Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ttngx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-09T22:37:01.538Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 April 2023

Ifeoma Ajunwa
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina School of Law
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Quantified Worker
Law and Technology in the Modern Workplace
, pp. 399 - 444
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Primary Sources

Abril, Patricia Sanchez, et al. “Blurred Boundaries: Social Media Privacy and the Twenty-First- Century Employee.” American Business Law Journal 49, no. 1 (2012): 63124.Google Scholar
ACLU. “Genetic Discrimination in the Workplace Factsheet.” www.aclu.org/other/genetic-discrimination-workplace-factsheet-9 (accessed May 2, 2020).Google Scholar
ACLU of Rhode Island. “ACLU and CVS/Pharmacy Resolve Discrimination Complaint.” ACLU RI News, July 19, 2011. www.riaclu.org/news/post/aclu-and-cvs-pharmacy-resolve-discrimination-complaint.Google Scholar
ADA National Network. “What Is the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)?” https://adata.org/learn-about-ada (accessed Mar. 17, 2021).Google Scholar
Advisory Board. “When Your Employer Gives You a Fitbit, Who Owns the Data?” Advisory Board: Daily Briefing, Feb. 20, 2019. www.advisory.com/daily-briefing/2019/02/20/employee-wearables.Google Scholar
AFL-CIO. “AFL-CIO Launches Technology Institute.” Press Release, Jan. 11, 2021, https://aflcio.org/press/releases/afl-cio-launches-technology-institute.Google Scholar
AFL-CIO. Commission on the Future of Work and Unions. Report, Sept. 13, 2019. https://aflcio.org/reports/afl-cio-commission-future-work-and-unions.Google Scholar
Ajunwa, Ifeoma. “Algorithms at Work: Productivity Monitoring Applications and Wearable Technology as the New Data-Centric Research Agenda for Employment and Labor Law.” Saint Louis University Law Journal 63, no. 1 (2018): 2153.Google Scholar
Ajunwa, Ifeoma. “The Auditing Imperative for Automated Hiring.” Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 34, no. 2 (2021): 621700.Google Scholar
Ajunwa, Ifeoma. “Automated Employment Discrimination.” Harvard Journal on Law and Technology 34, no. 2 (2021): 621–99.Google Scholar
Ajunwa, Ifeoma. “Automated Video Interviewing as the New Phrenology.” Berkeley Technology Law Journal 36, no. 3 (2021): 1173–225.Google Scholar
Ajunwa, Ifeoma. “The ‘Black Box’ at Work.” Big Data & Society 7, no. 2 (2020): 16.Google Scholar
Ajunwa, Ifeoma. “Genetic Data and Civil Rights.” Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 51, no. 1 (2016): 75114.Google Scholar
Ajunwa, Ifeoma. “Genetic Testing Meets Big Data: Torts and Contract Law Issues.” Ohio State Law Journal 75, no. 6 (2014): 1225–62. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2460891.Google Scholar
Ajunwa, Ifeoma. “Facebook Users Aren’t the Reason Facebook Is in Trouble Now.” Washington Post, Mar. 23, 2018. www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2018/03/23/facebook-users-arent-the-reason-facebook-is-in-trouble-now/.Google Scholar
Ajunwa, Ifeoma. “The Paradox of Automation as Anti-Bias Intervention.” Cardozo Law Review 41, no. 5 (2020): 1671–742.Google Scholar
Ajumwa, Ifeoma. “Race, Labor, and the Future of Work.” In Oxford Handbook of Race and Law in the United States, edited by Houh, Emily, Bridges, Khiara, and Carbado, Devon. New York: Oxford University Press, 2022: 1–18.Google Scholar
Ajunwa, Ifeoma. “Workplace Wellness Programs Could Be Putting Your Health Data at Risk.” Harvard Business Review, Jan. 19, 2017. https://hbr.org/2017/01/workplace-wellness-programs-could-be-putting-your-health-data-at-risk.Google Scholar
Ajunwa, Ifeoma, et al. “Limitless Worker Surveillance.” California Law Review 105, no. 3 (2017): 736–76.Google Scholar
Ajunwa, Ifeoma, and Onwuachi-Willig, Angela. “Combatting Discrimination against the Formerly Incarcerated in the Labor Market.” Northwestern University Law Review 112, no. 6 (2018): 1385–415.Google Scholar
Ajunwa, Ifeoma, and Green, Daniel. “Platforms at Work: Automated Hiring Platforms and Other New Intermediaries in the Organization of Work.” Work and Labor in the Digital Age 33 (2019): 6191.Google Scholar
Ajunwa, Ifeoma, Schultz, Jason, and Crawford, Kate. “Limitless Worker Surveillance.” California Law Review 105, no. 3 (2017): 736–76.Google Scholar
Ajunwa, Ifeoma, Crawford, Kate, and Ford, Joel. “Health and Big Data: An Ethical Framework for Health Information Collection by Corporate Wellness Programs.” Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics 44, no. 3 (2016): 474–80.Google Scholar
Alaka, Aida Marie. “Corporate Reorganizations, Job Layoffs, and Age Discrimination: Has Smith v. City of Jackson Substantially Expanded the Rights of Older Workers Under the ADEA?Albany Law Review 70, no. 1 (2006): 143–80.Google Scholar
Allan, Patrick. “Five Ways to Cheat Your Way to 10,000 Fitbit Steps Every Day.” LifeHacker, Oct. 27, 2016. https://lifehacker.com/five-ways-to-cheat-your-way-to-10-000-fitbit-steps-ever-1788302045.Google Scholar
Alon-Shenker, Pnina. “Legal Barriers to Age Discrimination in Hiring Complaints.” Dalhousie University Law Journal 39, no. 1 (2016): 289325.Google Scholar
American Diabetes Association. The History of a Wonderful Thing We Call Insulin, July 1, 2019. www.diabetes.org/blog/history-wonderful-thing-we-call-insulin (accessed May 26, 2021).Google Scholar
American Management Association (AMA). “The Latest on Workplace Monitoring and Surveillance.” Apr. 8, 2019. www.amanet.org/articles/the-latest-on-workplace-monitoring-and-surveillance/.Google Scholar
American Management Association (AMA). Workplace Testing and Monitoring. Briarcliff Manor, New York: American Management Association, 1998.Google Scholar
American Psychological Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 2015.Google Scholar
American Psychological Association (APA). “DSM History.” www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/history-of-the-dsm (accessed May 10, 2021).Google Scholar
American Psychological Association (APA). “Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5.” https://psychiatry.msu.edu/_files/docs/Changes-From-DSM-IV-TR-to-DSM-5.pdf (accessed May 10, 2021).Google Scholar
American Social Project. Who Built America? Vol. 1, To 1877. New York: Worth Publishing, 2000.Google Scholar
American Social Project. Who Built America? Vol. 2, Since 1877. New York: Worth Publishing, 2000.Google Scholar
Ananny, Mike, and Crawford, Kate. “Seeing without Knowing: Limitations of the Transparency Ideal and Its Application to Algorithmic Accountability.” New Media & Society 20, no. 3 (2016): 973–89.Google Scholar
Anderko, Laura, et al. “Promoting Prevention through the Affordable Care Act: Workplace Wellness.” Preventing Chronic Disease 9, no. 12 (2012): E175. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23237245/.Google Scholar
Anderson, Elizabeth. Private Government: How Employers Rule Our Lives (and Why We Don’t Talk about It). Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Andreou, Ashley. “A Tool Doctors Use Every Day Can Perpetuate Medical Racism.” Scientific American, June 7, 2021. www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-tool-doctors-use-every-day-can-perpetuate-medical-racism/.Google Scholar
Angwin, Julia, Schelber, Noam, and Tobin, Ariana. “Facebook Job Ads Raise Concerns about Age Discrimination.” New York Times, Dec. 20, 2017. www.nytimes.com/2017/12/20/business/facebook-job-ads.html.Google Scholar
Argyris, Chris. Personality and the Organization: The Conflict between the System and the Individual. New York: Harper, 1957.Google Scholar
Article 19. Emotional Entanglement: China’s Emotion Recognition Market and Its Implications for Human Rights. [Report], January 2021.Google Scholar
Arvey, Richard D., and Campion, James E.. “The Employment Interview: A Summary and Review of Recent Research.” Personnel Psychology 35, no. 2 (1982): 281322.Google Scholar
Ashley, Kevin, Branting, Karl, Margolis, Howard, and Sunstein, Cass R.. “Legal Reasoning and Artificial Intelligence: How Computers ‘Think’ Like Lawyers.” University of Chicago Law School Roundtable 8, no. 1 (2001): 127.Google Scholar
Associated Press. “Black NFL Players Call for End of Algorithm That Assumes Black Men Have Lower Cognitive Abilities.” MarketWatch, May 14, 2021. www.marketwatch.com/story/retired-black-nfl-players-and-their-families-call-for-race-norming-practice-to-end-01621018741.Google Scholar
Associated Press. “Judge Approves Potential $1 Billion Settlement to Resolve NFL Concussion Lawsuits.” USA Today, Apr. 22, 2015. www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/2015/04/22/nfl-concussion-lawsuit-settlement-judge-1-billion/26192827/.Google Scholar
Atlassian. “Building Equitable, Balanced Teams and a Sense of Belonging.” www.atlassian.com/belonging [https://perma.cc/3949-T3ZN] (accessed Mar. 2, 2020).Google Scholar
Atlassian. “Company Values.” www.atlassian.com/company/values [https://perma.cc/WS37-QL4Q] (accessed Mar. 2, 2020).Google Scholar
Attewell, Paul. “Big Brother and the Sweatshop: Computer Surveillance in the Automated Office.” Sociological Theory 5, no. 1 (1987): 97100.Google Scholar
Autor, David H., and Scarborough, David. “Does Job Testing Harm Minority Workers? Evidence from Retail Establishments. Quarterly Journal of Economics 123, no. 1 (2008): 219–77.Google Scholar
Avraham, Ronen, and Yuracko, Kimberly. “The Use of Race- and Sex-Based Data to Calculate Damages Is a Stain on Our Legal System.” Washington Post, Apr. 29, 2021. www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/04/29/race-sex-based-data-legal-damages/.Google Scholar
Ayres, Ian, and Gerarda Brown, Jennifer. “Mark(et)ing Nondiscrimination: Privatizing ENDA with a Certification Mark.” Michigan Law Review 104, no. 7 (2006): 16391712.Google Scholar
Ayres, Ian, and Siegelman, Peter. “The Q-Word as Red Herring: Why Disparate Impact Liability Does Not Induce Hiring Quotas.” Texas Law Review 74, no. 1 (1996): 14871526.Google Scholar
Baez, H. Beau. “Personality Test in Employment Selection: Use with Caution.” Cornell HR Review, Jan. 26, 2013. https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/chrr/59/.Google Scholar
Bailey, Diane E., and Kurland, Nancy B.. “A Review of Telework Research: Findings, New Directions, and Lessons for the Study of Modern Work.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 23, no. 4 (2002): 383400.Google Scholar
Bales, Richard A., and Stone, Katherine V. W.. “The Invisible Web at Work: Artificial Intelligence and Electronic Surveillance in the Workplace.” Berkeley Journal of Labor and Employment Law 41, no. 1 (2020): 160.Google Scholar
Balkin, Jack M., and Siegel, Reva B.. The American Civil Rights Tradition: Anticlassification or Antisubordination?” Miami Law Review 58, no. 1 (2003): 933.Google Scholar
Ballaban, Michael. “When Henry Ford’s Benevolent Secret Police Ruled His Workers.” Jalopnik, Mar. 23, 2014. https://jalopnik.com/when-henry-fords-benevolent-secret-police-ruled-his-wo-1549625731.Google Scholar
Ballman, Donna. “10 New (and Legal) Ways Your Employer Is Spying on You.” Business Insider, Sept. 29, 2013. www.businessinsider.com/10-new-and-legal-ways-your-employer-is-spying-on-you-2013-9.Google Scholar
Barber, Linda. “E-recruitment Development.” Institute for Employment Studies, HR Network Paper MP63, Mar. 2006. www.employment-studies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/mp63.pdf.Google Scholar
Barenberg, Mark. “The Political Economy of the Wagner Act: Power, Symbol, and Workplace Cooperation.” Harvard Law Review 106, no. 7 (1993): 13811496.Google Scholar
Bariso, Justin. “This Company’s Approach to Remote Work Is the Worst I’ve Ever Seen.” Inc., Sept. 16, 2020. www.inc.com/justin-bariso/this-companys-approach-to-remote-work-is-worst-ive-ever-seen-emotional-intelligence.html.Google Scholar
Barnes, Patricia. “Artificial Intelligence Poses New Threat to Equal Employment Opportunity.” Forbes, Nov. 10, 2019. www.forbes.com/sites/patriciagbarnes/2019/11/10/artificial-intelligence-poses-new-threat-to-equal-employment-opportunity/?sh=6e0a33036488.Google Scholar
Barocas, Solon, and Selbst, Andrew D.. “Big Data’s Disparate Impact.” California Law Review 104, no. 3 (2016): 671732.Google Scholar
Barrett, Lisa Feldman. “Are Emotions Natural Kinds?Perspectives on Psychological Science 1, no. 1 (2006): 2858.Google Scholar
Barrett, Lisa Feldman, et al. “Emotional Expressions Reconsidered: Challenges to Inferring Emotions from Human Facial Movements.” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 20, no. 1 (2019): 168. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1529100619832930.Google Scholar
Bartz, Andrea. “This Healthcare Company Is Determined to Have the Healthiest Employees in the World.” Johnson & Johnson: Innovation, Feb. 25, 2018. www.jnj.com/innovation/how-johnson-johnson-is-improving-workplace-wellness-for-healthiest-employees (accessed May 25, 2021).Google Scholar
Bassett, Debra Lyn. “Silencing Our Elders.” Nevada Law Review 15, no. 2 (2015): 519–36.Google Scholar
Becker, Gary S. The Economic Approach to Human Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Becker, Gary S. The Economics of Discrimination, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Bell, Alexander Graham. Memoir upon the Formation of a Deaf Variety of the Human Race. 1883. Paper Presented to the National Academy of Sciences at New Haven, Nov. 13, 1882.Google Scholar
Bender, Matthew. Banks & Thrifts: Government Enforcement & Receivership. New York: Matthew Bender Elite Products, 2018.Google Scholar
Beniger, James. The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Bensinger, Greg. “So Far, under California’s New Privacy Law, Firms Are Disclosing Too Little Data – or Far Too Much.” Washington Post, Jan. 21, 2020. www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/01/21/ccpa-transparency/.Google Scholar
Bent, Jason. “Is Algorithmic Affirmative Action Legal?Georgetown Law Journal 108, no. 4 (2020): 803–53.Google Scholar
Berman, Skyler R.Bargaining Over Biometrics: How Player Unions Should Protect Athletes in the Age of Wearable Technology.” Brooklyn Law Review 85, no. 2 (2020): 543–70.Google Scholar
Bertrand, Marianne, and Mullainathan, Sendhill. “Are Emily and Greg More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination.” American Economic Review 94, no. 4 (2004): 991–1013.Google Scholar
Bianchi, Alden. “EEOC v. Flambeau, Judicial Restraint, and the Uncertain Future of Employer-Sponsored Wellness Programs.” Mintz Insight, Jan. 31, 2017. www.mintz.com/insights-center/viewpoints/2226/2017-01-eeoc-v-flambeau-judicial-restraint-and-uncertain-future (accessed May 25, 2021).Google Scholar
Biddle Consulting Group. Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures. http://uniformguidelines.com/uniformguidelines.html#18 (accessed Sept. 22, 2019).Google Scholar
Bieber, Friedemann, and Moggia, Jakob. “Risk Shifts in the Gig Economy: The Normative Case for an Insurance Scheme against the Effects of Precarious Work.” Journal of Political Philosophy 29, no. 3 (2021): 271304.Google Scholar
Blackmon, Douglas A. Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II. New York: Doubleday, 2008.Google Scholar
Blau, Peter M. The Dynamics of Bureaucracy: A Study of Interpersonal Relations in Two Government Agencies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955.Google Scholar
Block, Sharon, and Sachs, Benjamin. “Worker Organizations Must Enable Worker Power.” American Compass: A Seat at the Table, Sept. 22, 2020. https://americancompass.org/articles/worker-organizations-must-enable-worker-power/.Google Scholar
Bloy, Marjorie. “The Repeal of the Combination Acts (1824).” The Web of English History, last updated Jan. 12, 2016, www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/l-pool/combacts.htm.Google Scholar
Bodie, Matthew T.The Law of Employee Data: Privacy, Property and Governance.” Indiana Law Journal 97, no. 2 (2021): 1–68.Google Scholar
Bodie, Matthew T., et al. “The Law and Policy of People Analytics.” University of Colorado Law Review 88, no. 4 (2017): 961–1042.Google Scholar
Bodie, Matthew, and McMahon, Michael. “Employee Testing, Tracing, and Disclosure as a Response to the Coronavirus Pandemic.” Washington University Journal of Law and Policy 64, no. 1 (2021): 3161.Google Scholar
Bogen, Miranda. “All the Ways Algorithms Can Introduce Bias.” Harvard Business Review, May 6, 2019. https://hbr.org/2019/05/all-the-ways-hiring-algorithms-can-introduce-bias.Google Scholar
Bond, Shannon. “Your Boss May Soon Track You at Work for Coronavirus Safety.” NPR: The Coronavirus Crisis, May 8, 2020. www.npr.org/2020/05/08/852896051/your-boss-may-soon-track-you-at-work-for-coronavirus-safety.Google Scholar
Booker, Cory. “Booker, Wyden, Clarke Introduce Bill Requiring Companies to Target Bias in Corporate Algorithms.” Press Release, Apr. 10, 2019. www.booker.senate.gov/news/press/booker-wyden-clarke-introduce-bill-requiring-companies-to-target-bias-in-corporate-algorithms.Google Scholar
Bornstein, Stephanie. “Antidiscriminatory Algorithms.” Alabama Law Review 70, no. 2 (2018): 519–72.Google Scholar
Bornstein, Stephanie. “Reckless Discrimination.” California Law Review 105, no. 4 (2017): 1055–110.Google Scholar
Borsellino, Regina. “Beat the Robots: How to Get Your Resume Past the System and into Human Hands.” The Muse. www.themuse.com/advice/beat-the-robots-how-to-get-your-resume-past-the-system-into-human-hands (accessed June 3, 2021).Google Scholar
Boyd, Danah, and Crawford, Kate. “Critical Questions for Data: Provocations for a Cultural, Technological, and Scholarly Phenomenon.” Information, Communication & Society 15, no. 5 (2012): 662679.Google Scholar
Boyle, Alan. “Amazon Wins a Pair of Patents for Wireless Wristbands That Track Warehouse Workers.” GeekWire, Jan. 30, 2018. www.geekwire.com/2018/amazon-wins-patents-wireless-wristbands-track-warehouse-workers/ [https://perma.cc/XN4M-LUQS].Google Scholar
Bradley, Keith. Slavery and Society at Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Breen, Keith. “Freedom, Republicanism, and Workplace Democracy.” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 18, no. 4 (2015): 470–85.Google Scholar
Bridges, Khiara M.The Deserving Poor, the Undeserving Poor, and Class-Based Affirmative Action.” Emory Law Journal 66, no. 5 (2017): 1049–114.Google Scholar
Bright, David S., et al. Principles of Management. OpenStax, 2019. https://opentextbc.ca/principlesofmanagementopenstax/ (accessed Nov. 11, 2021).Google Scholar
Brocklehurst, Michael. “Power, Identity and New Technology Homework: Implications for ‘New Forms’ of Organizing.” Organization Studies 22, no. 3 (2001): 445–66.Google Scholar
Broich, John. “2017 Isn’t ‘1984’ – It’s Stranger Than Orwell Imagined.” The Independent, Feb. 1, 2017. www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/2017-isn-t-1984-it-s-stranger-than-orwell-imagined-a7555341.html.Google Scholar
Brown, Elizabeth A.The Fitbit Fault Line: Two Proposals to Protect Health and Fitness Data at Work.” Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law & Ethics 16, no. 1 (2016): 149.Google Scholar
Brown, Elizabeth A.A Healthy Mistrust: Curbing Biometric Data Misuse in the Workplace.” Stanford Technology Law Review 23, no. 2 (2020): 252–98.Google Scholar
Brown, Lauren. “‘Gut Feeling’ Still the Most Common Deciding Factor in Hiring, Survey Shows.” People Management, July 11, 2018. www.peoplemanagement.co.uk/news/articles/gut-feeling-most-common-deciding-factor-in-hiring-survey-shows.Google Scholar
Brown, Sarah M., and Brison, Natasha T.. “Big Data, Big Problems: Analysis of Professional Sports Leagues’ CBAs and Their Handling of Athlete Biometric Data.” Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport 30, no. 1 (2020): 6381.Google Scholar
Brown, Stewart L.Mutual Funds and the Regulatory Capture of the SEC.” Journal of Business Law 19, no. 3 (2018): 701–49.Google Scholar
Brummond Jeremy, P., and Thornton, Patrick J.. “The Legal Side of Jobsite Technology.” Construction Today, June 22, 2016. www.construction-today.com/sections/columns/2752-the-legal-side-of-jobsite-technology [https://perma.cc/P5AX-9GRT].Google Scholar
Bui, Terri H.The Rise of Technology in the Construction Industry.” Orange County Lawyer 61, no. 9 (Sept. 2019): 3739.Google Scholar
Buolamwini, Joy. “When the Robot Doesn’t See Dark Skin.” New York Times, June 21, 2018. www.nytimes.com/2018/06/21/opinion/facial-analysis-technology-bias.html.Google Scholar
Buolamwini, Joy, and Gebru, Timnit. “Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification.” Proceedings of Machine Learning Research 81, no. 1 (2018): 115.Google Scholar
Burawoy, Michael. Manufacturing Consent: Changes in the Labor Process under Monopoly Capitalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.Google Scholar
