^{page 143 note 3} This word is used by Chaucer and Lydgate, who in the Troy Book speaks

“Acetum, ayselle or bytter wyne.” Med. gramm. “Acetum, aysyl, or vinegre.” Roy. MS. 17 C. XVII. “Acetum, ayesell; Oxigalus, aysell menged.” Ortus. It occurs also in the Forme of Cury. Ang.-Sax. eisile, aisil, acetum.

^{page 143 note 4} This word usally signifies a vessel for water; “ewer to wasshe with, aiguier,” Palsg.; its meaning seems here to be transferred from the ewer to the person by whom it is carried. The Medulla gives “aquarius, aquaria, a waturberere.” Ang. Sax. hwer, huer, cacabus. Among the domestics of the Earl of Essex, mentioned in his will, 1361, occurs “Davy, q'est Barber et Ewer.” Nichols' Roy. Wills, 53.

^{page 143 note 5} “Evyn eldes, coetaneus, coevus, colectaneus, equevus.” Cath. ang. “Coetaneus, unius et ejusdem etatis, euen olde.” Ortus. Horman says, “lyke as I se my son do for his frende and euenɜelde (equalis) and help hym in his maters, so it is right that we olde men shuld help and do eche for oder.” Ang.-Sax. efen-eald, coevus.

^{page 144 note 1} The term evesynge, from the Ang.-Sax. evesung, tonsura, evese, margo, occurs in the Gloss on G. de Bibelesworth; MS. at Middle Hill.

“Seuerunder à la severunde (a serundel at þe eueses)” Arund. MS. 220, f. 301, b. It would seem hence that it was usual to take small birds, as the muskeron, or sparrow, and the swallow, by means of a net adjusted to the house eaves; they probably served, as they do still in Italy and Southern Europe, as articles of food. In Piers Ploughman's Vision are mentioned “Isykles in evesynges;” and in the Creed “Orcheyarde and erbers evesed wel clene;” in which instance the word seems to be used precisely in the sense of the Ang.-Saxon verb efesian, tondere, unless it may signify that the erber, or garden of herbs, was neatly hedged in. The Medulla renders “intonsus, vnevesed. Antipophara, an evesynge.” In the North of England the eaves are called easings. “Severonde, the eaue, eauing, or easing of a house.” Cotgr.