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How Animals Create Human History: Relational Ecology and the Dorset–Polar Bear Connection

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Matthew w. Betts ,
Mari Hardenberg  and
Ian Stirling
Matthew w. Betts
Affiliation:
Research Division, Canadian Museum of History, 100 Laurier St. Gatineau, Quebec, Canada, Kl A OM8 (matthew.betts@civilization.ca)
Mari Hardenberg
Affiliation:
Nunatta Katersugaasivia Allagaateqarfialu, Greenland National Museum and Archives, Box 145, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland ()
Ian Stirling
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405, Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9; and Wildlife Research Division, Department of Environment, Biological Sciences Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 ()
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Abstract

Carvings that represent polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are commonly found in Dorset Paleo-Eskimo archaeological sites across the eastern Arctic. Relational ecology, combined with Amerindian perspectivism, provides an integrated framework within which to comprehensively assess the connections between Dorset and polar bears. By considering the representational aspects of the objects, we reveal an ethology of polar bears encoded within the carvings’ various forms. Reconstructing the experiences and perceptions of Dorset as they routinely interacted with these creatures, and placing these interactions in socioeconomic, environmental, and historical context, permits us to decode a symbolic ecology inherent in the effigies. To the Dorset, these carvings were simultaneously tools and mnemonics (symbols). As tools, they were used to directly access the predatory and spiritual abilities of bears or, more prosaically, to teach and remind of the variety of proper hunting techniques available for capturing seals. As symbols, however, they were far more powerful, signaling how Dorset people conceptualized themselves and their place in the universe. Symbolic of an ice-edge way of life, the effigies expose the role that this special relationship with polar bears played in the creation of Dorset histories and identities.

Dans l’Arctique de l’est, nous trouvons communément de petites sculptures représentant l’ours blanc (Ursus maritimus) dans les sites archéologiques dorsétiens du Paléoesquimau supérieur. Dans cette étude, le perspectivisme amérindien et l’écologie relationnelle fournissent un cadre d’analyse pour la compréhension de la relation entre les Dorsétiens et l’ours blanc. L’analyse du contenu représentationnel des objets y compris l’anatomie et la position de l’ours, nous permet d’identifier les facteurs éthologiques encodés dans les sculptures. Nous reconstruisons les expériences et les perceptions des Dorsétiens en interaction avec l’ours blanc et nous replaçons ces interactions dans un contexte socio-économique, environnemental et historique afin de décoder les éléments d’écologie symbolique inhérente aux effigies. Pour les Dorsétiens, ces objets servaient à la fois d’outils et de sculptures mnémotechniques. Ils ont été utilisés en tant qu ‘outils pour accéder directement aux capacités prédatrices et spirituelles de l’ours ou, plus prosaïquement, pour enseigner ou rappeler les différentes techniques de chasse aux phoques. Mais c’est en tant que symboles que ces petites sculptures prennent tout leur sens et leur puissance. Ces objets représentent la cosmologie des Dorsétiens, leur conception de soi et leur place dans le monde. Ces effigies symbolisent le mode de vie des Dorsétiens, au bord de la banquise, et reflètent l’importance de la relation spéciale avec l’ours blanc dans la création des histoires et des identités dorsétiennes.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 80 , Issue 1 , January 2015 , pp. 89 - 112
Copyright
Copyright © 2015 by the Society for American Archaeology.

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