Burda, David. “Workplace Wellness Programs and the Coronavirus Pandemic.” 4SightHealth, May 27, 2020. www.4sighthealth.com/workplace-wellness-programs-and-the-coronavirus-pandemic/ (accessed May 25, 2021).Google Scholar
Bushnell, Sarah Terrill. The Truth about Henry Ford. Chicago: Reilly & Lee Co., 1922.Google Scholar
Business Roundtable. “Statement on the Purpose of a Corporation,” Aug. 2019. https://s3.amazonaws.com/brt.org/BRT-StatementonthePurposeofaCorporationJuly2021.pdf.Google Scholar
Cable, Daniel M., and Judge, Timothy A.. “Interviewers’ Perceptions of Person–Organization Fit and Organizational Selection Decisions.” Journal of Applied Psychology 82, no. 4 (1997): 546–61.Google Scholar
Campbell, Alexia Fernandez. “Trump Tried to Sabotage a Plan to Close the Gender Pay Gap. A Judge Wouldn’t Have It.” Vox, Apr. 26, 2019. www.vox.com/2019/4/26/18515920/gender-pay-gap-rule-eeoc.Google Scholar
Campbell, Harry. “Lyft & Uber Driver Survey 2020: Uber Driver Satisfaction Takes a Big Hit.” Ride Share Guy, Feb. 14, 2021. https://therideshareguy.com/uber-driver-survey/.Google Scholar
Caperchione, Christina M., et al. “How Do Management and Non-Management Employees Perceive Workplace Wellness Programmes? A Qualitative Examination.” Health Education Journal 75, no. 5 (2015): 553–64.Google Scholar
Cappelli, Peter. The Future of the Office. Philadelphia: Wharton School Press, 2021.Google Scholar
Carbado, Devon W.Racial Naturalization.” American Quarterly 57, no. 3 (2005): 633–58.Google Scholar
Carbado, Devon W., and Gulati, Mitu. “Working Identity.” Cornell Law Review 85, no. 5 (2005): 12591308.Google Scholar
Carpenter, Daniel, and Moss, David A., eds. Preventing Regulatory Capture: Special Interest Influence and How to Limit It. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Cavounidis, Costas, and Lang, Kevin. “Discrimination and Worker Evaluation.” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 21612, October 2015. www.nber.org/papers/w21612.Google Scholar
CB Media. “Factories during the Industrial Revolution.” IndustrialRevolution.com, 2010. https://industrialrevolution.org.uk/factories-industrial-revolution/.Google Scholar
CBS News. “Jury Awards Millions in Case of the ‘Devious Defecator.’” CBS News, June 25, 2015. www.cbsnews.com/news/jury-awards-millions-in-case-of-the-devious-defecator/.Google Scholar
Chander, Anupam. “The Racist Algorithm?Michigan Law Review 115, no. 6 (2017): 1023–45.Google Scholar
Chauriye, Nicole. “Wearable Devices as Admissible Evidence: Technology Is Killing Our Opportunities to Lie.” Catholic University of Law and Technology 24, no. 2 (2016): 495528.Google Scholar
Chen, Angela. “The AI Hiring Industry Is Under Scrutiny – But It’ll Be Hard to Fix.” MIT Technology Review, Nov. 7, 2019. www.technologyreview.com/2019/11/07/75194/hirevue-ai-automated-hiring-discrimination-ftc-epic-bias/.Google Scholar
Cherry, Kendra. “The Origins of Psychology.” VeryWellMind, June 25, 2020. www.verywellmind.com/a-brief-history-of-psychology-through-the-years-2795245.Google Scholar
Chua, Amy, and Rubenfeld, Jed. The Triple Package: How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America. New York: Penguin Book Publishing, 2014.Google Scholar
Chung, Chia-Fang, et al. “Finding the Right Fit: Understanding Health Tracking in Workplace Wellness Programs.” In CHI’17: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, May 6–11, 2017. New York: Association of Computing Machinery, 2017.Google Scholar
Chung, Christine Sgarlata. “From Lily Bart to the Boom-Boom Room: How Wall Street’s Social and Cultural Response to Women Has Shaped Securities Regulation.” Harvard Journal of Law & Gender 33, no. 1 (2010): 175245.Google Scholar
Chung, Lisa Hird. “Prohibiting Genetic Discrimination in Calif.” Law360, Oct. 6, 2011. www.law360.com/articles/274791.Google Scholar
Citron, Danielle Keats, and Pasquale, Frank A.. “The Scored Society: Due Process for Automated Predictions.” Washington Law Review 89, no. 1 (2014): 133.Google Scholar
Claims and Litigation Management (CLM). “Rise of the Machines: Can and Should Your Fitness Tracker Be Used against You in a Court of Law?” Session 2B, CLM 2017 National Management & Professional Liability Conference, July 26–28, 2017.Google Scholar
Clemont, Kevin M., and Schwab, Stewart J.. “How Employment Discrimination Plaintiffs Fare in Federal Court.” Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 1, no. 2 (2004): 429–58.Google Scholar
Clever Control. Frequently Asked Questions. https://clevercontrol.com/faq (accessed Oct. 2, 2020).Google Scholar
CLIC Faculty. “Professor Woodrow Hartzog Calls for a Ban on Facial Recognition Technology in New Publication.” Northeastern: CLIC, Apr. 14, 2020. www.northeastern.edu/clic/2020/04/.Google Scholar
Coaston, Jane. “The Intersectionality Wars.” Vox, last updated May 28, 2019. www.vox.com/the-highlight/2019/5/20/18542843/intersectionality-conservatism-law-race-gender-discrimination.Google Scholar
Cofone, Ignacio N.Algorithmic Discrimination Is an Information Problem.” Hastings Law Journal 70, no. 6 (2019): 13891443.Google Scholar
Cohen, Adam. Imbeciles: The Supreme Court, American Eugenics, and the Sterilization of Carrie Buck. New York: Penguin, 2016.Google Scholar
Cohen, Julie E.Law for the Platform Economy.” UC Davis Law Review 51, no. 1 (2017): 133204.Google Scholar
Cohen, Julie E.The Regulatory State in the Information Age.” Theoretical Inquiries in Law 17, no. 2 (2016): 369414.Google Scholar
Cohen, Julie E.The Surveillance-Innovation Complex: The Irony of the Participatory Turn.” In The Participatory Condition of the Digital Age, edited by Barney, Darin et al., 207–28. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Colker, Ruth. “The Americans with Disabilities Act: A Windfall for Defendants.” Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 34, no. 1 (1999): 99139.Google Scholar
Color Health, Inc. Color Privacy Policy. Last updated Nov. 1, 2021. www.color.com/privacy-policy.Google Scholar
Color Health, Inc. Home Page. www.color.com/ (accessed May 26, 2021).Google Scholar
Confirm Biosciences. “Workplace Drug Testing Guide,” May 4, 2018. www.confirmbiosciences.com/knowledge/workplace/workplace-drug-testing-guide/.Google Scholar
Cook, Dan. “Large Employers See Health Cost Reductions.” BenefitsPro, Aug. 13, 2014. www.benefitspro.com/2014/08/13/large-employers-see-health-cost-reductions/?slreturn=20211120163334.Google Scholar
Copeland, Rob, and Hope, Bradley. “The World’s Largest Hedge Fund Is Building an Algorithmic Model from Its Employees’ Brains.” Wall Street Journal, Dec. 22, 2016. www.wsj.com/articles/the-worlds-largest-hedge-fund-is-building-an-algorithmic-model-of-its-founders-brain-1482423694.Google Scholar
Corbett, William R.Fixing Employment Discrimination Law.” SMU Law Review 62, no. 1 (2009): 81116.Google Scholar
Costanza-Chock, Sasha. Design Justice: Community-Led Practices to Build the Worlds We Need. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Council for Responsible Genetics. “Genetic Testing, Privacy and Discrimination.” CRG in the Press. Archived Nov. 17, 2015, https://perma.cc/E59R-EQ9Y (accessed May 25, 2021).Google Scholar
Couret, Jacques. “UPS Using ‘Wearable’ Scanning System.” Atlanta Business Chronicle, Aug. 2, 2012. www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/news/2012/08/02/ups-using-wearable-scanning-system.html [http://perma.cc/8B27-MEN9].Google Scholar
Coxworth, Ben. “SmartCap Monitors Workers’ Fatigue Levels by Reading Their Brain Waves.” New Atlas, Jan. 31, 2012. https://newatlas.com/smartcap-measures-fatigue-brain-waves/21271/ [https://perma.cc/X7RM-66GE].Google Scholar
Crain, Marion. “Building Solidarity through Expansion of NLRA Coverage: A Blueprint for Worker Empowerment.” Minneapolis Law Review 74, no. 1 (1990): 953–1021.Google Scholar
Craver, Charles. “Privacy Issues Affecting Employers, Employees, and Labor Organizations.” Louisiana Law Review 66, no. 4 (2006): 1057–77.Google Scholar
Crawford, Kate. Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2021.Google Scholar
Crawford, Kate. “Time to Regulate AI That Interprets Human Emotions.” Nature, Apr. 6, 2021. www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00868-5.Google Scholar
Crawford, Kate. “When Fitbit Is the Expert Witness.” The Atlantic, Nov. 19, 2014. www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/11/when-fitbit-is-the-expert-witness/382936/ [https://perma.cc/3NXD-UWUT].Google Scholar
Crawford, Kate, and Schultz, Jason. “Big Data and Due Process: Toward a Framework to Redress Predictive Privacy Harms.” Boston College Law Review 55, no. 1 (2014): 93128.Google Scholar
Crawford, Kate, and Joler, Vladan. Anatomy of an AI System. SHARE Foundation and The AI Now Institute, 2018. https://anatomyof.ai/.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberlé. “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics.” University of Chicago Legal Forum 1989, no. 1 (1989): 139–67.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberlé. “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color.” Stanford Law Review 43, no. 6 (1991): 1241–99.Google Scholar
Crozier, Michael. The Bureaucratic Phenomenon. London: Tavistock, 1964.Google Scholar
Cupcea, George. “Timekeeping in the Roman Army.” The Hour Glass, July 7, 2018. www.thehourglass.com/cultural-perspectives/timekeeping-in-the-roman-army/.Google Scholar
Cyphers, Bennett, and Gullo, Karen. “Inside the Invasive, Secretive ‘Bossware’ Tracking Workers.” Electronic Frontier Foundation: Deeplinks Blog, June 30, 2020. www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/06/inside-invasive-secretive-bossware-tracking-workers.Google Scholar
D’Ignazio, Catherine, and Klein, Lauren F.. Data Feminism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Daliri-Ngametua, Rafaan. “Book Review: Data Feminism.” CUNY Graduate Center: Theory, Research, and Action in Urban Education 6, no. 1 (2021): 6264. https://traue.commons.gc.cuny.edu/book-review-data-feminism/ (accessed June 8, 2021).Google Scholar
Dallas, Mary Elizabeth. “Smokers Cost Employers More than Nonsmokers.” WebMD, June 4, 2013. www.webmd.com/smoking-cessation/news/20130604/smokers-cost-employers-thousands-more-than-nonsmokers.Google Scholar
Darling-Hammond, Linda. “Unequal Opportunity: Race and Education.” Brookings Review, Mar. 1, 1998. www.brookings.edu/articles/unequal-opportunity-race-and-education/.Google Scholar
Dassbach, Carl H. A. “The Origins of Fordism: The Introduction of Mass Production and the Five-Dollar Wage.” Critical Sociology 18, no. 1 (1991): 7790.Google Scholar
Dastin, Jeffrey. “Amazon Scraps Secret AI Recruiting Tool that Showed Bias against Women.” Reuters, October 19, 2018. www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-jobs-automation-insight/amazon-scraps-secret-ai-recruiting-tool-that-showed-bias-against-women-idUSKCN1MK08G.Google Scholar
Datta, Amit, Tschantz, Michael C., and Datta, Apunam. “Automated Experiments on Ad Privacy Setting.” Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2015, no. 1 (2015): 92112.Google Scholar
Davies, Alun C. “The Industrial Revolution and Time Keeping.” Open University, last updated Aug. 30, 2019. www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/history-science-technology-and-medicine/history-technology/the-industrial-revolution-and-time.Google Scholar
Davies, W. R. “Peace-Time Routine in the Roman Army.” PhD thesis, Durham University, 1967. On file with the Durham University e-Theses database: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8075/.Google Scholar
Day, Matt, and Romano, Benhamin. “Amazon Has Patented a System That Would Put Workers in a Cage, on Top of a Robot.” Seattle Times, Sept. 7, 2018. www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazon-has-patented-a-system-that-would-put-workers-in-a-cage-on-top-of-a-robot/.Google Scholar
Dembe, Allard E.How Historical Factors Have Affected the Application of Workers Compensation Data to Public Health.” Journal of Public Health Policy 31, no. 2 (2010): 227–43.Google Scholar
Dennis, Brady, and Ellperin, Juliet. “How Scott Pruitt Turned the EPA into One of Trump’s Most Powerful Tools.” Washington Post, Dec. 31, 2017. www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/under-scott-pruitt-a-year-of-tumult-and-transformation-at-epa/2017/12/26/f93d1262-e017-11e7-8679-a9728984779c_story.html.Google Scholar
DePauw, Rhett. “A Brief History of Time Management.” Exaktime, Oct. 11, 2017. www.exaktime.com/blog/brief-history-time-management/.Google Scholar
Dery, George M., III. “Trading Privacy for Promotion? Fourth Amendment Implications of Employers Using Wearable Sensors to Assess Worker Performance.” Northwestern Law Journal of Law and Social Policy 16, no. 1 (2020): 1746.Google Scholar
Desai, Deven R., and Kroll, Joshua A.. “Trust but Verify: A Guide to Algorithms and the Law.” Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 31, no. 1 (2017): 164.Google Scholar
DeSaulles, Martin, and Horner, David. “The Portable Panopticon: Morality and Mobile Technologies.” Journal of Information, Communication, and Ethics in Society 9, no. 3 (2011): 206–16.Google Scholar
Desmond, Matthew. “In Order to Understand the Brutality of American Capitalism, You Have to Start on the Plantation.” New York Times Magazine, Aug. 14, 2019. www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/slavery-capitalism.html.Google Scholar
Deutsch, Gary M. Risk Assessments for Financial Institutions. New York: LexisNexis, 2017.Google Scholar
DeVault, Ileen A., Maria Figueroa, Fred B. Kotler, Michael Maffie, and Wu, John. On-Demand Platform Workers in New York State: The Challenges for Public Policy. ILR Worker Institute, 2019. www.ilr.cornell.edu/sites/default/files/OnDemandReport.Reduced.pdf.Google Scholar
Dever, Taylor. “The Rise of Telecommuting: Embracing the Virtual Workforce.” Jacobson White Paper, 2019. https://jacobsononline.com/uploadfiles/openuptowahemployees.pdf.Google Scholar
DHCS. “Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act.” Last modified June 13, 2019. www.dhcs.ca.gov/formsandpubs/laws/hipaa/Pages/1.00WhatisHIPAA.aspx (accessed May 25, 2021).Google Scholar
Dickson, Peter R., and Wells, Philippa K.. “The Dubious Origins of the Sherman Antitrust Act: The Mouse That Roared.” Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 20, no. 1 (2001): 314.Google Scholar
Dinerstein, Robert D. “The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990: Progeny of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.” Human Rights Magazine 31, no. 3 (July 1, 2004). www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/human_rights_vol31_2004/summer2004/irr_hr_summer04_disable/.Google Scholar
Dixon, Lauren. “The Pros and Cons of Hiring for ‘Cultural Fit.’” Chief Learning Office: Talent Economy, Dec. 6, 2017. www.chieflearningofficer.com/2017/12/06/pros-cons-hiring-cultural-fit.Google Scholar
Doleac, Jennifer L.A Review of Thomas Sowell’s Discrimination and Disparities.” Journal of Economic Literature 59, no. 2 (2021): 574–89.Google Scholar
Dolovich, Sharon. “State Punishment and Private Prisons.” Duke Law Journal 55, no. 3 (2005): 437546.Google Scholar
Dubois, W. E. B. Black Reconstruction in America: Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880. 1935. Reprint, London: Routledge, 2017.Google Scholar
Dunn, Jeff. “Trump Just Killed Obama’s Internet-Privacy Rules: Here’s What That Means for You.” Business Insider, Apr. 4, 2017. www.businessinsider.com/trump-fcc-privacy-rules-repeal-explained-2017-4.Google Scholar
Durán, Juan I., Reisenzein, Rainer, and Fernández-Dols, José-Miguel. “Coherence between Emotions and Facial Expressions: A Research Synthesis.” In The Science of Facial Expression, edited by James, A. Russell and Fernández-Dols, José-Miguel, 107–29. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Duru, Chika. “Out for Blood: Employment Discrimination, Sickle Cell Trait, and the NFL.” Hastings Law and Poverty Law Journal 9, no. 2 (2012): 265–90.Google Scholar
Dutton, Jane E., and Webster, Jane. “Patterns of Interest around Issues.” Academy of Management Journal 31, no. 3 (1988): 663–75.Google Scholar
Dwork, Cynthia, Moritz Hardt, Toniann Pitassi, Reingold, Omer, and Zemel, Rich. “Fairness Through Awareness.” In ITCS’ 12: Proceedings of the 3rd Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference, pp. 214–26. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 2012.Google Scholar
“Economic Boom.” In The USA: A Nation of Contrasts 1910–1929. BBC: Bitesize, www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zw9wb82/revision/2 (last visited Jan. 5, 2021).Google Scholar
Edwards, Lilian, and Veale, Michael. “Slave to the Algorithm? Why a ‘Right to an Explanation’ Is Probably Not the Remedy You Are Looking For.” Duke Law and Technology Review 16, no. 1 (2017): 1884.Google Scholar
Edwards, Richard. Contested Terrain: The Transformation of the Workplace in the Twentieth Century. New York: Basic Books, 1979.Google Scholar
EEOC. “The Americans with Disabilities Act and the Use of Software Algorithms, and Artificial Intelligence to Assess Job Applicants and Employees.” EEOC, Guidance, May 12, 2022. www.eeoc.gov/laws/guidance/americans-disabilities-act-and-use-software-algorithms-and-artificial-intelligence.Google Scholar
EEOC. “Artificial Intelligence and Algorithmic Fairness Initiative.” www.eeoc.gov/artificial-intelligence-and-algorithmic-fairness-initiative (accessed May 18, 2022).Google Scholar
EEOC. “Best Buy and EEOC Reach Agreement to Resolve Discrimination Charge.” U.S. EEOC Newsroom, July 6, 2018. www.eeoc.gov/newsroom/best-buy-and-eeoc-reach-agreement-resolve-discrimination-charge.Google Scholar
EEOC. “CVS Caremark Corporation and EEOC Reach Agreement to Resolve Discrimination Charge.” U.S. EEOC Newsroom, July 6, 2018. www.eeoc.gov/newsroom/cvs-caremark-corporation-and-eeoc-reach-agreement-resolve-discrimination-charge.Google Scholar
EEOC. “EEOC Sues Party City for Disability Discrimination.” U.S. EEOC Newsroom, Sept. 19, 2018. www.eeoc.gov/newsroom/eeoc-sues-party-city-disability-discrimination.Google Scholar
EEOC. “EEOC’S Final Rule on Employer Wellness Programs and Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act.” U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission: Regulations. www.eeoc.gov/regulations/eeocs-final-rule-employer-wellness-programs-and-title-i-americans-disabilities-act (accessed May 25, 2021).Google Scholar
EEOC. “Enforcement Guidance on Disability-Related Inquiries and Medical Examinations of Employees under the ADA,” U.S. EEOC Newsroom,” July 26, 2000. www.eeoc.gov/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-disability-related-inquiries-and-medical-examinations-employees.Google Scholar
EEOC. “Enforcement Guidance on Disability-Related Inquiries and Medical Examinations of Employees under the Americans with Disabilities Act.” U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Notice 915.002, 2000. www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/guidance-inquiries.html [https://perma.cc/6H5R-QLJ5].Google Scholar
EEOC. “Enforcement Guidances and Related Documents.” U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, www.eeoc.gov/enforcement-guidances-and-related-documents (last visited May 10, 2021).Google Scholar
EEOC. “Fact Sheet: Disability Discrimination.” U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Jan. 15, 1997. www.eeoc.gov/laws/guidance/fact-sheet-disability-discrimination.Google Scholar
EEOC. “Fact Sheet: Immigrants’ Employment Rights Under Federal Anti-Discrimination Laws.” EEOC Guidance, Apr. 27, 2010. www.eeoc.gov/laws/guidance/fact-sheet-immigrants-employment-rights-under-federal-anti-discrimination-laws.Google Scholar
EEOC. “Informal Discussion Letter: Title VII/ADA: Pre-Employment Inquiry,” Aug. 5, 2002. www.eeoc.gov/foia/eeoc-informal-discussion-letter-78.Google Scholar
EEOC. “Notice Concerning the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Amendments Act of 2008.” EEOC Notice, Mar. 25, 2011. www.eeoc.gov/statutes/notice-concerning-americans-disabilities-act-ada-amendments-act-2008.Google Scholar
EEOC. “Overview.” www.eeoc.gov/overview (accessed May 10, 2021).Google Scholar
EEOC. “Party City to Pay $155,000 to Settle EEOC Disability Discrimination Lawsuit.” U.S. EEOC Newsroom, Apr. 22, 2019. www.eeoc.gov/newsroom/party-city-pay-155000-settle-eeoc-disability-discrimination-lawsuit.Google Scholar
EEOC. “Questions and Answers on the Final Rule Implementing the ADA Amendments Act of 2008.” U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission: Laws/Guidance. www.eeoc.gov/laws/regulations/ada_qa_final_rule.cfm [https://perma.cc/K7KN-CZZC] (accessed Nov. 8, 2018).Google Scholar
