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Resilience in the aftermath of hurricanes: Fluctuations in a Critically Endangered population of West Indian Woodpeckers Melanerpes superciliaris nyeanus over two decades

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 August 2020

MICHAEL E. AKRESH Open the ORCID record for MICHAEL E. AKRESH [Opens in a new window] ,
ROBERT A. ASKINS ,
DAVID I. KING ,
FLOYD E. HAYES ,
PATRICIA E. BARRY  and
WILLIAM K. HAYES
MICHAEL E. AKRESH*
Affiliation:
Department of Environmental Studies, Antioch University New England, Keene, NH03431USA. Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 201 Holdsworth Hall, Amherst, MA01003USA.
ROBERT A. ASKINS
Affiliation:
Biology Department, Connecticut College, New London, CT06320USA.
DAVID I. KING
Affiliation:
U.S. Forest Service Northern Research Station, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 201 Holdsworth Hall, Amherst, MA01003, USA.
FLOYD E. HAYES
Affiliation:
Biology Department, Pacific Union College, 1 Angwin Ave., Angwin, CA94508USA.
PATRICIA E. BARRY
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA92350USA.
WILLIAM K. HAYES
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA92350USA.
*
*Author for correspondence; email: makresh@antioch.edu
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Summary

Cyclonic storms (often called hurricanes, typhoons, or cyclones) often cause population declines in vulnerable bird species, and the intensity of these storms appears to be increasing due to climate change. Prior studies have reported short-term impacts of hurricanes on avifauna, but few have examined long-term impacts. Over two decades (1993–2018), we periodically surveyed a subspecies of West Indian Woodpecker Melanerpes superciliaris nyeanus on San Salvador, a small island in The Bahamas, to determine its distribution on the island, habitat use, and effects of hurricanes on abundance and population size. We conducted passive and playback surveys, supplemented with mist-netting. Woodpeckers were found only in the northern part of San Salvador, despite extensive surveys throughout other accessible areas of the island. Birds occupied areas with taller coppice adjacent to sabal palm Sabal palmetto groves, which were used for nesting. After hurricanes with >160 kph winds passed over San Salvador, woodpecker densities declined to 35–40% of pre-hurricane densities, but generally recovered back to pre-hurricane densities within 2–3 years. Based on an estimated density of woodpeckers within a ~1,400 ha occupied area, we calculated a population size of approximately 240 individuals (CI = 68-408). However, the population declined to far lower numbers immediately following hurricanes. Under IUCN Red List criteria, M. s. nyeanus classifies as ‘Critically Endangered’, and could be especially sensitive to future hurricanes if they occur at a high enough frequency or intensity to prevent the population from rebounding. Given the small size, isolation, and vulnerability of this population, we recommend preservation of the core habitat, continued monitoring, and further research. Our study shows that small, threatened bird populations can be resilient to the effects of hurricanes, but increased intensity of hurricanes, in combination with other threats, may limit this resilience in the future.

Keywords

CaribbeanTropical StormsGlobal WarmingIsland PopulationsNatural Disturbance
Type
Research Article
Information
Bird Conservation International , Volume 31 , Issue 2 , June 2021 , pp. 185 - 205
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of BirdLife International

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