EEOC. “Questions and Answers: Enforcement Guidance on Disability Related Inquiries and Medical Examinations under the Americans with Disabilities Act.” U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, July 27, 2000. www.eeoc.gov/laws/guidance/questions-and-answers-enforcement-guidance-disability-related-inquiries-and-medical.Google Scholar
EEOC. “Randstad US Sued by EEOC for Disability Discrimination.” EEOC Newsroom, May 13, 2011. www.eeoc.gov/newsroom/randstad-us-sued-eeoc-disability-discrimination.Google Scholar
EEOC. “Randstad US, LP to Pay 60,000 to Settle EEOC Disability Bias Suit.” EEOC Newsroom, May 10, 212. www.eeoc.gov/newsroom/randstad-us-lp-pay-60000-settle-eeoc-disability-bias-suit.Google Scholar
EEOC. “Subway Franchisee Sued by EEOC for Disability Discrimination.” EEOC Newsroom, [Press Release], Sept. 23, 2020. www.eeoc.gov/newsroom/subway-franchisee-sued-eeoc-disability-discrimination.Google Scholar
EEOC. “Subway Franchisee to Pay $28,700 to Settle EEOC Disability Discrimination Suit.” EEOC Newsroom, [Press Release], Mar. 26, 2021. www.eeoc.gov/newsroom/subway-franchisee-pay-28700-settle-eeoc-disability-discrimination-suit.Google Scholar
EEOC. “Systemic Enforcement at the EEOC.” www.eeoc.gov/systemic-enforcement-eeoc (accessed May 10, 2021).Google Scholar
EEOC. “Target Corporation to Pay $2.8 Million to Resolve EEOC Discrimination Finding.” U.S. EEOC Newsroom, Aug. 24, 2015. www.eeoc.gov/newsroom/target-corporation-pay-28-million-resolve-eeoc-discrimination-finding.Google Scholar
EEOC. “U.S. EEOC and U.S. Department of Justice Warn against Disability Discrimination.” EEOC Newsroom, Press Release, May 12, 2022, www.eeoc.gov/newsroom/us-eeoc-and-us-department-justice-warn-against-disability-discrimination.Google Scholar
EEOC. “What You Should Know about COVID-19 and the ADA, the Rehabilitation Act, and Other EEO Laws.” U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Sept. 8, 2020. www.eeoc.gov/wysk/what-you-should-know-about-covid-19-and-ada-rehabilitation-act-and-other-eeo-laws.Google Scholar
Efron, Louis, “How A.I. Is About to Disrupt Corporate Recruiting.” Forbes, July 12, 2016. www.forbes.com/sites/louisefron/2016/07/12/how-a-i-is-about-to-disrupt-corporate-recruiting/#75ae172d3ba2.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, Theodore. “Litigation Models and Trial Outcomes in Civil Rights and Prisoner Cases.” Georgetown Law Journal 77, no. 4 (1989): 15671602.Google Scholar
Ella, V. John. “Employee Monitoring and Workplace Privacy Law.” Paper presented at the 2016 National Symposium on Technology in Labor and Employment Law. American Bar Association: Labor and Employment Law Section. www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/events/labor_law/2016/04/tech/papers/monitoring_ella.authcheckdam.pdf (accessed Nov. 24, 2020).Google Scholar
Elmes, Michael B., et. al. “Panoptic Empowerment and Reflective Conformity in Enterprise Systems-Enabled Organizations.” Information and Organization 15, no. 1 (2005): 137.Google Scholar
Elvira, Marta, and Town, Robert. “The Effects of Race and Worker Productivity.” Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 40, no. 4 (2002): 571–90.Google Scholar
Engler, Alex. “For Some Employment Algorithms, Disability Discrimination by Default.” Brookings Institute blog, Oct. 31, 2019. www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2019/10/31/for-some-employment-algorithms-disability-discrimination-by-default/.Google Scholar
Engstrom, David Freeman. “Corralling Capture.” Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 36, no. 1 (2013): 3139.Google Scholar
Equal Exchange. “About: Our Model.” https://equalexchange.coop/about (accessed May 13, 2021).Google Scholar
Equal Exchange. “Worker-Owned.” https://equalexchange.coop/worker-owned (accessed May 13, 2021).Google Scholar
Estes, Steve. “I Am a Man!” Race, Masculinity, and the 1968 Memphis Sanitation Strike.” Labor History 41, no. 2 (2000): 153–70.Google Scholar
Estlund, Cynthia L.The Ossification of American Labor Law.” Columbia Law Review 102, no. 6 (2002): 15271612.Google Scholar
Estlund, Cynthia. “Three Big Ideas for a Future of Less Work and a Three-Dimensional Alternative.” Law and Contemporary Problems 82, no. 3 (2019): 143.Google Scholar
Estlund, Cynthia. “What Should We Do after Work? Automation and Employment Law.” Yale Law Journal 128, no. 2 (2018): 254326.Google Scholar
Estlund, Cynthia L. Working Together: How Workplace Bonds Strengthen a Diverse Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Estlund, Cynthia. “Workplace Autocracy in an Era of Fissuring.” LPE Project, Apr. 3, 2019. https://lpeproject.org/blog/workplace-autocracy-in-an-era-of-fissuring/.Google Scholar
Ettachfini, Leila. “Somehow, Fiverr Ads Have Gotten Even More Tone-Deaf.” Vice, July 24, 2019. www.vice.com/en_us/article/evyy8k/fiverr-ad-white-man-black-woman.Google Scholar
Eubanks, Virginia. Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Facebook Business. “About Ad Targeting: Creating a New Audience.” Facebook Business: Advertiser Help (2018). www.facebook.com/business/help/717368264947302?helpref=page_content.Google Scholar
Facebook Business. “About Lookalike Audiences.” Facebook Business: Advertiser Help. www.facebook.com/business/help/164749007013531 (last visited Aug. 10, 2019).Google Scholar
Facebook Business. “U.S. Hispanic Affinity on Facebook.” Facebook Business: Ad Targeting, 2018. www.facebook.com/business/a/us-hispanic-affinity-audience.Google Scholar
Fairweather, N. Ben. “Surveillance in Employment: The Case of Teleworking.” Journal of Business Ethics 22, no. 1 (1999): 3949.Google Scholar
Falconer, Rebecca. “Qatar’s Foreign Domestic Workers Subjected to Slave-Like Conditions.” The Guardian, Feb. 26, 2014. www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/feb/26/qatar-foreign-workers-slave-conditions.Google Scholar
Farr, Christina. “Apple Is Offering Free Genetic Tests to All Its Silicon Valley Employees.” CNBC, Dec. 13, 2019. www.cnbc.com/2019/12/13/apple-teams-with-color-to-offer-free-dna-tests-to-employees.html (accessed May 26, 2021).Google Scholar
Farr, Christina. “Fitbit Has a New Health Tracker, But You Can Only Get It through Your Employer or Insurer.” CNBC: High Tech Matters, Feb. 8, 2019. www.cnbc.com/2019/02/08/fitbit-releases-insprire-for-employers.html.Google Scholar
Fast, Scott L.Breach of Employee Confidentiality: Moving toward a Common-Law Tort Remedy.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 142, no. 1 (1993): 431–70.Google Scholar
Fayol, Henri. General and Industrial Management. London: Pitman & Sons, 1949.Google Scholar
Federal Trade Commission (FTC). “The Antitrust Laws.” In Guide to Antitrust Laws. www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/competition-guidance/guide-antitrust-laws/antitrust-laws (accessed Jan. 4, 2021).Google Scholar
FedEx. “Q&A with Mike Glen, FedEx Services.” Access, Nov. 2013. http://access.van.fedex.com/qa-mike-glenn-fedex-services/ [http://perma.cc/7CXE-PZJ6].Google Scholar
Feinberg, Ashely. “This Wearable Abacus Is Basically the World’s Oldest Smart Ring.” Gizmodo, Mar. 17, 2014. www.gizmodo.com.au/2014/03/this-wearable-abacus-is-basically-the-worlds-oldest-smart-ring/.Google Scholar
Feldman, Michael, Sorelle Friedler, John Moeller, Scheidegger, Carlos, and Venkatasubramanian, Suresh. “Certifying and Removing Disparate Impact.” 2015 ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining no. 3 (2015): 1–28.Google Scholar
Feloni, Richard. “Consumer-Goods Giant Unilever Has Been Hiring Employees Using Brain Games and Artificial Intelligence – and It’s a Huge Success.” Business Insider, June 28, 2017. www.businessinsider.com/unilever-artificial-intelligence-hiring-process-2017-6.Google Scholar
Feloni, Richard. “I Tried the Software That Uses AI to Scan Applicants for Companies Like Goldman Sachs and Unilever Before Meeting Them – and It’s Not as Creepy as It Sounds.” Business Insider, Aug. 23, 2017. www.businessinsider.com/hirevue-ai-powered-job-interview-platform-2017-8.Google Scholar
Fink, Jennifer, Zabawa, Barbara, and Chopp, Sara. “Employee Perceptions of Wellness Programs and Incentives.” American Journal of Health Promotion 34, no. 3 (2020): 257–60.Google Scholar
First Advantage. Home Page. Feb. 2020. www.fadv.com [https://perma.cc/S3YC-ADFW].Google Scholar
Firth-Godbehere, Rich. “Silicon Valley Thinks Everyone Feels the Same Six Emotions.” NEXT, Sept. 5, 2018. https://howwegettonext.com/silicon-valley-thinks-everyone-feels-the-same-six-emotions-38354a0ef3d7.Google Scholar
Fischer, Judith D.Public Policy and the Tyranny of the Bottom Line in the Termination of Older Workers.” South Carolina Law Review 53, no. 2 (2002): 211–47.Google Scholar
Fisher, Phllips. “Collection of Biometric Data Raises Privacy Concerns for Employees and Compliance Issues for Employers.” Fisher Phillips: Insights, Mar. 15, 2018. www.fisherphillips.com/Employment-Privacy-Blog/collection-of-biometric-data-raises-privacy-concerns.Google Scholar
Fisk, Catherine, and Barry, Adam. “Contingent Loyalty and Restricted Exit: Commentary on the Restatement of Employment Law.” Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal 16, no 2 (2012): 413–64.Google Scholar
Fitbit. “Our Technology” 2017. www.fitbit.com/technology [https://perma.cc/87R3-EMG9] (accessed Nov. 7, 2018).Google Scholar
Fitbit. “SmartTrack.” https://perma.cc/8GYM-46EW (accessed Nov. 7, 2018).Google Scholar
Fonseca, Esperanza. “Worker Surveillance Is on the Rise, and Has Its Roots in Centuries of Racism.” Truthout, June 8, 2020. https://truthout.org/articles/worker-surveillance-is-on-the-rise-and-has-its-roots-in-centuries-of-racism/.Google Scholar
Ford, Richard Thompson. “Bias in the Air: Rethinking Employment Discrimination Law.” Stanford Law Review 66, no. 6 (2014): 13811421.Google Scholar
Ford, Richard Thompson. “Rethinking Rights after the Second Reconstruction.” Yale Law Journal 123, no. 8 (2014): 25743152.Google Scholar
Foreman, Michael L.Gross v. FBL Financial Services – Oh So Gross!University of Memphis Law Review 40, no. 4 (2010): 681704.Google Scholar
Fort, Timothy L., Raymond, Anjanette H., and Shackelford, Scott J.. “The Angel on Your Shoulder: Prompting Employees to Do the Right Thing through the Use of Wearables.” Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property 14, no. 2 (2016): 139–70.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michael. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Random House, 1977.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michael. “The Subject and Power.” Critical Inquiry 8, no. 4 (1982): 777–95.Google Scholar
Freedman, Max. “Spying on Your Employees? Better Understand the Law First.” Business News Daily, updated Dec. 23, 2020. www.businessnewsdaily.com/6685-employee-monitoring-privacy.html.Google Scholar
Freeman, Joshua. “The History of Labor in the U.S.” U.S. Dept. of State: FPC Briefing, June 17, 2020. https://2017-2021.state.gov/briefings-foreign-press-centers/the-history-of-labor-in-the-u-s/index.html.Google Scholar
Frey, Carl Benedikt, and Osborne, Michael A.. “The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?Technological Forecasting and Social Change 114(C) (2017): 254–80.Google Scholar
Friend, Celeste. “Social Contract Theory.” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://iep.utm.edu/soc-cont/ (accessed Nov. 10, 2020).Google Scholar
Fritz, Mary Beth Watson, Narasimhan, Sridhar, and Rhee, Hyeun-Suk. “Communication and Coordination in the Virtual Office.” Journal of Management Information Systems 14, no. 4 (1998): 728.Google Scholar
Fruchterman, Jim, and Mellea, Joan. “Expanding Employment Success for People with Disabilities.” Benetech, Nov. 2018. https://benetech.org/about/resources/expanding-employment-success-for-people-with-disabilities-2/.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, Francis. “The Calvinist Manifesto.” New York Times, Mar. 13, 2005. www.nytimes.com/2005/03/13/books/review/the-calvinist-manifesto.html.Google Scholar
Fung, Brian. “The House Just Voted to Wipe Away the FCC’s Landmark Internet Privacy Protections.” Washington Post, Mar. 28, 2017. www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2017/03/28/the-house-just-voted-to-wipe-out-the-fccs-landmark-internet-privacy-protections/.Google Scholar
Gadinis, Stavros. “The SEC and the Financial Industry: Evidence from Enforcement against Broker Dealers.” Business Lawyer 67, no. 3 (2012): 679728.Google Scholar
Galor, Oded, and Weil, David N.. “Population, Technology, and Growth: From Malthusian Stagnation to the Demographic Transition and Beyond.” American Economic Review 90, no. 4 (2000): 806–28.Google Scholar
Galton, Sir Francis. Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development. London: MacMillan, 1883.Google Scholar
Gammon, Amanda, and Neklason, Deborah W.. “Confidentiality and the Risk of Genetic Discrimination: What Surgeons Need to Know.” The Role of Genetic Testing in Surgical Oncology, special issue of Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America 24, no. 4 (2015): 667–81.Google Scholar
Gannon, Megan. “Race Is a Social Construct, Scientists Argue.” Scientific American, Feb. 5, 2016. www.scientificamerican.com/article/race-is-a-social-construct-scientists-argue/.Google Scholar
Garcia-Navarro, Lulu. “Caroline Criado-Perez on Data Bias And ‘Invisible Women.’” NPR, Mar. 17, 2019. www.npr.org/2019/03/17/704209639/caroline-criado-perez-on-data-bias-and-invisible-women.Google Scholar
Gartner. “Gartner HR Survey Shows 86% of Organizations Are Conducting Virtual Interviews to Hire Candidates during Coronavirus Pandemic.” Gartner Newsroom, Press Release, Apr. 30, 2020. www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2020-04-30-gartner-hr-survey-shows-86—of-organizations-are-cond.Google Scholar
Geffe, Jeremiah K.License to Sniff: The Need to Regulate Privately Owned Drug-Sniffing Dogs.” Journal of Gender Race & Justice 19, no. 1 (2016): 167–94.Google Scholar
Gelles, David, and Yaffe Bellany, David. “Shareholder Value Is No Longer Everything, Top C.E.O.s Say.” New York Times, Apr. 19, 2019. www.nytimes.com/2019/08/19/business/business-roundtable-ceos-corporations.html.Google Scholar
Genetics Home Reference. “What Is Genetic Discrimination?” Medline Plus, last updated July 28, 2021. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/testing/discrimination (accessed May 25, 2021).Google Scholar
Genome Medical. “Notice of Privacy Practices.” www.genomemedical.com/privacy/?_ga=2.197013676.1294487464.1585603657-1350403954.1585336333 (accessed May 26, 2021).Google Scholar
Gershgorn, Dave. “Companies Are on the Hook if Their Hiring Algorithms Are Biased.” Quartz, Oct. 22, 2018. https://qz.com/1427621/companies-are-on-the-hook-if-their-hiring-algorithms-are-biased/.Google Scholar
Gerwirtz, David. “Volume, Velocity, and Variety: Understanding the Three V’s of Big Data.” ZDNet, Mar. 21, 2018. www.zdnet.com/article/volume-velocity-and-variety-understanding-the-three-vs-of-big-data.Google Scholar
Ghaffary, Shirin, and Del Rey, Jason. “Amazon Employees Fear HR Is Targeting Minority and Activism Groups in Email Monitoring Program.” Vox, Sept. 24, 2020. www.vox.com/recode/2020/9/24/21455196/amazon-employees-listservs-minorities-underrepresented-groups-worker-dissent-unionization.Google Scholar
Giang, Vivian. “The Potential Hidden Bias in Automated Hiring Systems.” Fast Company, May 8, 2018. www.fastcompany.com/40566971/the-potential-hidden-bias-in-automated-hiring-systems.Google Scholar
Giang, Vivian. “This Is the Latest Way Employers Mask Age Bias, Lawyers Say.” Fortune, May 4, 2015. http://fortune.com/2015/05/04/digital-native-employers-bias/.Google Scholar
Gibby, Robert E., and Zickar, Michael J.. “A History of the Early Days of Personality Testing in American Industry: An Obsession with Adjustment.” History of Psychology 11, no. 3 (2008): 164–84. www.researchgate.net/publication/23562101_A_history_of_the_early_days_of_personality_testing_in_American_industry_An_obsession_with_adjustment.Google Scholar
Gilman, Greg. “Bill Maher Rips ‘Shallow’ American Culture for Allowing ‘Ageism’ to Impact Politics.” The Wrap, Nov. 9, 2014. https://perma.cc/U4M3-YHC6.Google Scholar
Gilman, Michele E.The Class Differential in Privacy Law.” Brooklyn Law Review 77, no. 4 (2012): 13891445.Google Scholar
Goering, Sara. “Eugenics.” In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2014). https://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo.cgi?entry=eugenics.Google Scholar
Goethe, Taylor Synclair. “Bigotry Encoded: Racial Bias in Technology.” Reporter, Mar. 2, 2019. https://reporter.rit.edu/tech/bigotry-encoded-racial-bias-technology.Google Scholar
Gold, Michael Evan. “Disparate Impact under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967.” Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law 25, no. 1 (2004): 186.Google Scholar
Goldberg, Amir, and Srivastava, Sameer B.. “Should You Hire for Cultural Fit or Adaptability?” re:Work, Dec. 6, 2016. https://rework.withgooogle.com/glob/hire-for-cultural-fit-or-adaptability/.Google Scholar
Goldberg, Amir, Manian, V. Govind, Srivastava, Sameer B., Monroe, William, and Potts, Christopher. “Fitting in or Standing out? The Tradeoffs of Structural and Cultural Embeddedness.” American Sociological Review 81, no. 6 (2016): 1190–222.Google Scholar
Golden, Timothy D., and Raghuram, Sumita. “Teleworker Knowledge Sharing and the Role of Altered Relational and Technological Interactions.” Organizational Behavior 31, no. 8 (2010): 1061–85.Google Scholar
Goldhill, Olivia. “Centuries before Myers-Briggs, Workplace Personalities Were Assessed Using Skull Measurements.” Quartz at Work, Dec. 29, 2017. https://qz.com/work/1168283/centuries-before-myers-briggs-workplace-personalities-were-assessed-using-phrenology/.Google Scholar
Gosselin, Peter, and Tobin, Ariana. “Cutting ‘Old Heads’ at IBM.” ProPublica, Mar. 22, 2018. https://features.propublica.org/ibm/ibm-age-discrimination-american-workers/.Google Scholar
Graham, Mark. “The Rise of the Planetary Labour Market: What It Means and What It Means for the Future of Work.” New Statemen: Tech, Jan. 29, 2018. https://tech.newstatesman.com/guest-opinion/planetary-labour-market.Google Scholar
Graham, Mark, and Anwar, Mohammad A.. “The Global Gig Economy: Towards Planetary Labour Market?First Monday 24, no. 4 (2019): 213–34.Google Scholar
Gray, Mary L., and Suri, Siddharth. Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2019.Google Scholar
Green, Andy. “A Practical Software Approach to Insider Threats.” Varonis: Inside Out Security Blog, June 17, 2020. www.varonis.com/blog/a-practical-software-approach-to-insider-threats/.Google Scholar
Greenbaum, Dov. “Ethical, Legal and Social Concerns Relating to Exoskeletons.” SIGCAS Computers & Society 45, no. 3 (2015): 234–39.Google Scholar
Greenbaum, Joan. Windows on the Workplace: Technology, Jobs, and the Organization of Office Work. 2nd ed. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Greenfield, Kent. “The Unjustified Absence of Federal Fraud Protection in the Labor Market.” Yale Law Journal 107, no. 3 (1997): 715–89.Google Scholar
Greenfield, Rebecca. “Study Finds Racial Discrimination by Airbnb Hosts.” Bloomberg News, Nov. 10, 2015. www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-10/study-finds-racial-discrimination-by-airbnb-hosts.Google Scholar
Griffin, Emma, Liberty’s Dawn: A People’s History of the Industrial Revolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Griffin, Martyn, Learmonth, Mark, and Elliott, Carole. “Non-Domination, Contestation and Freedom: The Contribution of Philip Pettit to Learning and Democracy in Organisations.” Management Learning 46, no. 3 (2015): 317–36. https://dro.dur.ac.uk/12043/1/12043.pdf.Google Scholar
Grimmelmann, James, and Westreich, Daniel. “Incomprehensible Discrimination.” California Law Review Online 7, no. 1 (2017): 164–78.Google Scholar
Grint, Keith, and Woolgar, Steve. The Machine at Work: Technology, Work, and Organization. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Gross, James A.Worker Rights as Human Rights: Wagner Act Values and Moral Choices.” Journal of Labor and Employment Law 4, no. 3 (2002): 479–92.Google Scholar
Grossenbacher, Karla, and Hong, Selyn. “Wearable Device Data in Employment Litigation.” Seyfarth Shaw: Employment Law Lookout, Sept. 29, 2016. www.laborandemploymentlawcounsel.com/2016/09/wearable-device-data-in-employment-litigation/ [https://perma.cc/3D99-BXDV].Google Scholar
Guion, Robert M., and Gottier, Richard F.. “Validity of Personality Measures in Personnel Selection.” Personnel Psychology 18, no. 2 (1965): 135–64.Google Scholar
Guo, Anhong, et al. “Toward Fairness in AI for People with Disabilities: A Research Roadmap.” ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing 125, no. 2 (October 2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3386296.3386298.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen. Knowledge and Human Interests. Translated by Jeremy J. Shapiro. Boston: Beacon Press, 1971.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen. Theory and Practice. Translated by John Viertel. Boston: Beacon Press, 1971.Google Scholar
Hacker, Jacob S. The Great Risk Shift: The New Economic Insecurity and the Decline of the American Dream. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Hacker, Jacob S.Restoring Retirement Security: The Market Crisis, the ‘Great Risk Shift,’ and the Challenge for Our Nation.” Elder Law Journal 19, no. 1 (2011): 147.Google Scholar
Hackett, Robert. “Psst, Your Company Is Watching You Now.” Fortune, Mar. 13, 2017. http://fortune.com/2017/03/13/company-employee-surveillance-laws-technology/.Google Scholar
Haggin, Patience. “As Wearables in Workplace Spread, So Do Legal Concerns.” Wall Street Journal, Mar. 13, 2016. www.wsj.com/articles/as-wearables-in-workplace-spread-so-do-legal-concerns-1457921550?ns=prod/accounts-wsj [https://perma.cc/3DNA-XRKG].Google Scholar
Hall, Margaux J.A Fiduciary Theory of Health Entitlements.” Cardozo Law Review 35, no. 5 (2014): 1729–80. http://cardozolawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/HALL.35.5.pdf.Google Scholar
Han, Sam, and Ganow, Scot. “Model Omnibus Privacy Statute.” University of Dayton Law Review 35, no. 3 (2010): 345–77.Google Scholar
Hancock, Bryan, Williams, Monne, Manyika, James, Yee, Lareina, and Wong, Jackie. Race in the Workplace: The Black Experience in the US Private Sector. McKinsey & Co., 2019.Google Scholar
Handy, Susan L., and Mokhtarian, Patricia L.. “Planning for Telecommuting: Measurement and Policy Issues.” Journal of the American Planning Society 61, no. 1 (1995): 99111.Google Scholar
Hannon, Elliot. “NFL Halts ‘Race-Norming’ to Calculate Brain Injury Compensation for Former Players.” Slate, June 3, 2021. https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/06/nfl-race-norming-brain-injury-compensation-black-players.html.Google Scholar
Hansen, Randall, and King, Desmond. “Eugenic Ideas, Political Interests, and Policy Variance: Immigration and Sterilization Policy in Britain and the U.S.” World Politics 53, no. 2 (2001): 237–64.Google Scholar
Harbert, Tam. “Watching the Workers.” SHRM, Mar. 16, 2019. www.shrm.org/hr-today/news/all-things-work/pages/watching-the-workers.aspx.Google Scholar
Harper, Michael. “Reforming the Age Discrimination in Employment Act: Proposals and Prospects.” Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal 16, no. 1 (2012): 1349.Google Scholar
Harris, Mary. “The Same Warped, Racist Logic Used by the NFL Is Ubiquitous in Medicine.” Slate, June 7, 2021. https://slate.com/technology/2021/06/race-norming-nfl-medicine-racism-discrimination.html.Google Scholar
Hart, Melissa. “Procedural Extremism: The Supreme Court’s 2008–2009 Labor and Employment Cases.” Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal 13, no. 1 (2009): 253–84.Google Scholar
Harwell, Drew. “A Face-Scanning Algorithm Increasingly Decides Whether You Deserve the Job.” Washington Post, Nov. 6, 2019. www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/10/22/ai-hiring-face-scanning-algorithm-increasingly-decides-whether-you-deserve-job/.Google Scholar
Hasday, Jill Elaine. “The Principle and the Practice of Women’s ‘Full Capacity’: A Case Study of Sex-Segregated Public Education.” Michigan Law Review 101, no. 3 (2002): 755810.Google Scholar
Haskins, Kevin J.Wearable Technology and Implications for the Americans with Disabilities Act, Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, and Health Privacy.” ABA Journal of Labor & Employment Law 33, no. 1 (2017): 6978.Google Scholar
Hearing, Gregory A., and Heilig, Marquis W.. “Recent Developments in Employment Law and Litigation.” Tort Trial & Insurance Practice Law Journal 45, no. 2 (2010): 319–28.Google Scholar
Hegewisch, Ariane, Childers, Chandra, and Hartmann, Heidi. Women, Automation, and the Future of Work. Institute for Women’s Policy Research, Report, 2019.Google Scholar
Heilweil, Rebecca. “Illinois Says You Should Know if AI Is Grading Your Online Job Interviews.” Vox, Jan. 1, 2020. www.vox.com/recode/2020/1/1/21043000/artificial-intelligence-job-applications-illinios-video-interivew-act.Google Scholar
Held, David. Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Hern, Alex. “Shirking from Home? Staff Feel the Heat as Bosses Ramp Up Remote Surveillance.” The Guardian, Sept. 27, 2020. www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/27/shirking-from-home-staff-feel-the-heat-as-bosses-ramp-up-remote-surveillance.Google Scholar
Herzberg, Frederick. Work and the Nature of Man. Cleveland, OH: World Publishing Co., 1966.Google Scholar
Hill, Stephen. The Tragedy of Technology: Human Liberation versus Domination in the Late Twentieth Century. London: Pluto Press, 1988.Google Scholar
HireVue. “Hirevue Leads the Industry with Commitment to Transparent and Ethical Use of AI in Hiring.” HireVue Press Release, Jan. 12, 2021. www.hirevue.com/press-release/hirevue-leads-the-industry-with-commitment-to-transparent-and-ethical-use-of-ai-in-hiring.Google Scholar
HireVue. “HireVue Privacy Notice.” www.hirevue.com/privacy#what-info-does-hirevue-collect (last updated Jan. 20, 2021).Google Scholar
HireVue. “HireVue Ranked a Fastest Growing Company on Deloitte’s 2018 Technology Fast 500.” Press Release, Nov. 15, 2018. www.hirevue.com/press-release/deloitte-2018-technology-fast-500-hirevue-ranked-fastest-growing-company.Google Scholar
HireVue. “Our Science: Meet the IO Psychology Team.” www.hirevue.com/our-science (accessed Apr. 22, 2021).Google Scholar
Hirsch, Jeffrey M.Future Work.” University of Illinois Law Review 2020, no. 3 (2020): 889958.Google Scholar
History.com Editors. “The Homestead Strike.” The History Channel Online, last updated Apr. 28, 2018. www.history.com/topics/homestead-strike.Google Scholar
Holdren, Nate. “Incentivizing Safety and Discrimination: Employment Risks under Workmen’s Compensation in the Early Twentieth Century United States.” Enterprise and Society 15, no. 1 (2014): 3167.Google Scholar
Holmes, Natalie. “Wearable Technology within the Workplace.” Convene. https://convene.com/catalyst/wearable-technology-within-the-workplace/ [https://perma.cc/W4LH-UA3S] (accessed Nov. 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Holtom, Brooks, and Allen, David. “Better Ways to Predict Who’s Going to Quit.” Harvard Business Review, Aug. 16, 2019. https://hbr.org/2019/08/better-ways-to-predict-whos-going-to-quit.Google Scholar
Hood, Leroy, and Rowen, Lee. “The Human Genome Project: Big Science Transforms Biology and Medicine.” Genome Medicine 5, no. 9 (2013). www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4066586/.Google Scholar
Hooker, John, and Wan Kim, Tae. “Ethical Implications of the Fourth Industrial Revolution for Business and Society.” In Business and Society 360: Business Ethics, edited by Wasieleski, David M. and Weber, James, 3563 (Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing Ltd., 2019). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/592ee286d482e908d35b8494/t/5bcf14ce8165f5dee7250232/1540297934941/Ethical+Implications+of+the+4th+Industrial+Revolution+for+Business+and+Society2.pdf.Google Scholar
Horrigan, Timothy. “Some Answers to the Unicru Personality Test.” Last updated Nov. 15, 2011. www.timothyhorrigan.com/documents/unicru-personality-test.answer-key.html#sthash.N7ryuDqp.vtj4c5Nf.dpbs.Google Scholar
Houser, Kristin. “An Amazon Patent Would Use Cages to Keep Employees ‘Safe.’” Futurism: The Byte, Sept. 10, 2018. https://futurism.com/the-byte/amazons-cage-employees.Google Scholar
Hovenkamp, Herbert. “Labor Conspiracies in American Law, 1880–1930.” Texas Law Review 66, no. 1 (1988): 919–65.Google Scholar
Hsieh, Nien-hê. “Justice at Work: Arguing for Property-Owning Democracy.” Journal of Social Philosophy 40, no. 3 (2009): 397411. www-users.york.ac.uk/~mpon500/pod/Hsieh.pdf.Google Scholar
Hsieh, Nien-hê. “Rawlsian Justice and Workplace Republicanism.” Social Theory and Practice 31, no. 1 (2005): 115–42.Google Scholar
Hubstaff. “Time Reporting.” https://hubstaff.com/time-report (accessed Oct. 2, 2020).Google Scholar
Hudson, Kathy L., and Pollitz, Karen. “Undermining Genetic Privacy? Employee Wellness Programs and the Law.” New England Journal of Medicine 377, no. 1 (2017): 13.Google Scholar
Hyundai Motor Company. “Hyundai Motor Leads Personal Mobility Revolution with Advanced Wearable Robots.” Hyundai: News Release, Jan. 4, 2017. www.hyundai.com/worldwide/en/company/newsroom/hyundai-motor-leads-personal-mobility-revolution-with-advanced-wearable-robots-0000006597.Google Scholar
Institute of Internal Auditors. Core Principles for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing. https://na.theiia.org/standards-guidance/mandatory-guidance/Pages/Core-Principles-for-the-Professional-Practice-of-Internal-Auditing.aspx (accessed June 12, 2018).Google Scholar
Institute of Internal Auditors. Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing 23 (2016). https://na.theiia.org/standards-guidance/Public%20Documents/IPPF-Standards-2017.pdf.Google Scholar
Issacs, Jennifer. “Proving Title VII Discrimination in 2019.” ABA. www.americanbar.org/groups/young_lawyers/projects/no-limits/proving-title-vii-discrimination-in-2019/ (accessed Mar. 12, 2021).Google Scholar
Isson, Jean Paul, and Harriot, Jesse S.. People Analytics in the Era of Big Data. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2016.Google Scholar
Ito, Joi. “Supposedly ‘Fair’ Algorithms Can Perpetuate Discrimination.” Wired, Feb. 5, 2019. www.wired.com/story/ideas-joi-ito-insurance-algorithms/.Google Scholar
Jackson, Susan E., and Dutton, Jane E.. “Discerning Threats and Opportunities.” Administrative Quarterly 33, no. 3 (1988): 370–87.Google Scholar
Jackson, Thomas F. From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Economic Justice. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Jackson-Gibson, Adele. “The Racist and Problematic History of the Body Mass Index.” Good Housekeeping, Feb. 23, 2021. www.goodhousekeeping.com/health/diet-nutrition/a35047103/bmi-racist-history/.Google Scholar
Jacobson, Louis. “Does the 8-Hour Day and the 40-Hour Week Come from Henry Ford, or Labor Unions?” PolitiFact, Sept. 9, 2015. www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/sep/09/viral-image/does-8-hour-day-and-40-hour-come-henry-ford-or-lab/.Google Scholar
Jacoby, Sanford M.Melting into Air? Downsizing, Job Stability, and the Future of Work.” Chicago-Kent Law Review 76, no. 2 (2000): 11951234.Google Scholar
Jacoby, Sanford. “Risk and the Labor Market: Societal Past as Economic Prologue.” In Sourcebook of Labor Markets: Evolving Structures and Processes, edited by Berg, Ivar and Kalleberg, Arne L., 3160. New York: Springer, 2001.Google Scholar
Jaffe, Ina. “Older Workers Find Age Discrimination Built Right into Some Job Websites.” NPR: All Things Considered, Mar. 28, 2017. www.npr.org/2017/03/28/521771515/older-workers-find-age-discrimination-built-right-into-some-job-sites.Google Scholar
Jayaweera, Neville, and Amunugama, Sarath. Rethinking Development Communication. Singapore: Asian Mass Communication Research and Information Centre, 1987.Google Scholar
Jedreski, Matthew, Bosley, Jeffrey S., and Halm, K. C.. “Illinois Becomes First State to Regulate Employers’ Use of Artificial Intelligence to Evaluate Video Interviews.” Davis Wright Tremaine LLP website, Sep. 3, 2019. www.dwt.com/blogs/artificial-intelligence-law-advisor/2019/09/illinois-becomes-first-state-to-regulate-employers.Google Scholar
Jefferson Health. “Jefferson to Offer Free Genetic Testing to Employees.” PR Newswire, Nov. 14, 2018. www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/jefferson-to-offer-free-genetic-testing-to-employees-300750475.html (accessed May 26, 2021).Google Scholar
Jeske, Debora, and Santuzzi, Alecia M.. “Monitoring What and How: Psychological Implications of Electronic Performance Monitoring.” New Technology, Work and Employment 30, no. 1 (2015): 6278.Google Scholar
JLL. “Wearable Tech: The New Tool for the Modern Construction Workforce.” Jones Lang LaSalle: Trends & Insights, Apr. 24, 2017. www.us.jll.com/en/trends-and-insights/workplace/wearable-tech-the-new-tool-for-the-modern-construction-workforce.Google Scholar
JobTestPrep. “How It Works.” jobtestprep.com/how-it-works (accessed Nov. 21, 2020).Google Scholar
Jobvite. “Jobvite Recruiter Nation Report 2016: The Annual Recruiting Survey.” www.jobvite.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/RecruiterNation2016.pdf.Google Scholar
Johnston, Katie. “The Messy Link b Slave Owners and Modern Management.” Forbes, Jan. 16, 2013. www.forbes.com/sites/hbsworkingknowledge/2013/01/16/the-messy-link-between-slave-owners-and-modern-management/?sh=4fad5033317f.Google Scholar
Jolly-Ryan, Jennifer. “Have a Job to Get a Job: Disparate Treatment and Disparate Impact of the ‘Currently Employed’ Requirement.” Michigan Journal of Race and Law 18, no. 1 (2012): 189212.Google Scholar
Jones, Lora. “I Monitor My Staff with Software That Takes Screenshots.” BBC News, Sept. 29, 2020. www.bbc.com/news/business-54289152.Google Scholar
Kahn, Jeremy. “HireVue Drops Facial Monitoring Amid A.I. Algorithm Audit.” Fortune, Jan. 19, 2021. https://fortune.com/2021/01/19/hirevue-drops-facial-monitoring-amid-a-i-algorithm-audit/.Google Scholar
Kaminski, Margot E.Binary Governance: Lessons from the GDPR’s Approach to Algorithmic Accountability.” Southern California Law Review 92, no. 6 (2019): 15291616.Google Scholar
Kanigel, Robert. “Taylor-Made: How the World’s First Efficiency Expert Refashioned Modern Life in His Own Image.” The Sciences 37, no. 3 (May 1997): 1823.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Robert M., and Saccuzzo, Dennis P.. Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues. 8th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage, 2012.Google Scholar
Kaplinsky, Raphael. Automation: The Technology and Society. London: Addison-Wesley Longman Ltd., 1984.Google Scholar
Karlis, Nicole. “Time to Rethink How We Talk about Older People.” Salon, Mar. 31, 2018. www.salon.com/2018/03/31/time-to-rethink-how-we-talk-about-the-elderly/.Google Scholar
Katyal, Sonia. “Private Accountability in the Age of Artificial Intelligence.” UCLA Law Review 66, no. 1 (2019): 54141.Google Scholar
Katz, Lawrence F., and Krueger, Alan B.. “The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States, 1995–2015.” ILR Review 72, no. 2 (2019): 382412.Google Scholar
Keefe, Patrick Radden. “The Family That Built an Empire of Pain.” New Yorker, Oct. 30, 2017. www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/10/30/the-family-that-built-an-empire-of-pain.Google Scholar
Kellogg, Katherine C., Valentine, Melissa A., and Christin, Angèle. “Algorithms at Work: The New Contested Terrain of Control.Academy of Management Annals 14, no. 1 (2020): 366–410.Google Scholar
Kennedy, Gavin. “Of Pins and Things.” Adam Smith Institute of Economics, May 28, 2012. www.adamsmith.org/blog/economics/of-pins-and-things.Google Scholar
Kessler, Laura T.The Attachment Gap: Employment Discrimination Law, Women’s Cultural Caregiving, and the Limits of Economic and Liberal Legal Theory.” University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform 34, no. 3 (2001): 371468.Google Scholar
Kim, Pauline. “Auditing Algorithms for Discrimination.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review Online 166, no. 1 (2017): 189203.Google Scholar
Kim, Pauline T.Data-Driven Discrimination at Work.” William and Mary Law Review 58, no. 3 (2017): 857936.Google Scholar
Kim, Pauline T., and Hanson, Erika. “People Analytics and the Regulation of Information under the Fair Credit Reporting Act.” St. Louis University Law Journal 61, no. 1 (2016): 1733.Google Scholar
King, Alan G., and Mrkonich, Marko J.. “‘Big Data’ and the Risk of Employment Discrimination.” Oklahoma Law Review 68, no. 3 (2016): 555–84.Google Scholar
King, Gilbert. “How the Ford Motor Company Won the Battle and Lost Ground.” Smithsonian Magazine, Apr. 30, 2013. www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-ford-motor-company-won-a-battle-and-lost-ground-45814533/.Google Scholar
Kingsley, Charles. Health and Education. New York: Macmillan, 1887.Google Scholar
Kluchin, Rebecca M. Fit to Be Tied: Sterilization and Reproductive Rights in America, 1950–1980. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Knight, Will. “Job Screening Service Halts Facial Analysis of Applicants.” Wired, Jan. 12, 2021. www.wired.com/story/job-screening-service-halts-facial-analysis-applicants/.Google Scholar
Knouse, Laura E., et al. “Adult ADHD Symptoms and Five Factor Model Traits in a Clinical Sample: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach.” Journal of Nervous Mental Disease 201, no. 10 (Oct. 2014): 848–54.Google Scholar
Koch, Marianne J., and Hundley, Gregory. “The Effects of Unionism on Recruitment and Selection Methods.” Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 36, no. 3 (1997): 349–70.Google Scholar
Kok, Peter, Ton van der Wiele, Richard McKenna, and Brown, Alan. “A Corporate Social Responsibility Audit within a Quality Management Framework.” Journal of Business Ethics 31, no. 4 (2001): 285–97.Google Scholar
Kolata, Gina. “‘Devious Defecator’ Case Tests Genetics Law.” New York Times, May 29, 2015. www.nytimes.com/2015/06/02/health/devious-defecator-case-tests-genetics-law.html.Google Scholar
Kritzler, Mareike, Bächman, Martin, Tenfält, Anders, and Michahelles, Florian. “Wearable Technology as a Solution for Workplace Safety.” MUM’ 15: Proceedings of the 14th Internatoinal Conference on Mobil and Ubiquitous Multimedia, Nov. 2015, 213–17.Google Scholar
Kroll, Joshua A., et al. “Accountable Algorithms.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 165, no. 3 (2017): 633705.Google Scholar
Kropp, Brian. “5 Changes HR Leaders Can Expect to Manage in 2019.” Gartner: Insights, Jan. 24, 2019. www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/5-changes-hr-leaders-can-expect-to-manage-in-2019/.Google Scholar
Kropp, Brian. “The Future of Employee Monitoring.” Gartner: Insights, May 3, 2019. www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/the-future-of-employee-monitoring/.Google Scholar
Krouse, Sarah. “The News Ways Your Boss Is Spying on You.” Wall Street Journal, July 19, 2019. www.wsj.com/articles/the-new-ways-your-boss-is-spying-on-you-11563528604.Google Scholar
Kurland, Nancy B., and Egan, Terri D.. “Telecommuting: Justice and Control in the Virtual Organization.” Organization Science 10, no. 4 (1999): 500513.Google Scholar
LaBoda, Olivia K.Dueling Approaches to Dual Purpose Documents: The Reaches of the Work Product Doctrine after Textron.” Suffolk University Law Review 44, no. 3 (2011): 727–68.Google Scholar
Lam, Bourree. “Obama’s New Equal-Pay Rules.” The Atlantic, Jan. 29, 2016. www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/01/eeoc-pay-discrimination-obama/433926/.Google Scholar
Lang, Kevin, and Cavounidis, Costas. “Discrimination and Worker Evaluation.” NBER Working Paper 21612. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015.Google Scholar
Larson, Ann. “My Disturbing Stint on a Corporate Wellness App.” Slate, Apr. 26, 2021. https://slate.com/human-interest/2021/04/corporate-wellness-grocery-store-work-dangers.html (accessed May 25, 2021).Google Scholar
Lawrence III, Charles R.,. “The Id, the Ego, and Equal Protection: Reckoning with Unconscious Racism.” Stanford Law Review 39, no. 2 (1987): 317–88.Google Scholar
Lazar, Orlando. “Work, Domination, and the False Hope of Universal Basic Income.” Res Publica 27, no. 3 (2021): 427–46.Google Scholar
Leclercq-Vandelannoitte, Aurélie, et al. “Mobile Information Systems and Organizational Control: Beyond the Panopticon Metaphor?European Journal of Information Systems 23, no. 5 (2014): 543–57.Google Scholar
Lee, Alex. “An AI to Stop Hiring Bias Could Be Bad News for Disabled People.” Wired, Nov. 26, 2019. www.wired.co.uk/article/ai-hiring-bias-disabled-people.Google Scholar
Leonard, Thomas C.Progressive Era Origins of the Regulatory State and the Economist as Expert.” History of Political Economy 47, no. 5 (2015): 4976.Google Scholar
Levenson, Alec, and Pillans, Gillian. Strategic Workforce Analytics. Corporate Research Forum Report, Nov. 2017. https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/2950977/strategic-workforce-analytics-report.pdf?__hssc=172100604.1.1.Google Scholar
Levin-Waldman, Oren. “Taylorism, Efficiency, and the Minimum Wage: Implications for a High Road Economy.” Global Institute for Sustainable Prosperity, Working Paper No. 105, Feb. 2015. www.global-isp.org/wp-content/uploads/WP-105.pdf.Google Scholar
Levine, Sheen S., et al. “Ethnic Diversity Deflates Price Bubble.,” PNAS 11, no. 52 (2014): 18524–29.Google Scholar
Levy, Karen, and Barocas, Solon. “Designing against Discrimination in Online Markets.” Berkeley Technology Law Journal 32, no. 3 (2017): 11831238.Google Scholar
Levy, Karen, and Barocas, Solon. “Refractive Surveillance: Monitoring Customers to Manage Workers.” International Journal of Communication 12, no. 0 (2018): 1166–88.Google Scholar
Lewis, C. M. “Labor Has Opposed Taft-Hartley for Decades. Here’s Why It’s Time to Repeal It.” Strike Wave, Apr. 3, 2019. www.thestrikewave.com/original-content/2019/4/3/labor-has-opposed-taft-hartley-for-decades-heres-why-its-time-to-repeal-it.Google Scholar
Lewis, David. The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Lewis, Jackson. “Illinois Biometric Information Privacy Act FAQs (2021).” www.jacksonlewis.com/sites/default/files/docs/IllinoisBIPAFAQs.pdf.Google Scholar
Liberman, Matt. “Inside the Lack of Racial Diversity in Lacrosse.” The Daily Orange [Syracuse University], Apr. 22, 2019. http://dailyorange.com/2019/04/inside-lack-racial-diversity-lacrosse/.Google Scholar
Library of Congress (LOC). “Taylorism and Economic Efficiency in the 1920s.” In Coolidge-Consumerism Collection, Aug. 14, 1995. http://lcweb2.loc.gov:8081/ammem/amrlhtml/intaylor.html.Google Scholar
Lindblom, Lars. “The Structure of a Rawlsian Theory of Just Work.” Journal of Business Ethics 101, no. 4 (2011): 577–99.Google Scholar
Lipton, Eric, and Ivory, Danielle. “Under Trump, EPA Has Slowed Actions against Polluters, and Put Limits on Enforcement Officers.” New York Times, Dec. 10, 2017. www.nytimes.com/2017/12/10/us/politics/pollution-epa-regulations.html.Google Scholar
“Lochner Era.” Cornell Law School, Legal Information Institute www.law.cornell.edu/wex/lochner_era (accessed Jan. 4, 2020).Google Scholar
Lochner v. New York.Oyez. www.oyez.org/cases/1900-1940/198us45 (accessed Jan. 4, 2021).Google Scholar
Loehr, Anne. “How to Predict Which of Your Employees Are about to Quit.” Fast Company, Mar. 10, 2018. www.fastcompany.com/40538396/how-to-predict-which-of-your-employees-are-about-to-quit.Google Scholar
Lohr, Steven. “Big Data, Trying to Build Better Workers.” New York Times, Apr. 20, 2013. www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/technology/big-data-trying-to-build-better-workers.html.Google Scholar
Loizides, Georgios Paris. “Deconstructing Fordism: Legacies of the Ford Sociological Department.” PhD diss., Western Michigan University, 2004.Google Scholar
Ludwig, Sarah. “Credit Scores in America Perpetuate Racial Injustice: Here’s How.” The Guardian, October 13, 2015. www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/13/your-credit-score-is-racist-heres-why.Google Scholar
Lunde, Tormod K.Will the Internet Move Mountains? Possible Consequences of the Internet for Markets and Societies.” Built Environment 24, no. 2/3 (1978–): 169–81.Google Scholar
Lung, Shirley. “Overwork and Overtime.” Indiana Law Review 39, no. 1 (2005): 5186.Google Scholar
Lupton, Deborah. “Self-Tracking Modes: Reflexive Self-Monitoring and Data Practices.” Conference Paper, Aug. 27, 2014. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2483549.Google Scholar
Lyon, David. Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Lyon, David. “An Electronic Panopticon? A Sociological Critique of Surveillance Society.” Sociological Review 41, no. 4 (1993): 653–78.Google Scholar
Lyons, Rich. “Lose Those Cultural Fit Tests: Instead Screen New Hires for ‘Enculturability.’” Forbes, June 7, 2017. www.forbes.com/sites/richlyons/2017/06/07/lose-those-cultural-fit-tests-instead-screen-new-hires-for-enculturability/#450b9e6b63a8.Google Scholar
MacCarthy, Mark. “Standards of Fairness for Disparate Impact Assessment of Big Data Algorithms.” Cumberland Law Review 48, no. 1 (2018): 67144.Google Scholar
Mae, John F. “Frederick W. Taylor: American Inventor and Engineer.” Encyclopedia Britannica, www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-W-Taylor (accessed Nov. 11, 2021).Google Scholar
Maltby, Lewis. “Electronic Monitoring in the Workplace: Common Law & Federal Statutory Protection.” National Workrights Institute: Privacy. www.workrights.org/nwi_privacy_comp_ElecMonitoringCommonLaw.html.Google Scholar
Mann, Gideon, and O’Neal, Cathy. “Hiring Algorithms Are Not Neutral.” Harvard Business Review, Dec. 9, 2016. https://hbr.org/2016/12/hiring-algorithms-are-not-neutral.Google Scholar
Manokha, Ivan. “How Using Facial Analysis in Job Interviews Could Reinforce Inequality.” PBS News Hour: Making Sen$e, Oct. 7, 2019. www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/making-sense/how-using-facial-recognition-in-job-interviews-could-reinforce-inequality.Google Scholar
Marglin, Stephen. “What Do Bosses Do? The Origins and Function of Hierarchy in Capitalist Production.” Review of Radical Political Economy 6, no. 2 (1974): 60112.Google Scholar
Marglin, StephenWhat Do Bosses Do? Pt. II.” Review of Radical Political Economy 7, no. 1 (1975): 2037.Google Scholar
Marmot, Michael, and Bell, Ruth, Health Inequities in a Globalising World of Work Commission on Social Determinants of Health. ICOH: Commission on Social Determinants of Health (2009).Google Scholar
Marshall, Gordon. “Panopticon.” A Dictionary of Sociology. Encyclopedia.com, Nov. 29, 2022, www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/art-and-architecture/architecture/panopticon.Google Scholar
Martin, Natasha T.Immunity for Hire: How the Same-Actor Doctrine Sustains Discrimination in the Contemporary Workplace.” Connecticut Law Review 40, no. 4 (2008): 1117–74.Google Scholar
Martin, Whitney. “The Problem with Using Personality Tests for Hiring.” Harvard Business Review, Aug. 27, 2014. https://hbr.org/2014/08/the-problem-with-using-personality-tests-for-hiring.Google Scholar
Marwick, Alice E., and Boyd, Danah. “I Tweet Honestly, I Tweet Passionately: Twitter Users, Context Collapse, and the Imagined Audience.” New Media & Society 13, no. 1 (2011): 114–33.Google Scholar
Masi, Dale A. The History of Employee Assistance Programs in the United States. The Employee Assistance Research Foundation, 2020.Google Scholar
Matheny, Ken, and Crain, Marion. “Disloyal Workers and ‘Un-American’ Labor Law.” North Carolina Law Review 82, no. 5 (2004): 1705–57.Google Scholar
Mathiason, Garry, et al. The Transformation of the Workplace Through Robotic Artificial Intelligence, and Automation. Littler Report, Aug. 4, 2016. www.littler.com/publication-press/publication/transformation-workplace-through-robotics-artificial-intelligence-and.Google Scholar
Matsuda, Mari J.Voices of America: Accent, Antidiscrimination Law, and a Jurisprudence for the Last Reconstruction.” Yale Law Journal 100, no. 5 (1991): 13291407.Google Scholar
Matthes, Karen. “Telecommuting: Balancing Business and Employee Needs.” HR Focus 69, no. 3 (1992).Google Scholar
Maurer, Roy. “Use of Video for Recruiting Continues to Grow.” SHRM, Aug. 21, 2015. www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/hr-topics/talent-acquisition/pages/use-video-recruiting-grow.aspx.Google Scholar
Mayo, Elton. The Social Problems of an Industrial Civilization. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Graduate School of Business Administration, 1945.Google Scholar
Mayson, Sandra G.Bias In, Bias Out.” Yale Law Journal 128, no. 8 (2019): 2122–473.Google Scholar
McCann, Laurie A.The Age Discrimination in Employment Act at 50: When Will It Become a ‘Real’ Civil Rights Statute?American Bar Association Journal of Law and Employment Law 33, no. 1 (2017): 89104.Google Scholar
McConville, Timothy M. “Employer Policies May Be per se Violations of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA).” National Review, July 12, 2013. www.natlawreview.com/article/employer-policies-may-be-se-violations-national-labor-relations-act-nlra.Google Scholar
McCrae, Robert R., and John, Oliver P.. “An Introduction to the Five-Factor Model and Its Applications. Journal of Personality 60, no. 2 (1992): 175215. http://psych.colorado.edu/~carey/courses/psyc5112/readings/psnbig5_mccrae03.pdf.Google Scholar
McGregor, Douglas. The Human Side of Enterprise. New York: McGraw Hill, 1960.Google Scholar
Melson-Silimon, Arturia, et. al. “Personality Testing and the Americans with Disabilities Act: Cause for Concern as Normal and Abnormal Personality Models Are Integrated.” Industrial and Organizational Psychology 12, no. 2 (2019): 119–32.Google Scholar
Mercado, Darla. “How Workplace Benefits Might Reflect the New Reality of Covid-19.” CNBC, Oct. 13, 2020. www.cnbc.com/2020/10/13/how-workplace-benefits-might-reflect-the-new-reality-of-covid-19.html (accessed May 25, 2021).Google Scholar
Meredith, Jeff, et al. “AI Identifying Steady Workers.” Chicago Tribune, July 16, 2001. www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2001-07-16-0107160013-story.html.Google Scholar
Michaelson, Christopher, Pratt, Michael G., Grant, Adam M., and Dunn, Craig P.. “Meaningful Work: Connecting Business Ethics and Organization Studies.” Journal of Business Ethics 121, no. 1 (2014): 7790.Google Scholar
Miller, Alex P. “Want Less-Biased Decisions? Use Algorithms.” Harvard Business Review, July 26, 2018. https://hbr.org/2018/07/want-less-biased-decisions-use-algorithms.Google Scholar
Miller, Andrea. “More Companies Are Using Technology to Monitor Employees, Sparking Privacy Concerns.” ABC News, Mar. 10, 2018. https://abcnews.go.com/US/companies-technology-monitor-employees-sparking-privacy-concerns/story?id=53388270 [https://perma.cc/HHP2-R9DK].Google Scholar
Miller, Stephen. “EEOC Proposes – Then Suspends – Regulations on Wellness Program Incentives.” SHRM, Jan. 13, 2021. www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/hr-topics/benefits/pages/eeoc-proposes-new-limits-on-wellness-program-incentives.aspx (accessed May 25, 2021).Google Scholar
Miller, Stephen. “Ruling Is Mixed Bag for EEOC’s Effort to Rein in Wellness Programs.” SHRM, Sept. 28, 2016. www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/hr-topics/benefits/pages/orion-eeoc-wellness-ruling.aspx (accessed May 25, 2021).Google Scholar
Milroy, Jack. “The List Makes Us Strong. Why Unions Need a Digital Strategy.” Medium, Apr. 29, 2016. https://medium.com/@jack_milroy/the-list-makes-us-strong-why-unions-need-a-digital-strategy-42291213298a.Google Scholar
“Mob Law at Homestead: Provoked by an Attack of Pinkerton Detectives.” New York Times, July 7, 1892. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/07/07/104139908.pdf.Google Scholar
Moore, Adam D.Employee Monitoring and Computer Technology: Evaluative Surveillance v. Privacy.” Business Ethics Quarterly 10, no. 3 (2000): 697709.Google Scholar
Moore, Phoebe V. “Electronic Performance Monitoring.” PhoebeVMoore blog, Oct. 29, 2019. https://phoebevmoore.wordpress.com/2019/10/29/electronic-performance-monitoring/.Google Scholar
Morn, Frank. The Eye That Never Sleeps: A History of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Morozov, Evgeny. To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism. New York: Public Affairs, 2013.Google Scholar
Morris, Frank C., Jr., Emil Huellei, August, and Solander, Adam C.. “Mainstream Wellness Program Challenged in EEOC v. Honeywell.” Epstein Becker Green: Insights, Nov. 20, 2014. www.ebglaw.com/news/mainstream-wellness-program-challenged-in-eeoc-v-honeywell/ (accessed May 25, 2021).Google Scholar
Morse, Minna Scherlinder. “Facing a Bumpy History.” Smithsonian Magazine, Oct. 1997. www.smithsonianmag.com/history/facing-a-bumpy-history-144497373/.Google Scholar
Murphy, Michael E.Assuring Responsible Risk Management in Banking: The Corporate Governance Dimension.” Delaware Journal of Corporate Law 36, no. 1 (2011): 121–64.Google Scholar
MyNameStats.com. “First Names: Jared.” www.mynamestats.com/First-Names/J/JA/JARED/index.html (last visited May 9, 2022).Google Scholar
Myriad Genetics. “Benefits of Genetic Testing.” www.myriad.com/patients-families/genetic-testing-101/benefits-of-genetic-testing/ (accessed May 25, 2021).Google Scholar
Nahill, Bill. “Commonwealth v. Hunt.” American Legal History, Mar. 12, 2013. http://moglen.law.columbia.edu/twiki/bin/view/AmLegalHist/BillNahillWikiProject.Google Scholar
National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL). “Genetic Employment Laws.” Updated Jan. 2008. www.ncsl.org/research/health/genetic-employment-laws.aspx (accessed May 25, 2021).Google Scholar
National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL). “Genetics and Health Insurance State Anti-Discrimination Laws.” Updated Jan. 2008. www.ncsl.org/research/health/genetic-nondiscrimination-in-health-insurance-laws.aspx.Google Scholar
National Human Genome Research Institute. “The Human Genome Project” (last updated Dec. 22, 2020). www.genome.gov/human-genome-project (accessed May 25, 2021).Google Scholar
“National Society to Conserve Life: Life Extension Institute Formed to Teach Hygiene and Prevention of Disease.” New York Times, Dec. 30, 1913. Available at ProQuest Historical Newspapers.Google Scholar
Nazari, Tourang. “More Responsible Use of Workforce Data Required to Strengthen Employee Trust and Unlock Growth, According to Accenture Report.” Accenture Newsroom, Jan. 21, 2019. https://newsroom.accenture.com/news/more-responsible-use-of-workforce-data-required-to-strengthen-employee-trust-and-unlock-growth-according-to-accenture-report.htm.Google Scholar
Neff, Gina, and Nafus, Dawn. Self-Tracking. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016.Google Scholar
NEH. “Reconstruction vs. Redemption.” National Endowment for the Humanities: News, Feb. 11, 2014. www.neh.gov/news/reconstruction-vs-redemption.Google Scholar
Nelles, Walter. “Commonwealth v. Hunt.” Columbia Law Review 32, no. 7 (1932): 1128–69.Google Scholar
Neumark, David, Burn, Ian, and Button, Patrick. “Age Discrimination and Hiring of Older Workers.” Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, Economic Letter, Feb. 27, 2017. www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic-letter/2017/february/age-discrimination-and-hiring-older-workers/.Google Scholar
Newman, Mark. The HireVue Story. Vimeo, posted Apr. 26, 2013. https://vimeo.com/64921188.Google Scholar
Nichols, Robert S., et al. “EEOC Says Employers May Mandate Covid-19 Vaccinations – Subject to Limitations.” National Law Review, Jan. 20, 2021. www.natlawreview.com/article/eeoc-says-employers-may-mandate-covid-19-vaccinations-subject-to-limitations (accessed May 25, 2021).Google Scholar
NIEHS. “Autism.” Last updated Aug. 30, 2021. www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/conditions/autism/index.cfm.Google Scholar
“1919 Steel Strike.” Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. https://case.edu/ech/articles/n/1919-steel-strike (accessed Jan. 5, 2021).Google Scholar
Nissenbaum, Helen. Privacy in Context: Technology, Policy, and the Integrity of Social Life. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
NLRB. “1947 Taft-Hartley Substantive Provisions.” www.nlrb.gov/about-nlrb/who-we-are/our-history/1947-taft-hartley-substantive-provisions (accessed Jan. 6, 2021).Google Scholar
Noble, Safiya Umoja. Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. New York: New York University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Noonan, Mary C., and Glass, Jennifer L.. “The Hard Truth about Telecommuting.” Monthly Labor Review, United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics: June 2012, 3845.Google Scholar
Novaco, Raymond W., Kliewer, Wendy, and Broquet, Alexander. “Home Environmental Consequences of Commute Travel Impedance.” American Journal of Community Psychology 19, no. 6 (1991): 881909.Google Scholar
Nuriddin, Ayah, Mooney, Graham, and White, Alexandre I. R.. “Reckoning with Histories of Medical Racism and Violence in the USA.” The Lancet 396, no. 10256 (2020): 949–51.Google Scholar
O’Connor, Austin. “Bias towards Older Workers on the Rise as Age Discrimination Goes Online.” The Milwaukee Independent, January 10, 2018. www.milwaukeeindependent.com/syndicated/bias-toward-older-workers-on-the-rise-as-age-discrimination-goes-online/.Google Scholar
O’Neil, Cathy. “Personality Tests Are Failing American Workers.” Bloomberg, January 18, 2018. www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2018-01-18/personality-tests-are-failing-american-workers.Google Scholar
O’Neil, Cathy. Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. New York: Crown Publishing, 2016.Google Scholar
O’Neill, Heather. “Video Interviewing Cuts Costs, but Bias Worries Linger.” Workforce, Oct. 5, 2011. www.workforce.com/news/video-interviewing-cuts-costs-but-bias-worries-linger.Google Scholar
O’Rourke, Kevin Hjortshøj. “Luddites, the Industrial Revolution, and the Demographic Transition.” Journal of Economic Growth 18, no. 4 (2013): 373409.Google Scholar
Obstfeld, David. “Social Networks, the Tertius Iungens Orientation, and Involvement in Innovation.” Administrative Science Quarterly 50, no. 1 (2005): 100130.Google Scholar
OECD. “OECD Guidelines Governing the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data.” Updated 2013. www.oecd.org/sti/ieconomy/oecdguidelinesontheprotectionofprivacyandtransborderflowsofpersonaldata.htm [https://perma.cc/YX8E-JJRX].Google Scholar
Ohm, Paul. “Sensitive Data.” Southern California Law Review 88, no. 5 (2015): 1125–96.Google Scholar
Ong, Thuy. “Amazon Patents Wristbands That Track Warehouse Employees’ Hands in Real Time.” The Verge, Feb. 1, 2018. www.theverge.com/2018/2/1/16958918/amazon-patents-trackable-wristband-warehouse-employees [https://perma.cc/8FYU-4RNR].Google Scholar
Onion, Rebecca. “Tracking a Slave Trader through His Expense Reports.” Slate, Apr. 7, 2014. https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/04/slave-trader-ledger-william-james-smith-accounting-book.html.Google Scholar
Onwuachi-Willig, Angela, and Willig-Onwuachi, Jacob. “A House Divided: The Invisibility of the Multiracial Family.” Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 44, no. 1 (2009): 231–53.Google Scholar
Opacity. “Worcester State Hospital.” Opacity: Urban Ruins, 2018. https://opacity.us/site56_worcester_state_hospital.htmGoogle Scholar
Oppenheimer, David Benjamin. “Negligent Discrimination.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 141, no. 3 (1993): 899972.Google Scholar
ORCAA (O’Neill Risk Assessment and Algorithmic Auditing). “Description of Algorithmic Audit: Pre-Built Assessments.” Report, Dec. 15, 2020. https://techinquiry.org/HireVue-ORCAA.pdf.Google Scholar
Orlikowski, Wanda J., and Barley, Stephen R.. “Technology and Institutions: What Can Research on Information Technology and Research on Organizations Learn from Each Other?MIS Quarterly 25, no. 2 (2001): 145–65.Google Scholar
Orth, John V.English Combination Acts of the Eighteenth Century.” Law and History Review 5, no. 1 (1987): 175211.Google Scholar
Oswal, Nilam. “The Latest Recruitment Technology Trends and How to Really Use Them.” PC World, Feb. 9, 2018. www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/633219/latest-recruitment-technology-trends-how-really-use-them/.Google Scholar
Oswald, Fred. “Can a Personality Test Determine if You’re a Good Fit for a Job? Speaking of Psychology (blog), interview with Fred Oswald PhD, episode 150, July 2021. www.apa.org/research/action/speaking-of-psychology/personality-tests.Google Scholar
Palen, Melanie. “Unicru Personality Test Answer Key: Read This, Get Hired.” ToughNickel, July 24, 2020. https://toughnickel.com/finding-job/Unicru.Google Scholar
Pallais, Amanda. “Evidence That Minorities Perform Worse under Biased Managers.” Harvard Business Review, Jan. 13, 2017. https://hbr.org/2017/01/evidence-that-minorities-perform-worse-under-biased-managers.Google Scholar
Palmer, Annie. “Amazon Flex Drivers Are Using Bots to Cheat Their Way to Getting More Work.” CNBC, Feb. 9, 2020. www.cnbc.com/2020/02/09/amazon-flex-drivers-use-bots-to-get-more-work.html.Google Scholar
Paquette, Danielle. “The Trump Administration Just Halted This Obama-Era Rule to Shrink the Gender Wage Gap.” Washington Post, Aug. 30, 2017. www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/08/30/the-trump-administration-just-halted-this-obama-era-rule-to-shrink-the-gender-wage-gap/.Google Scholar
Parker, Kim, Menasce Horowitz, Juliana, and Minkin, Rachel. “Covid-19 Pandemic Continues to Reshape Work in America.” Pew Research Center, Feb. 16, 2022. www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2022/02/16/covid-19-pandemic-continues-to-reshape-work-in-america/.Google Scholar
Parker, Wendy. “Lessons in Losing: Race Discrimination in Employment.” Notre Dame Law Review 81, no. 3 (2006): 889954.Google Scholar
Parry, Jim, Robinson, Simon, and Watson, Nick. Sport and Spirituality: An Introduction. New York: Routledge, 2007.Google Scholar
Pascale, Richard. “The Paradox of ‘Corporate Culture’: Reconciling Ourselves to Socialization.” California Management Review 27, no. 2 (1985): 2647.Google Scholar
Pasquale, Frank. “Beyond Innovation and Competition: The Need for Qualified Transparency in Internet Intermediaries.” Northwestern University School of Law 104, no. 1 (2010): 105–73.Google Scholar
Pasquale, Frank. The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Paycor. “Announcement: Newton Is Now Paycor Recruiting.” https://perma.cc/LF3U-R4ZK (captured May 18, 2020).Google Scholar
Paycor. “Paycor Recruiting: Find Quality Candidates and Fill Open Positions Fast.” Last updated Oct. 4, 2019. www.paycor.com/resource-center/recruitment-tools [https://perma.cc/3MS9TVDK].Google Scholar
Paycor. “Paycor Recruiting Software & Applicant Tracking System.” https://perma.cc/K9UF-YUSV (captured Apr. 23, 2020).Google Scholar
Pearlson, Keri E., and Saunders, Carol S.. “There’s No Place Like Home: Managing Telecommuting Paradoxes.” Academy of Management Perspectives 15, no. 2 (2001): 117–28.Google Scholar
Peppet, Scott R.Regulating the Internet of Things: First Steps toward Managing Discrimination, Privacy, Security, and Consent.” Texas Law Review 93, no. 1 (2014): 85176.Google Scholar
Perea, Juan F.Doctrines of Delusion: How the History of the G.I. Bill and Other Inconvenient Truths Undermine the Supreme Court’s Affirmative Action Jurisprudence.” University of Pittsburgh Law Review 75, no. 1 (2014): 583651.Google Scholar
Petrova, Magdalena. “A Smart Exoskeleton Can Keep the Elderly Safe.” Computer World, May 15, 2017. www.computerworld.com/article/3196823/a-smart-exoskeleton-can-keep-the-elderly-safe.amp.html.Google Scholar
Pettit, Philip. Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government. 1997; Reprint, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Peyton, Antigone. “The Connected State of Things: A Lawyer’s Survival Guide in an Internet of Things World.” Catholic University Journal of Law and Technology 24, no. 2 (2016): 369400.Google Scholar
Peyton, Antigone. “A Litigator’s Guide to the Internet of Things.” Richmond Journal of Law and Technology 22, no. 3 (2016): 120.Google Scholar
Phaik Lin Goh, Janice. “Privacy, Security, and Wearable Technology.” Landslide 8, no. 2 (Nov./Dec. 2015): 18. www.americanbar.org/groups/intellectual_property_law/publications/landslide/2015-16/november-december/.Google Scholar
Phillips, Katherine W.Commentary: What Is the Real Value of Diversity in Organizations? Questioning Our Assumptions.” In The Diversity Bonus: How Great Teams Pay Off in the Knowledge Economy, edited by Page, Scott E.. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017, 223–46.Google Scholar
Pierce, Benjamin A. Genetics: A Conceptual Approach. 7th ed. New York: Macmillan, 2020.Google Scholar
Pinard, Michael. “Collateral Consequences of Criminal Convictions: Confronting Issues of Race and Dignity.” New York University Law Review 85, no. 2 (2010): 457534.Google Scholar
Pinkerton.com. “Our History: Our Roots Trace Back to 1850.” Pinkerton Consulting and Investigations website, 2018. www.pinkerton.com/our-difference/history.Google Scholar
Porter, Nicole Buoncore. “Synergistic Solutions: An Integrated Approach to Solving the Caregiver Conundrum for ‘Real’ Workers.” Stetson Law Review 39, no. 1 (2010): 777860.Google Scholar
Posner, Richard A. Economic Analysis of Law, 2nd ed. New York: Little Brown, 1977.Google Scholar
Posner, Richard A.Privacy, Secrecy and Reputation.” Buffalo Law Review 28, no. 1 (1979): 155.Google Scholar
Post, Robert. “Prejudicial Appearance: The Logic of American Antidiscrimination Law.” California Law Review 88, no. 1 (2000): 140.Google Scholar
Poster, Mark. The Mode of Information: Poststructuralism and Social Context. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Potuzak, Melissa, et al. “Categorical vs Dimensional Classifications of Psychotic Disorders.” Comprehensive Psychiatry 53, no. 8 (Nov. 2012): 1118–29. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3488145/.Google Scholar
Prenkert, Jamie Darin. “Bizarro Statutory Stare Decisis.” Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law 28, no. 1 (2007): 217–68.Google Scholar
Press, Joshua S.Crying Havoc over the Outsourcing of Soldiers and Democracy’s Slipping Grip on the Dogs of War.” Northwestern University Law Review 103, no. 33 (2008): 109–20. www.law.northwestern.edu/lawreview/colloquy/2008/33/.Google Scholar
Price, W. Nicholson, II. “Regulating Black-Box Medicine.” Michigan Law Review 116, no. 3 (2017): 421–74.Google Scholar
Privacy Rights Clearinghouse. “California Privacy Rights Act: An Overview.” Dec. 10, 2020. https://privacyrights.org/resources/california-privacy-rights-act-overview.Google Scholar
Pruitt, Jeff. “3 Ways to Know if an Employee Is a Culture Fit.” Inc.com, Aug. 12, 2016. www.inc.com/jeff-pruitt/3-ways-to-know-if-an-employee-is-a-culture-fit.html.Google Scholar
Public Citizen. Workplace Privacy after Covid-19. Digital Rights Program, Aug. 13, 2020. www.citizen.org/wp-content/uploads/Workplace-Privacy-after-Covid-19-final.pdf.Google Scholar
Pugh, Allison. The Tumbleweed Society: Working and Caring in an Age of Insecurity. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Pustilnik, Amanda C.Violence on the Brain: A Critique of Neuroscience in Criminal Law.” Wake Forest Law Review 44, no. 1 (2009):183237.Google Scholar
Quantified Self Institute. What Is Quantified Self? https://qsinstitute.com/about/what-is-quantified-self/.Google Scholar
Raczkowski, Christopher. “From Modernity’s Detection to Modernist Detectives: Narrative Vision in the Work of Allan Pinkerton and Dashiell Hammett.” MFS Modern Fiction Studies 49, no. 4 (2003): 629–59.Google Scholar
Rafferty, John P. “The Rise of the Machines: Pros and Cons of the Industrial Revolution.” Encyclopedia Britannica, 2018. www.britannica.com/story/the-rise-of-the-machines-pros-and-cons-of-the-industrial-revolution.Google Scholar
Raghavan, Manish, Kleinberg, Jon, Barocas, Solon, and Levy, Karen. “Mitigating Bias in Algorithmic Hiring: Evaluating Claims and Practices.” FAT*’ 20: Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, Jan. 2020, 469–81.Google Scholar
Patrick, Raines J., and Leathers, Charles G.. “Telecommuting: The New Wave of Workplace Technology Will Create a Flood of Change in Social Institutions.” Journal of Economic Issues 35, no. 2 (2001): 307–13.Google Scholar
Raub, McKenzie.Bots, Bias and Big Data: Artificial Intelligence, Algorithmic Bias and Disparate Impact Liability in Hiring Practices.” Arkansas Law Review 71, no. 2 (2018): 529–70.Google Scholar
Ray, Victor. “Why So Many Organizations Stay White.” Harvard Business Review, Nov. 19, 2019. https://hbr.org/2019/11/why-so-many-organizations-stay-white.Google Scholar
Rehm, John. “Exoskeletons and the Workplace.” Worker’s Compensation Watch, Dec. 7, 2015. https://workerscompensationwatch.com/2015/12/07/exoskeletons-and-the-workplace/ [https://perma.cc/L73A-4MYJ].Google Scholar
Reidenberg, Joel R.Lex Informatica: The Formulation of Information Policy Rules through Technology.” Texas Law Review 76, no. 3(1998): 553–93.Google Scholar
Reilly, Philip R.Eugenics and Involuntary Sterilization, 1907–2015.” Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 16, no. 1 (2015): 351–68.Google Scholar
Rhue, Lauren. “Racial Influence on Automated Perceptions of Emotions.” SSRN: Race, AI, and Emotions, Nov. 9, 2018. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3281765.Google Scholar
Ribeiro, Marco Tulio, Singh, Sameer, and Guestrin, Carlos. “‘Why Should I Trust You?’ Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifier.” In Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 1135–44. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 2016.Google Scholar
Rice, Ralph S.The Wagner Act: It’s Legislative History and It’s Relation to National Defense.” Ohio State University Law Journal 8, no. 1 (1941): 1773.Google Scholar
Riddle, Judith. “Editor’s Spot: Is the BMI Racially Biased?Today’s Dietician 22, no. 8 (2020): 6.Google Scholar
“Riot at Homestead.” Chicago Tribune, July 6, 1892. https://chicagotribune.newspapers.com/search/?ymd=1892-07-06.Google Scholar
Roberts, Laura Morgan, and Roberts, Darryl D.. “Testing the Limits of Antidiscrimination Law: The Business, Legal, and Ethical Ramifications of Cultural Profiling at Work.” Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy 14, no. 1 (2007): 369405.Google Scholar
Roberts, Sarah T. “Commercial Content Moderation: Digital Laborers’ Dirty Work.” In Intersectional Internet: Race, Sex, Class, and Culture, edited by S. U. Noble & B. Tynes. Media Studies Publications (2016): 111.Google Scholar
Roberts, Sarah T.Digital Refuse: Canadian Garbage, Commercial Content Moderation and the Global Circulations of Media’s Waste.” Journal of Mobile Media 10, no. 1 (2016): 118.Google Scholar
Roberts, Sarah T. “In/visibility.” In Surplus3: Labour and the Digital, 30–32. Letters & Handshakes, 2016.Google Scholar
Robey, Daniel. “Computers and Management Structure: Some Empirical Findings Re-examined.” Human Relations 30, no. 11 (1977): 963–76.Google Scholar
Robitzski, Dan. “How A.I. Exoskeletons Could Make People Super-Human.” Inverse, June 22, 2017. www.inverse.com/article/33298-personalized-exoskeletons-carnegie-mellon.Google Scholar
Rodder, A. “Technologies of Control: The Construction of the Modern Worker.” MS thesis, University of Oslo, 2016. www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Technologies-of-Control%3A-The-Construction-of-the-Rodder/813b851fda76c6e8dcd41c61e29ca55fe447fa30.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, Tony, and Lyon, Jessica. “Background Screening Reports and the FCRA: Just Saying You’re Not a Consumer Reporting Agency Isn’t Enough.” Federal Trade Commission, blog, posted Jan. 10, 2013. www.ftc.gov/news-events/blogs/business-blog/2013/01/background-screeningreports-fcra-just-saying-youre-not [https://perma.cc/9YEN-QXKH].Google Scholar
Roediger, David R., and Esch, Elizabeth D.. The Production of Difference: Race and the Management of Labor in U.S. History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Roethlisberger, Fritz Jules. Management and Morale. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1941.Google Scholar
Roethlisberger, Fritz Jules, and Dickson, William J.. Management and the Worker: An Account of a Research Program Conducted by the Western Electric Company, Hawthorne Works, Chicago. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1939.Google Scholar
Rogers, Adam. “We Try a New Exoskeleton for Construction Workers.” Wired, Apr. 28, 2015. www.wired.com/2015/04/try-new-exoskeleton-construction-workers/ [https://perma.cc/PLQ7-4NVK].Google Scholar
Rogers, Brishen. “Basic Income and the Resilience of Social Democracy.” Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal 40, no. 2 (2019): 199–221.Google Scholar
Rogers, Brishen. “Worker Surveillance and Class Power.” LPE Project, July 11, 2018. https://lpeproject.org/blog/worker-surveillance-and-class-power/.Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, Eric. “Silicon Valley Is Stumped: Even A.I. Cannot Always Remove Bias from Hiring.” CNBC, May 30, 2018. www.cnbc.com/2018/05/30/silicon-valley-is-stumped-even-a-i-cannot-remove-bias-from-hiring.html.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Eli. “Workers Are Fired Up. But Union Participation Is Still on the Decline, New Statistics Show.” Washington Post, Jan. 23, 2020. www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/01/22/workers-are-fired-up-union-participation-is-still-decline-new-statistics-show/.Google Scholar
Rosenblat, Alex, Kneese, Tamara, and Boyd, Danah. Workplace Surveillance. Open Society Foundations: Data and Society Working Paper. Oct. 8, 2014.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, Caitlin. Accounting for Slavery: Masters and Management. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Ross, Andrew S. “In Silicon Valley, Age Can Be a Curse.” SF Gate, Aug. 20, 2013. www.sfgate.com/bu~siness/bottomline/article/In-Silicon-Valley-age-can-be-a-curse-4742365.php.Google Scholar
Ruckenstein, Minna. “Visualized and Interacted Life: Personal Analytics and Engagements with Data Doubles.” Societies 4, no. 1 (2014): 6884.Google Scholar
Rutkin, Aviva. “Wearable Tech Lets Boss Track Your Work, Rest and Play.” New Scientist, Oct. 15, 2014, www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429913-000-wearabletech-lets-boss-track-your-work-rest-and-play/ [https://perma.cc/U4PW-KYYX].Google Scholar
Sales, Francesca. “What Is Cultural Fit?” Tech Target: Search CIO, Sept. 2014. https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/Cultural-fit.Google Scholar
Salomon, Ilan. “Telematics, Travel and Environmental Change: What Can Be Expected of Travel Substitution?Built Environment 21, no. 4 (1978): 214–22.Google Scholar
Sandberg, Sheryl. “Managing Unconscious Bias.” Meta Newsroom, July 28, 2015. https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2015/07/managing-unconscious-bias.Google Scholar
Sandler, Rachel. “EEOC Probing Whether Facebook Has Committed Systemic Racial Discrimination in Hiring.” Forbes, Mar. 5, 2021. www.forbes.com/sites/rachelsandler/2021/03/05/eeoc-probing-whether-facebook-has-committed-systemic-racial-discrimination-in-hiring/?sh=59025ce7715f.Google Scholar
Sanger Institute. “The Finished Human Genome: Welcome to the Genomic Age.” Sanger Institute, Press Office, Apr. 14, 2003. https://perma.cc/2FX6-HZPW (captured Nov. 17, 2015; accessed May 25, 2021).Google Scholar
Santorelli, Michael, and Bytes, Washington. “After Net Neutrality: The FTC Is the Sheriff of Tech Again. Is It up to the Task?” Forbes, Dec. 15, 2017. www.forbes.com/sites/washingtonbytes/2017/12/15/the-game-is-on-the-ftc-tech-regulation-post-net-neutrality/.Google Scholar
Sanzaro, Karen. “Big Data: FTC Issues Report Cautioning That Use of Big Data May Violate Federal Consumer Protection Laws or Raise Ethical Considerations.” Alston & Bird: Privacy, Cyber, & Data Strategy Blog, Jan. 19, 2016. www.alstonprivacy.com/big-data-ftc-issues-report-cautioning-that-use-of-big-data-may-violate-federal-consumer-protection-laws-or-raise-ethical-considerations/.Google Scholar
Saulsberry, Kalyn, and Terry, Sharon F.. “The Need to Build Trust: A Perspective on Disparities in Genetic Testing.” Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers 17, no. 9 (2013): 647–48.Google Scholar
Savage, David D., and Bales, Richard. “Video Games in Job Interviews: Using Algorithms to Minimize Discrimination and Unconscious Bias.” ABA Journal of Labor and Employment Law 32, no. 2 (2017): 211–28.Google Scholar
Saval, Nikil. Cubed: A Secret History of the Workplace. New York: Doubleday, 2014.Google Scholar
Scheiber, Noam. “The Brutal Ageism of Tech.” The New Republic, Mar. 23, 2014. https://newrepublic.com/article/I17088/silicons-valleys-brutal-ageism.Google Scholar
Schlag, Pierre. “Commentary: Law & Phrenology.” Harvard Law Review 110, no. 4 (1997): 877921.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Lars. “The End of Culture Fit.” Forbes, Mar. 21, 2017. www.forbes.com/sites/larsschmidt/2017/03/21/the-end-of-culture-fit/#70fbdb72638a.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, Joseph A. History of Economic Analysis. 1954. Reprint, London: Routledge, 1994.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Justin. “Voice without Say: Why Capital-Manage Firms Aren’t (Genuinely) Participatory.” Fordham Journal of Corporate and Financial Law 18, no. 4 (2013): 963–1020.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Paul M.Data Processing and Government Administration: The Failure of the American Legal Response to the Computer.” Hastings Law Journal 43, no. 5 (1992): 1321–89.Google Scholar
Schwartz, Paul M.Preemption and Privacy.” Yale Law Journal 118, no. 5 (2009): 902–1021.Google Scholar
“Scientific Management.” The Economist, Feb. 9. 2009. www.economist.com/news/2009/02/09/scientific-management.Google Scholar
Scope. “Social Model of Disability.” Scope.org. www.scope.org.uk/about-us/social-model-of-disability/ (accessed Oct. 4, 2020).Google Scholar
Selbst, Andrew D., and Barocas, Solon. “The Intuitive Appeal of Explainable Machines.” Fordham Law Review 87, no. 3 (2018): 10851139.Google Scholar
“Self-Audit for Quality Improvement.” Strategic Direction 18, no. 5 (2002): 17–19.Google Scholar
Selinger, Evan, and Hartzog, Woodrow. “The Inconsentability of Facial Surveillance.” Loyola Law Review 66, no. 1 (2019): 101–22.Google Scholar
Selmi, Michael. “Was the Disparate Impact Theory a Mistake?UCLA Law Review 53, no. 3 (2006): 701–82.Google Scholar
Selmi, Michael. “Why Are Employment Discrimination Cases So Hard to Win?Louisiana Law Review 61, no. 3 (2001): 555–75.Google Scholar
Sening, Yvonne Koontz. “Heads or Tails: The Employee Polygraph Protection Act.” Catholic University Law Review 39, no. 1 (1989): 235–68.Google Scholar
Sewell, Graham. “The Discipline of Teams: The Control of Team-Based Industrial Work Through Electronic and Peer Surveillance.” Administrative Science Quarterly 43, no. 2 (1998): 397428.Google Scholar
ShabbyTester. “How To Answer Pre-Employment Personality Tests.” Reddit: AskReddit, posted Feb. 13, 2012. www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/pneie/how_to_answer_preemployment_personality_tests/.Google Scholar
Shamir, Boas, and Saloman, Ilan. “Work-at-Home and the Quality of Working Life.” Academy of Management 10, no. 3 (1985): 455–64.Google Scholar
Shang, Ellen. “Employee Privacy in the US Is at Stake as Corporate Surveillance Technology Monitors Workers’ Every Move.” CNBC, Apr. 15, 2019. www.cnbc.com/2019/04/15/employee-privacy-is-at-stake-as-surveillance-tech-monitors-workers.html.Google Scholar
Shawl, William Frank. “The Repeal of the Combination Acts 1824–1825.” MA thesis, Montana State University, 1954. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=9663&context=etd.Google Scholar
Shell, Ellen Ruppel. “The Employer-Surveillance State.” The Atlantic, Oct. 15, 2018. www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2018/10/employee-surveillance/568159/.Google Scholar
Shellenbarger, Sue. “Work at Home? Your Employer May Be Watching.” Wall Street Journal, July 30, 2008. www.wsj.com/articles/SB121737022605394845.Google Scholar
Shellenbarger, Sue. “‘Working from Home’ without Slacking Off.” Wall Street Journal, July 11, 2012. www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303684004577508953483021234.Google Scholar
Shestakofsky, Benjamin J.Working Algorithm, Software Automation and the Future of Work.” Work and Occupations 44, no. 4 (2017): 376423.Google Scholar
SHRM. What Is the Function of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA)? www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/tools-and-samples/hr-qa/pages/nlrafunction.aspx (accessed Jan. 5, 2021).Google Scholar
Shuey, Kim M., and O’Rand, Angela M.. “New Risks for Workers: Pensions, Labor Markets, and Gender.” Annual Review of Sociology 30, no. 1 (2004): 453–77.Google Scholar
Sia, Siew Kien, et al. “Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) as a Technology of Power: Empowerment or Panoptic Control?ACM SIGMIS Database: The Database for Advances Information Systems 33, no. 1 (2002): 2337.Google Scholar
Siegel, Eric. Predictive Analytics: The Power to Predict Who Will Click, Buy, Lie, or Die. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2013.Google Scholar
Siegel, Reva B.Equality Talk: Antisubordination and Anticlassification Values in Constitutional Struggles over Brown.” Harvard Law Review 117, no. 5 (2004): 14701547.Google Scholar
Silverman, Rachel Emma. “Bosses Tap Outside Firms to Predict Which Workers Might Get Sick.” Wall Street Journal, Feb. 17, 2016. www.wsj.com/articles/bosses-harness-big-data-to-predict-which-workers-might-get-sick-1455664940.Google Scholar
Silverman, Rachel E., and Waller, Nikki. “The Algorithm That Tells the Boss Who Might Quit.” Wall Street Journal, Mar. 13, 2015. www.wsj.com/articles/the-algorithm-that-tells-the-boss-who-might-quit-1426287935.Google Scholar
Simmel, Georg. The Sociology of Georg Simmel, edited and translated by Wolff, Kurt H.. New York: Free Press, 1950.Google Scholar
Simonite, Tom. “This Call May Be Monitored for Tone and Emotion.” Wired, Mar. 19, 2018. www.wired.com/story/this-call-may-be-monitored-for-tone-and-emotion/.Google Scholar
Singh, Jatinder, et al. “Responsibility & Machine Learning: Part of a Process,” Oct. 27, 2016. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2860048.Google Scholar
Sink, Jessica, and Bales, Richard A.. “Born in the Bandwidth: ‘Digital Native’ as Pretext for Age Discrimination.” American Bar Association Journal of Law and Employment Law 31, no. 3 (2016): 521–36.Google Scholar
Sklansky, David A.The Private Police.” UCLA Law Review 46, no. 4 (1999): 11651287.Google Scholar
Slade, Hollie. “Hand Gesture Armband Myo Integrates with Google Glass.” Forbes, Aug. 19, 2014. www.forbes.com/sites/hollieslade/2014/08/19/hand-gesture-armband-myo-integrates-with-google-glass/#39309793608c [https://perma.cc/QZ95-HYSZ].Google Scholar
Slaughter, Louise M.The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act: Why Your Personal Genetics Are Still Vulnerable to Discrimination.” Surgical Clinics of North America 88, no. 4 (2008): 723–38.Google Scholar
Smallwood, Stephanie E. Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Smids, Jilles, Nyholm, Sven, and Berkers, Hannah. “Robots in the Workplace: A Threat to – or Opportunity for – Meaningful Work?Philosophy and Technology 33, no. 3 (2020): 503–22.Google Scholar
Smith, Aaron, and Anderson, Monica. Automation for Everyday Life. Pew Research Center, Oct. 4, 2017. http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/10/03151500/PI_2017.10.04_Automation_FINAL.pdf.Google Scholar
Smith, Allen. “Temperature Screenings: Review State Laws.” SHRM.org, Aug. 31, 2020. www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/legal-and-compliance/employment-law/pages/coronavirus-temperature-screening-review.aspx.Google Scholar
Smith, Robert Michael. From Blackjacks to Briefcases: A History of Commercialized Strikebreaking and Unionbusting in the United States. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Smith-Marsh, Daphne E. “Type 1 Diabetes Risk Factors.” Endocrine Web, Mar. 1, 2016. www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/type-1-diabetes/type-1-diabetes-risk-factors (last updated Mar. 3, 2016).Google Scholar
Snustad, D. Peter, and Simmons, Michael J.. Principles of Genetics. 6th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.Google Scholar
Solon, Olivia. “Amazon Patents Wristband That Tracks Warehouse Workers’ Movements.” The Guardian, Jan. 31, 2018. www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jan/31/amazon-warehouse-wristband-tracking.Google Scholar
Solon, Olivia. “Big Brother Isn’t Just Watching: Workplace Surveillance Can Track Your Every Move.” The Guardian, Nov. 6, 2017. www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/06/workplace-surveillance-big-brother-technology.Google Scholar
Solon, Olivia. “Wearable Technology Creeps into the Workplace.” Sydney Morning Herald, Aug. 7, 2015. www.smh.com.au/business/workplace/wearable-technology-creeps-into-the-workplace-20150807-gitzuh.html.Google Scholar
Sowell, Thomas. Discrimination and Disparities. New York: Basic Books, 2019.Google Scholar
Spann, Giradeau A.Race Ipsa Loquitor.” Michigan State Law Review 2018, no. 1 (2018): 1025–93.Google Scholar
Sperino, Sandra F.Disparate Impact of Negative Impact: Future of Non-Intentional Discrimination Claims Brought by the Elderly.” Elder Law Journal 13, no. 2 (2005): 339–86.Google Scholar
Sprague, Robert D.From Taylorism to the Omnipticon: Expanding Employee Surveillance Beyond the Workplace.” Journal of Computer & Information Law 25, no. 1 (2007): 135.Google Scholar
Stack, Michael B. “Wearable Technology in Workers’ Compensation.” Amaxx, July 27, 2017. http://blog.reduceyourworkerscomp.com/2017/07/wearable-technology-workers-compensation/ [https://perma.cc/KW6G-8SZK?type=image].Google Scholar
Stark, Luke. “Facial Recognition Is the Plutonium of AI.” XRDS: Crossroads 25, no. 3 (2019): 5055.Google Scholar
Starnes, Cynthia. “Divorce and the Displaced Homemaker: A Discourse on Playing with Dolls, Partnership Buyouts and Dissociation Under No-Fault.” University of Chicago Law Review 60, no. 1 (1993): 67139.Google Scholar
Stauffer, Joseph M., and Buckley, M. Ronald. “The Existence and Nature of Racial Bias in Supervisory Ratings.” Journal of Applied Psychology 90, no. 3 (2005): 596–91.Google Scholar
Steadman, Phillip. “Samuel Bentham’s Panopticon.” Journal of Bentham Studies 14, no. 1 (2012): 130.Google Scholar
Steele, Chandra. “The Quantified Employee: How Companies Use Tech to Track Workers.” PC Mag, Feb. 14, 2020. www.pcmag.com/news/the-quantified-employee-how-companies-use-tech-to-track-workers.Google Scholar
Stephens, Bret. “Opinion: The Secrets of Jewish Genius.” New York Times, Dec. 27, 2019. www.nytimes.com/2019/12/27/opinion/jewish-culture-genius-iq.html.Google Scholar
Stern, Alex, and Platt, Tony. “Sterilization Abuse in State Prisons: Time to Break with California’s Long Eugenic Patterns.” Huffington Post: The Blog, July 23, 2013. www.huffpost.com/entry/sterilization-california-prisons_b_3631287 (accessed May 26, 2021).Google Scholar
Street, Tamara D., and Lacey, Sarah J.. “Employee Perceptions of Workplace Health Promotion Programs: Comparison of a Tailored, Semi-Tailored, and Standardized Approach.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 5 (2018): 117.Google Scholar
Studnicka, Anthony. “The Emergence of Wearable Technology and the Legal Implications for Athletes, Teams, Leagues and Other Sports Organizations across Amateur and Professional Athletics.” DePaul Journal of Sports Law 16, no. 1 (2020): 195224.Google Scholar
Suddath, Claire. “Tesco Monitors Employees with Motorola Armbands.” Bloomberg, Feb. 13, 2013. www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-02-13/tesco-monitors-employees-with-motorola-armbands [http://perma.cc/G925-8BR9].Google Scholar
Suemo, Jemimah. “2019 Employee Monitoring Software Industry Trends.” Worktime, Oct. 21, 2019. www.worktime.com/2019-employee-monitoring-software-industry-trends.Google Scholar
Suk, Julie C.Discrimination at Will: Job Security Protections and Equal Employment Opportunity in Conflict.” Stanford Law Review 60, no.1 (2007): 73113.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Bob. “Online Job Sites May Block Older Workers.” CNBC, Mar. 13, 2017. www.cnbc.com/2017/03/10/online-job-sites-may-block-older-workers.html.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Charles A.Disparate Impact: Looking Past the Desert Palace Mirage.” William and Mary Law Review 47, no. 3 (2005): 911–1002.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Charles A.Employing AI.” Villanova Law Review 63, no. 3 (2018): 395429.Google Scholar
Summers, Clyde W.Employment at Will in the United States: The Divine Right of Employers.” University of Pennsylvania Journal of Labor and Employment Law 3, no. 1 (2000): 6586.Google Scholar
Surden, Harry. “Computable Contracts.” University of California at Davis Law Review 46, no. 1 (2012): 629700.Google Scholar
Surden, Harry. “Machine Learning and Law.” Washington Law Review 89, no. 1 (2014): 87115.Google Scholar
Susser, Daniel. “Notice After Notice-and-Consent: Why Privacy Disclosures Are Valuable Even if Consent Frameworks Aren’t.” Journal of Information Policy 9, no. 1 (2019): 3762.Google Scholar
Swaya, Matthew E., and Eisenstein, Stacey R.. “Emerging Technology in the Workplace.” Labor Lawyer 21, no. 1 (2005): 117.Google Scholar
Taylor, Frederick Winslow. “A Piece-Rate System.” Paper presented to American Society of Mechanical Engineers, June 1895. http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/107/109902/ch17_a3_d2.pdf.Google Scholar
Taylor, Frederick Winslow. The Principles of Scientific Management. New York: Harper & Bros., 1911.Google Scholar
Tenenbaum, Jessica D., and Goodman, Kenneth W.. “Beyond the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act: Ethical and Economic Implications of the Exclusion of Disability, Long-Term Care and Life Insurance.” Future Medicine 14, no. 2 (2017): 153–54.Google Scholar
Terry, Nicolas. “Big Data Proxies and Health Privacy Exceptionalism.” Health Matrix 24, no. 1 (2014): 65108.Google Scholar
Thatcher, Jim, O’Sullivan, David, and Mahmoudi, Dillon. “Data Colonialism through Accumulation by Dispossession: New Metaphors for Daily Data.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 34, no. 5 (2016): 990–1006.Google Scholar
“There Will Be Little Privacy in the Workplace of the Future.” The Economist, Special Report, Mar. 28, 2018. https://perma.cc/343W-P69Y (captured Aug. 25, 2018; accessed May 25, 2021).Google Scholar
Thompson, Edward Palmer. The Making of the English Working Class. New York: Vintage Books, 1963.Google Scholar
Thompson, Mary. “Goldman Sachs Is Making a Change to the Way It Hires.” CNBC, June 23, 2016. www.cnbc.com/2016/06/23/goldman-sachs-is-making-a-change-to-the-way-it-hires.html.Google Scholar
Tinwalla, Abdi, and Richard Ciccone, Joseph. “ADA and Medical Examinations.” Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law 34, no. 2 (2006): 255–57.Google Scholar
Tolson, Franita. “The Boundaries of Litigating Unconscious Discrimination: Firm-Based Remedies in Response to a Hostile Judiciary.” Delaware Journal of Corporate Law 33, no. 2 (2008): 347421.Google Scholar
Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald, and Risman, Barbara J.. “Telecommuting Innovation and Organization: A Contingency Theory of Labor Process Change.” Social Science Quarterly 74, no. 2 (1993): 367–85.Google Scholar
Townley, Barbara. “Foucault, Power/Knowledge, and Its Relevance for Human Resource Management.” Academy of Management Review 18, no. 3 (1993): 518–45.Google Scholar
Tribe, Laurence H.Seven Deadly Sins of Straining the Constitution through a Pseudo-Scientific Sieve.” Hastings Law Journal 36, no. 2 (1985): 155–72.Google Scholar
Tran, Alexander H.Note: The Internet of Things and Potential Remedies in Privacy Tort Law.” Columbia Journal of Law & Social Problems 50, no. 2 (2017): 263–98.Google Scholar
Troiano, Alexandra. “Note: Wearables and Personal Health Data: Putting a Premium on Your Privacy.” Brooklyn Law Review 82, no. 4 (2017): 1715–53.Google Scholar
Trueman, C. N. “Factories in the Industrial Revolution.” The History Learning Site, last updated Mar. 31, 2015. www.historylearningsite.co.uk/britain-1700-to-1900/industrial-revolution/factories-in-the-industrial-revolution/.Google Scholar
Tsao, Clement L., Haskins, Kevin J., and Hall, Brian D.. “The Rise of Wearable and Smart Technology in the Workplace.” Paper presented at the ABA National Symposium on Technology in Labor and Employment, Apr. 5–7, 2017.Google Scholar
Turner, Karen. “Are Performance-Monitoring Wearables an Affront to Workers’ Rights?” Chicago Tribune, Aug. 7, 2016. www.chicagotribune.com/bluesky/technology/ct-wearables-workers-rights-wp-bsi-20160807-story.html.Google Scholar
Turner, Wes. “Chipping Away at Workplace Privacy: The Implantation of RFID Microchips and Erosion of Employee Privacy.” Washington University Journal of Law & Policy 61, no. 1 (2020): 275–97.Google Scholar
Tutt, Andrew. “An FDA for Algorithms.” Administrative Law Review 69, no. 1 (2017): 83123.Google Scholar
Tyler-Parks. “Applying Online.” Your Job Questionnaire Cheatsheet, Aug. 24, 2011. http://onlineapps-answers.blogspot.com/2011/ (accessed Nov. 24, 2020).Google Scholar
Tyler-Parks. “Target.” Your Job Questionnaire Cheatsheet, http://onlineapps-answers.blogspot.com/p/target.html (accessed Nov. 24, 2020).Google Scholar
UFCW. Keeping Jobs Safe from Automation and Artificial Intelligence Technology. www.ufcw.org/better/technology-and-the-future-of-work/ (accessed Mar. 3, 2022).Google Scholar
Urick, Lyndall F. The Elements of Administration. New York: Harper, 1944.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Labor Force Characteristics by Race and Ethnicity, 2017. Apr. 2018. www.bls.gov/opub/reports/race-and-ethnicity/2017/home.htm.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey, 2018. Table 5, Employment Status of the Civilian Non-Institutional Population by Sex, Age and Race. www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat05.htm.Google Scholar
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (OTA). Medical Monitoring and Screening in the Workplace: Results of a Survey. Background Paper, OTA-BP-BA-67. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1991.Google Scholar
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (OTA). The Role of Genetic Testing in the Prevention of Occupational Diseases: Survey of the Use of Genetic Testing in the Workplace. Report, Apr. 1983. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 2013.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Labor. “US Labor Department Settles Charges of Hiring Discrimination with Federal Contractor Leprino Foods.” U.S. Department of Labor Newsroom, July 19, 2012. www.dol.gov/newsroom/releases/ofccp/ofccp20120719Google Scholar
U.S. GAO. “In-Car Location-Based Services.” GAO-14-81, Dec. 2013. www.gao.gov/assets/gao-14-81.pdfGoogle Scholar
U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). About USGBC. https://new.usgbc.org/about (accessed Sept. 21, 2019).Google Scholar
U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). Certification. https://new.usgbc.org/post-certification (last visited Sept. 21, 2019). This URL redirects to a page “Promote your LEED project” at the URL www.usgbc.org/leed/tools/project-promotion.Google Scholar
U.S. House of Representatives. “Employment of Pinkerton Detectives.” Report No. 2447, Feb. 7, 1893. In The Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Fifty-Second Congress, 1892–93. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1893.Google Scholar
U.S. House of Representatives. Investigation of Taylor System of Shop Management. Hearings before the Committee on Labor of the House of Representatives, 62nd Congress, 1st session on House Resolution 90. Vol. 1. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1911.Google Scholar
U.S. House of Representatives. Investigation of the Employment of Pinkerton Detectives in Connection with the Labor Troubles at Homestead, Pa. 52nd Congress, 1st session, Mis. Doc. No. 335. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1892.Google Scholar
U.S. House of Representatives. Proposed Amendments to the National Labor Relations Act: Hearings before the [House] Committee on Labor, 76th Congress, 3rd session. Vol. 9 [Feb. 1–Mar. 4, 1940]. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1940.Google Scholar
U.S. House of Representatives. The Taylor and Other Systems of Shop Management. Hearings before Special Committee of the House of Representatives to Investigate the Taylor and Other Systems of House Management under Authority of H. Res. 90. Vol. 1 [Oct.–Nov. 1911]. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1912.Google Scholar
U.S. House of Representatives. The Taylor and Other Systems of Shop Management. Hearings before Special Committee of the House of Representatives to Investigate the Taylor and Other Systems of House Management under Authority of H. Res. 90. Vol. 2 [Jan. 1912]. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1912.Google Scholar
U.S. House of Representatives. The Taylor and Other Systems of Shop Management. Hearings before Special Committee of the House of Representatives to Investigate the Taylor and Other Systems of House Management under Authority of H. Res. 90. Vol. 3 [Jan.–Aug. 1912]. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1912.Google Scholar
Van Buren, Harry J., III. “Fairness and the Main Management Theories of the Twentieth Century: A Historical Review, 1900–1965.” Journal of Business Ethics 82, no. 3 (2008): 633–44.Google Scholar
Van den Bossche, Patrick, et al. “Wearable Technology in the Warehouse.” Supply Chain 24/7: Warehouse/DC News, Feb. 1, 2016. www.supplychain247.com/article/wearable_technology_in_the_warehouse [https://perma.cc/T3N5-SG43].Google Scholar
Van Doorn, Niels. “Platform Labor: On the Gendered and Racialized Exploitation of Low-Income Service Work in the ‘On-Demand’ Economy.” Information, Communication & Society 20, no. 6 (2017): 898914.Google Scholar
Van Loo, Rory. “Helping Buyers Beware: The Need for Supervision of Big Retail.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 163, no. 5 (2015): 1311–92.Google Scholar
Van Loo, Rory. “The Missing Regulatory State: Monitoring Businesses in an Age of Surveillance.” Vanderbilt Law Review 72, no. 5 (2019): 15631631.Google Scholar
van Wyhe, John. “Overview.” The History of Phrenology on The Web. www.historyofphrenology.org.uk/overview.htm (last updated 2011).Google Scholar
van Wyhe, John. “Ridiculing Phrenology: ‘This Persecuted Science.’” The History of Phrenology on The Web. www.historyofphrenology.org.uk/ridicule.htm (last updated 2011).Google Scholar
Vaughan, Christine A., Sacco, William P., and Beckstead, Jason W.. “Racial/Ethnic Differences in Body Mass Index: The Roles of Beliefs about Thinness and Dietary Restriction.” Body Image 5, no. 3 (2008): 291–98.Google Scholar
Veblen, Thorstein. The Theory of Business Enterprise. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1904.Google Scholar
Verma, Anil. “What Do Unions Do to the Workplace? Union Effects on Management and HRM Policies.” Journal of Labor Research 26, no. 3 (2005): 415–49.Google Scholar
VidCruiter. “Where Did Video Hiring Come from and Where Is It Going?” https://vidcruiter.com/video-interviewing/history-of-video-interview/ (accessed Nov. 6, 2021).Google Scholar
Villadsen, Kaspar. “Managing the Employee’s Soul: Foucault Applied to Modern Management Technologies.” Cadernos EBAPE BR 5, no. 1 (2007): 110.Google Scholar
Viseu, Ana. “Simulation and Augmentation: Issues of Wearable Computers.” Ethics & Information Technology 5, no. 1 (2003): 1726.Google Scholar
Vogeler, William. “Technology Is Quickly Reshaping Workers’ Compensation Claims.” FindLaw blog, Feb. 24, 2017. https://blogs.findlaw.com/technologist/2017/02/technology-is-quickly-reshaping-workers-compensation-claims.html [https://perma.cc/E72X-AWKJ].Google Scholar
Vozza, Stephanie. “How a Cheat Sheet Can Help You Ace Your Next Video Interview.” Fast Company, Sept. 12, 2020. www.fastcompany.com/90549127/how-a-cheat-sheet-can-help-you-ace-your-next-video-interview.Google Scholar
Vroom, Victor H. Work and Motivation. New York: Wiley, 1964.Google Scholar
Waddell, Kaveh. “Why Bosses Can Track Their Employees 24/7.” The Atlantic, Jan. 6, 2017. www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/01/employer-gps-tracking/512294/ (accessed Sept. 13, 2018).Google Scholar
Wagner, Steven. “How Did the Taft-Hartley Act Come About?” History News Network, George Washington University, https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/1036 (accessed Jan. 6, 2020).Google Scholar
“Walmart Assessment Answers.” Facebook, Oct. 4, 2016, www.facebook.com/Walmartassessmentanswers/.Google Scholar
Warwick Business School. “How Uber Drivers Are Gaming the System.” Warwick Business School, Aug. 16, 2017. www.wbs.ac.uk/news/how-uber-drivers-are-gaming-the-system/.Google Scholar
Watanabe, Teresa. “UC Berkeley Is Disavowing Its Eugenic Research Fund after Bioethicist and Other Faculty Call It Out.” Los Angeles Times, Oct. 26, 2020. www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-10-26/uc-berkeley-disavows-eugenics-research-fund (accessed May 25, 2021).Google Scholar
Watson, Nick, et al. “The Development of Muscular Christianity in Victorian Britain and Beyond.” Journal of Religion & Society 7, no. 1 (2005): 121.Google Scholar
Wax, Amy, and Alexander, Larry. “Opinion: Paying the Price for Breakdown of the Country’s Bourgeois Culture.” Philadelphia Inquirer, Aug. 9, 2017. www.inquirer.com/philly/opinion/commentary/paying-the-price-for-breakdown-of-the-countrys-bourgeois-culture-20170809.html.Google Scholar
“Web Scraping as a Valuable Instrument for Proactive Hiring.” DataHen, Apr. 5, 2017. www.datahen.com/web-scraping-valuable-instrument-proactive-hiring/.Google Scholar
Webber, Ashleigh. “PwC Facial Recognition Tool Criticised for Home Working Privacy Invasion.” Personnel Today, June 16, 2020. www.personneltoday.com/hr/pwc-facial-recognition-tool-criticised-for-home-working-privacy-invasion/.Google Scholar
Weber, Lauren, and Dwoskin, Elizabeth. “Are Workplace Personality Tests Fair?” Wall Street Journal, Sept. 29, 2014. www.wsj.com/articles/are-workplace-personality-tests-fair-1412044257.Google Scholar
Weber, Max. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. Translated by A. M. Henderson & Talcott Parsons, edited by Parsons, Talcott. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1947.Google Scholar
Weinstein, Henry. “Amendment on Computer Privacy Urged: Law Professor Tells Conference That the Constitution Should Be Changed to Protect Individual Rights Threatened by Technology. Los Angeles Times, Mar. 27, 1991. www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-27-mn-938-story.html.Google Scholar
Weller, Chris. “Employees at a Dozen Fortune 500 Companies Wear Digital Badges That Watch and Listen to Their Every Move.” Business Insider, Oct. 20, 2016. www.businessinsider.com/humanyze-badges-watch-and-listen-employees-2016-10.Google Scholar
“What Is Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing?” Medline Plus. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/dtcgenetictesting/directtoconsumer (accessed May 26, 2021).Google Scholar
White House. “Fact Sheet: New Steps to Advance Equal Pay on the Seventh Anniversary of the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act.” Jan. 29, 2016. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/01/29/fact-sheet-new-steps-advance-equal-pay-seventh-anniversary-lilly.Google Scholar
White, Gillian B. “Black Workers Really Do Need to Be Twice as Good.” The Atlantic, Oct. 7, 2015. www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/10/why-black-workers-really-do-need-to-be-twice-as-good/409276/.Google Scholar
Whyte, William H. Money and Motivation: Analysis of Incentives in Industry. New York: Harper & Row, 1955.Google Scholar
Whyte, William H. The Organization Man. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1956.Google Scholar
Wijngaards, Indy, et al. “Worker Well-Being: What It Is, and How It Should Be Measured.” Applied Research in Quality of Life (2021). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11482-021-09930-w.Google Scholar
WikiJob Team. “The NEO Personality Inventory Test.” WikiJob, Nov. 10, 2020. www.wikijob.co.uk/content/aptitude-tests/test-types/neo-personality-inventory-test.Google Scholar
Wilborn, Elizabeth. “Revisiting the Public/Private Distinction: Employee Monitoring in the Workplace.” Georgia Law Review 32, no. 2 (1998): 825–88.Google Scholar
Wildhaber, Isabelle. “The Robots Are Coming: Legalities in the Workplace.” HR Magazine, June 20, 2016. www.hrmagazine.co.uk/article-details/the-robots-are-coming-legalities-in-the-workplace [https://perma.cc/VMP9-Z2QX].Google Scholar
Willcocks, Leslie P.Foucault, Power/Knowledge and Information Systems: Reconstructing the Present.” In Social Theory and Philosophy for Information Systems, edited by Mingers, John and Willcocks, Leslie P., 238–98. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2004.Google Scholar
Willcocks, Leslie P.Michel Foucault in the Social Study of ICTs: Critique and Reappraisal.” Social Science Computer Review 24, no. 3 (2006): 274–95.Google Scholar
Wilmot, Michael P., and Ones, Deniz S.. “A Century of Research on Conscientiousness at Work.” PNAS 116, no. 46 (Nov. 12, 2019): 23004–23010. www.pnas.org/content/116/46/23004.short.Google Scholar
Wilson, H. James. “Wearables in the Workplace.” Harvard Business Review, Sept. 2013. https://hbr.org/2013/09/wearables-in-the-workplace [https://perma.cc/UJJ7-BW9L].Google Scholar
Wilson, Mark. “Medical Textbooks Are Designed to Diagnose White People. This Student Wants to Change That.” Fast Company, July 16, 2020. www.fastcompany.com/90527795/medical-textbooks-are-designed-to-diagnose-white-people-this-student-wants-to-change-that.Google Scholar
Wilson, Valerie. “Black Workers’ Wages Have Been Harmed by Both Widening Racial Wage Gaps and the Widening Productivity-Pay Gap.” Economic Policy Institute, Oct. 25, 2016. www.epi.org/publication/black-workers-wages-have-been-harmed-by-both-widening-racial-wage-gaps-and-the-widening-productivity-pay-gap/#epi-toc-2.Google Scholar
Wilson, Valerie. “Women Are More Likely to Work Multiple Jobs Than Men.” Economic Policy Institute, July 9, 2015. www.epi.org/publication/women-are-more-likely-to-work-multiple-jobs-than-men/.Google Scholar
Wilson, Valerie, and Jones, Janelle. “Working Harder or Finding It Harder to Work: Demographic Trends in Annual Work Hours Show an Increasingly Fractured Workforce.” Economic Policy Institute, Feb. 22, 2018. www.epi.org/publication/trends-in-work-hours-and-labor-market-disconnection.Google Scholar
Winick, Erin. “Lawyer-Bots Are Shaking Up Jobs.” MIT Technology Review, Dec. 12, 2017. www.technologyreview.com/s/609556/lawyer-bots-are-shaking-up-jobs.Google Scholar
Withers, Rachel. “Should Robots Be Conducting Job Interviews?” Slate, Oct. 5, 2020. https://slate.com/technology/2020/10/artificial-intelligence-job-interviews.html.Google Scholar
Wolf, Christopher, Polonetsky, Jules, and Finch, Kelsey. “A Practical Privacy Paradigm for Wearables.” Future of Privacy Forum, Jan. 8, 2015. https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/FPF-principles-for-wearables-Jan-2015.pdf [https://perma.cc/W8R9-8HRW].Google Scholar
Woodfill, David. “Brown & Brown Settles Suit over Nigerian Accent.” East Valley Tribune, Oct. 7, 2011. www.eastvalleytribune.com/news/brown-brown-settles-suit-over-nigerian-accent/article_f41851cd-f3ab-537b-9d60-74127f44a6ba.html.Google Scholar
Workman, Michael. “A Field Study of Corporate Employee Monitoring: Attitudes, Absenteeism, and the Moderating Influences of Procedural Justice Perceptions.” Information and Organization 19, no. 4 (2009): 218–32.Google Scholar
Wrege, Charles D., and Hodgetts, Richard M.. “Frederick W. Taylor’s 1899 Pig Iron Observations: Examining Fact, Fiction, and Lessons for the New Millennium.” Academy of Management Journal 43, no. 6 (2020): 1283–91.Google Scholar
Wu, Chi Chi. “Data Gatherers Evading the FCRA May Find Themselves Still in Hot Water.” National Consumer Law Center Digital Library, June 14, 2019. https://library.nclc.org/data-gatherers-evading-fcra-may-find-themselves-still-hot-water.Google Scholar
Wyden, Ron. “Wyden, Booker and Clarke Introduce Algorithmic Accountability Act of 2022 to Require New Transparency and Accountability for Automated Decision Systems.” Wyden.Senate.gov, Press Release, Feb. 3, 2022. www.wyden.senate.gov/news/press-releases/wyden-booker-and-clarke-introduce-algorithmic-accountability-act-of-2022-to-require-new-transparency-and-accountability-for-automated-decision-systems.Google Scholar
Yalcinkaya, Gunseli. “Amazon Patents Wristband to Track Productivity and Direct Warehouse Staff Using Vibrations.” Dezeen, Feb. 6, 2018. www.dezeen.com/2018/02/06/amazon-patents-wristbands/ [https://perma.cc/8Q8S-89MY].Google Scholar
Yamin, Samuel C., Parker, David L., Xi, Min, and Stanley, Rodney. “Self-Audit of Lockout/Tagout in Manufacturing Workplaces: A Pilot Study.” American Journal of Industrial Medicine 60, no. 5 (2017): 504–9.Google Scholar
Yanisky-Ravid, Shlomit, and Hallisey, Sean K.. “‘Equality and Privacy by Design’: A New Model of Artificial Intelligence Data Transparency via Auditing, Certification, and Safe Harbor Regimes.” Fordham Urban Law Journal 46, no. 5 (2019): 428–86.Google Scholar
Yeginsu, Ceylan. “If Workers Slack Off, the Wristband Will Know. (And Amazon Has a Patent for It.)” New York Times, Feb. 1, 2018. www.nytimes.com/2018/02/01/technology/amazon-wristband-tracking-privacy.html.Google Scholar
YMCA. Our History: 1800–1899. YMCA.net, www.ymca.net/history/1800-1860s.html (accessed May 25, 2021).Google Scholar
Youngman, Julie Furr. “The Use and Abuse of Pre-Employment Personality Tests.” Business Horizons 60, no. 3 (2017): 261–69.Google Scholar
Zatz, Noah D.Managing the Macaw: Third-Party Harassers, Accommodation, and the Disaggregation of Discriminatory Intent.” Columbia Law Review 109, no. 6 (2009): 13571439.Google Scholar
Zerzan, John. “Unionism and Taylorism: Labor Cooperation with the ‘Modernization’ of Production.” Fifth Estate 278 (Nov. 1976). www.fifthestate.org/archive/278-november-1976/unionism-and-taylorism/.Google Scholar
Zickuhr, Kathryn. Workplace Surveillance Is Becoming the New Normal for U.S. Workers. Washington Center for Equitable Growth report, Aug. 18, 2021. https://equitablegrowth.org/research-paper/workplace-surveillance-is-becoming-the-new-normal-for-u-s-workers/.Google Scholar
Zimmer, Michael J.The New Discrimination Law: Price Waterhouse Is Dead, Whither McDonnell Douglas?Emory Law Journal 53, no. 2 (2004): 18871950.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, Richard K., et al. “Racial Differences in Beliefs about Genetic Screening among Patients at Inner-City Neighborhood Health Centers.” Journal of the National Medical Association 98, no. 3 (2006): 370–77.Google Scholar
Zingman, Alissa, et al. “Exoskeletons in Construction: Will They Reduce or Create Hazards?” CDC: NIOSH Science Blog, June 15, 2017. https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2017/06/15/exoskeletons-in-construction/.Google Scholar
Zuboff, Shoshana. In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power. New York: Basic Books, 1988.Google Scholar
Zuboff, Shoshana, and Maxmim, James. The Support Economy: Why Corporations Are Failing Individuals and the Next Episode of Capitalism. New York: Penguin Books, 2002.Google Scholar
Zuckerman, Mark. “Unions Need to Think Small to Get Big.” The Atlantic, Feb. 9, 2019. www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/02/how-online-organizing-can-revolutionize-unions/582343/AFL-CIO.Google Scholar
Zuckerman, Mark, Kahlenberg, Richard D., and Marvit, Moshe. Virtual Labor Organizing: Could Technology Help Reduce Income Inequality. The Century Foundation, Issue Brief, June 9, 2015. https://tcf.org/content/report/virtual-labor-organizing/?agreed=1&agreed=1&session=1.Google Scholar
Zumoff, Jacob A.Politics and the 1920s Writings of Dashiell Hammett.” American Studies 52, no. 1 (2012): 7798.Google Scholar

Secondary Sources

Correspondence of American Federation of Labor President William Green on Microfilm No. 5402, Cornell University Library: Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives.Google Scholar
Frederick Winslow Taylor Collection (SCW.001), Stevens Institute of Technology Digital Collections: Samuel C. Williams Library, https://stevensarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p4100coll1 (last accessed Nov. 11, 2021).Google Scholar
Slave Ship Manifests filed at New Orleans, 1807–1860, National Archives: African American Heritage, www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/slave-ship-manifests.html (last accessed Nov. 11, 2021).Google Scholar
AARP v. EEOC, 267 F. Supp. 3d 14, 37 (D.D.C. 2017).Google Scholar
Aladdin Gaming, LLC, 345 N.L.R.B. 585, 585–86 (2005), petition for review denied, 515 F.3d 942, 947 (9th Cir. 2008).Google Scholar
Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 430–31 (1975).Google Scholar
Bethlehem Steel Co. v. NLRB, 120 F.2d 641, 646 (D.C. Cir. 1941).Google Scholar
Boumkepor v. Wal-Mart Stores East, 2020 WL 4569587, 3:18-CV-30093-KAR (Aug. 7, 2020).Google Scholar
Boyd v. City of Wilmington, 943 F. Supp. 585, 587 (E.D.N.C. 1996).Google Scholar
Bradley v. T-Mobile U.S., Inc., No. 17-cv-07232-BLF (N.D. Cal. May 29, 2018).Google Scholar
Bragdon v. Abbot, 118 S. Ct. 2196 (1998).Google Scholar
Brickman v. Fitbit, Inc., No. 3:15-cv-02077-JD, 2017 WL 6209307, at *1–3 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 8, 2017).Google Scholar
Buck v. Bell, 47 S.Ct. 584 (1927).Google Scholar
Castillo v. Whitmer, 823 Fed. Appx. 413, 413 (6th Cir. 2020).Google Scholar
CoCommonwealth v. Hunt, 45 Mass. 111, 122 (1842).Google Scholar
Connally v. General Constr. Co., 269 U.S. 385, 391 (1926).Google Scholar
Cramblett v. McHugh, No. 3:10-CV-54-PK, 2012 WL 7681280 (D. Or. Nov. 19, 2012).Google Scholar
Crummer v. Lewis, 2018 WL 2222491 (2018) (noting that the constitutional right to information privacy extends to medical information).Google Scholar
Darby v. Childvine, Inc., 2019 A.D. Cas. (BNA) 447288, 2019 WL 6170743 (S.D. Ohio 2019).Google Scholar
Dodge v. Ford Motor Co., 204 Mich. 459 (1919).Google Scholar
EEOC v. Flambeau, 14-cv-00638-bbc (2015), http://static.politico.com/e8/bd/e4d94f8c45f39996ca700fee6bf1/eeoc-versus-flambeau.pdf (last visited May 25, 2021).Google Scholar
EEOC v. Honeywell, No. 0:14-04517 (2014).Google Scholar
EEOC v. Orion Energy Systems, Inc., 208 F. Supp. 3d 989, 1001 (2016).Google Scholar
EEOC v. Orion, No. 1:14-01019 (2014).Google Scholar
EEOC v. Randstad, Civil Action No. 1:11-cv-01303-WDQ).Google Scholar
Eugene Scalia v. KP Poultry, Inc., No. CV 19-3546-TJH, 2020 WL 6694315 (Nov. 6, 2020).Google Scholar
Fafnir Bearing Co. v. NLRB, 362 F.2d 716 (2d Cir. 1966).Google Scholar
Fragante v. Honolulu, 888 F.2d 591, 599 (9th Cir. 1989).Google Scholar
Fredenburg v. Contra Costa Cnty. Dep’t of Health Servs. 172 F.3d 1176, 1182 (9th Cir. 1999).Google Scholar
Gerardi v. City of Bridgeport, 294 Conn. 461 (2010).Google Scholar
Gladden v. Bolden, 802 F. Supp. 2d 209 (D.D.C. 2011).Google Scholar
Gonzales v. Uber Techs., Inc., 305 F. Supp.3d 1078, 1091 (N.D. Cal. 2018) (quoting Hill v. Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n., 865 P.2d 633, 655 (Cal. 1994)).Google Scholar
Grant v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 635 F.2d 1007, 10015 (2d Cir. 1980).Google Scholar
Green v. Whataburger Rests., 2018 WL 6252532 (W.D. Tex. 2018).Google Scholar
Griffin v. Steeltek, Inc., 160 F.3d 591 (10th Cir. 1998).Google Scholar
Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424, 433–34, (1971).Google Scholar
Gross v. FBL Fin. Servs., 557 U.S. 167 (2009).Google Scholar
Gulino v. N.Y. State Educ. Dep’t, 460 F.3d 361, 383–84 (2d Cir. 2006).Google Scholar
Harrison v. Benchmark Elecs. Huntsville, Inc., 593 F.3d 1206, 1211-12 (11th Cir. 2010),Google Scholar
Hentzel v. Singer Co., 188 Cal. Rptr. 159, 164 (Ct. App. 1982));Google Scholar
Hodgson v. Approved Personnel Serv., Inc., 529 F. 2d 760 (4th Cir. 1975).Google Scholar
Hosler v. Smithfield Packing Co., 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 101776 (E.D.N.C. 2010).Google Scholar
Jones v. City of Boston, 845 F.3d 28 (1st Cir. 2016).Google Scholar
Karraker v. Rent-a-Center, Inc., 411 F.3d 831, 836 (7th Cir. 2005).Google Scholar
Kroll v. White Lake Ambulance Authority, 691 F.3d 809, 816-817 (6th Cir. 2012).Google Scholar
Larry P. v. Riles, 793 F.2d 969, 972 (9th Cir. 1984).Google Scholar
Lemon v. Williamson County Schools, 2019 WL 4598201, 1 (Sept. 23, 2019).Google Scholar
Lewis v. Smithfield Packing Co., 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 87883, 13-18 (E.D.N.C. 2010).Google Scholar
Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905).Google Scholar
Lombard v. Colo. Outdoor Educ. Ctr., Inc., 187 P.3d 565 (Colo. 2008).Google Scholar
Lorrillard v. Pons, 434 U.S. 575, 580-81 (1978).Google Scholar
Lowe v. Atlas Logistics Group Retail Services (Atlanta) LLC, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 178275 (N.D. Ga. 2015).Google Scholar
Lowe v. Atlas Logistics Group Retail Servs. Atlanta, LLC, 102 F. Supp. 3d 1360 (N.D. Ga. 2015).Google Scholar
Marsh v. Alabama, 326 U.S. 501 (1946).Google Scholar
Martin v. Bally’s Park Place Hotel & Casino, 983 F.2d 1252 (1993).Google Scholar
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973).Google Scholar
McLellan v. Fitbit, Inc., No. 3:16-cv-00036-JD, 2018 WL 2688781, at *1 (N.D. Cal. June 5, 2018).Google Scholar
Mikula v. Tailors, 263 NE.2d 316 (Ohio 1970).Google Scholar
Miller v. Christian, 958 F.2d 1234 (3d Cir. 1992).Google Scholar
Mobley v. Facebook, Inc., No. 16-cv-06440-EJD, at *1 (N.D. Cal. 2017).Google Scholar
Murdock v. Washington, 193 F.3d 510, 512 (7th Cir. 1999).Google Scholar
Murphy v. NCRNC, LLC., 2020 L.R.R.M. BNA 278, XX (July 27, 2020).Google Scholar
Murray v. Mayo Clinic, 934 F.3d 1101, 1105 (9th Cir. 2019), cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 2720 (2020).Google Scholar
Najera v. Southern Pac. Co., 13 Cal. Rptr. 146, 148 (Ct. App. 1961).Google Scholar
Natay v. Murray Sch. Dist., 119 Fed. Appx. 259 (10th Cir. 2005).Google Scholar
NLRB v. Ford Motor Co., 114 F.2d 905 (6th Cir. 1940).Google Scholar
NLRB v. Gate City Cotton Mills, 167 F.2d 647, 649 (1948).Google Scholar
NLRB v. Otis Elevator Co., 208 F.2d 176 (2d Cir. 1953).Google Scholar
NLRB v. Pennsylvania Greyhound Lines, 303 U.S. 261 (1938).Google Scholar
Normal-Bloodsaw v. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory et al., 135 F.3d 1260 (9th Cir. 1998).Google Scholar
Opinion of Justices, 358 Mass. 827 (1970).Google Scholar
Opinion of the Justices, 356 Mass. 756, 758 (1969).Google Scholar
Ortiz v. City of San Antonio Fire Department, 806 F.3d 822, 822 (2015).Google Scholar
Osborne v. McMasters, 41 N.W. 543 (Minn. 1889).Google Scholar
Poore v. Peterbilt Bristol, LLC, 852 F. Supp. 2d 727 (W.D. Va. 2012).Google Scholar
Purchase v. Meyer, 737 P.2d 661 (Wash. 1987).Google Scholar
Reid v. Google, Inc., 50 Cal. 4th 512 (2008).Google Scholar
Republic Aviation v. NRLB, 324 U.S. 793 (1945).Google Scholar
Ruffin v. Commonwealth, 62 Va. 790 (1871).Google Scholar
Sandel v. Fairfield Indus., No. 4:13-CV-1596, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 161555, at *5–6 (S.D. Tex. June 25, 2015).Google Scholar
Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948).Google Scholar
Skinner v. Oklahoma, 62 S.Ct. 1110, 1112 (1942).Google Scholar
Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540 (2016).Google Scholar
Thompson v. San Antonio Retail Merchants Association (SARMA), 682 F.2d 509 (1982).Google Scholar
Thygeson v. U.S. Bancorp., No. CV–03–467–ST, 2004 WL 2066746, at *21 (D. Or. Sept. 15, 2004).Google Scholar
United States v. Equifax, Inc., 557 F.2d 456 (5th Cir. 1977).Google Scholar
Villarreal v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 839 F.3d 958, 961 (11th Cir. 2016).Google Scholar
Walker v. RLI Enters., Inc., No. 89325, 2007 WL 4442725 (Ohio Ct. App. 2007).Google Scholar
West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, 300 U.S. 379 (1936).Google Scholar
Wheeler v. Jackson Nat’l Life Ins. Co., 159 F. Supp. 3d 828, 860 (M.D. Tenn. 2016).Google Scholar
Williams v. Calhoun, 333 S.E.2d 408 (Ga. App. 1985).Google Scholar
§ 1681(a)(d)(2)(i).Google Scholar
§ 703 (k)(1)(A) & C.Google Scholar
138 S. Ct. 2206, 2206 (2018).Google Scholar
15 U.S.C. § 1 (1982).Google Scholar
15 U.S.C. § 1681a (2018).Google Scholar
15 U.S.C. § 1681a(d).Google Scholar
15 U.S.C. § 1681a(d)(1) (2018).Google Scholar
15 U.S.C. § 1681a(d)(1)(A)–(B) (2018).Google Scholar
15 U.S.C. § 1681a(f) (2018).Google Scholar
15 U.S.C. § 1681a(o)(5)(C)(i) (2018).Google Scholar
15 U.S.C. § 1681k.Google Scholar
15 U.S.C. § 1681k(a) (2018).Google Scholar
198 U.S. 45 (1905).Google Scholar
20 U.S.C. § 1412(5)(C).Google Scholar
206 F.3d 392, 398 (4th Cir. 2000)Google Scholar
280 U.S. 709, 717 (1987).Google Scholar
29 C.F.R § 1607.5(A) (2018).Google Scholar
29 C.F.R. § 1607.14.Google Scholar
29 C.F.R. § 1607.4.Google Scholar
29 C.F.R. § 1607.5B (2018)).Google Scholar
29 C.F.R. § 1630.14(d).Google Scholar
29 C.F.R. § 1910.1020.Google Scholar
29 U.S.C. § 157 (2012).Google Scholar
29 U.S.C. § 158 (2012).Google Scholar
29 U.S.C. § 158 (2018).Google Scholar
29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1) (2000)).Google Scholar
29 U.S.C. § 623(a), (b), (e) (2012).Google Scholar
29 U.S.C. § 623(f)(1).Google Scholar
29 U.S.C. §§ 621; 631(a)-b) (2012).Google Scholar
31 U.S.C. § 231-32 (1970).Google Scholar
389 U.S. 347, 360 (1967) (Harlan, J., concurring).Google Scholar
42 C.F.R § 50.203.Google Scholar
42 C.F.R. § 50.209.Google Scholar
42 U.S.C. § 12112.Google Scholar
42 U.S.C. § 12112(b)(7).Google Scholar
42 U.S.C. § 2000e.Google Scholar
42 U.S.C. § 2000ff-1(b) (2018).Google Scholar
42 U.S.C. §§ 1182 et seq. (2012).Google Scholar
42 U.S.C. §§ 12112(d)(2)(B), (d)(4)(A).Google Scholar
42 U.S.C.A. § 2000(ff)(1)(a).Google Scholar
45 C.F.R § 162.923 (2012).Google Scholar
45 C.F.R. § 160.103 (2014).Google Scholar
45 C.F.R. §160.103 (2014).Google Scholar
45 C.F.R. §164.306 (2013).Google Scholar
48 Code of Federal Regulations, 37.109 (2010).Google Scholar
480 U.S. 709, 717 (1987).Google Scholar
5 U.S.C. § 3108 (1970).Google Scholar
691 F.3d 1221, 1224 (11th Cir. 2012).Google Scholar
AB-25 (Cal. 2019. California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (accessed via https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB25).Google Scholar
Algorithmic Accountability Act. HR 6580 (2022).Google Scholar
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. § 12112(b)(6) (1990).Google Scholar
Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a) (2012).Google Scholar
Article 19, Emotional Entanglement: China’s Emotion Recognition Market and Its Implications for Human Rights 15 (2021).Google Scholar
Cal. Gov’t. Code § 12926(g).Google Scholar
Cal. Gov’t. Code § 12940 et. seq.Google Scholar
Cal. Penal Code § 637.7 (West 2018).Google Scholar
Cal. Penal Code § 653n.Google Scholar
Capture of Use of Biometric Identifier Act, 50 Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 503.001.Google Scholar
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1) (1964).Google Scholar
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 31-48b (amend. 2012).Google Scholar
Emancipation Proclamation, 12 Stat. 1268 (1863).Google Scholar
Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. §§ 201–19 (2012).Google Scholar
G.A. Res. 217 (III) A, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 23(1) (Dec. 10, 1948) (“Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.”).Google Scholar
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 § 202(b).Google Scholar
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, 81 Fed. Reg. 31143, 31158 (May 17, 2016) (codified at 29 C.F.R. § 1635.8(b)(2)(iii)(A) (2018).Google Scholar
H.B. 1493, 2017 Sess., 65th Leg. (Wash. 1999).Google Scholar
Labor Management Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act.Google Scholar
National Labor Relations Act of 1935, 29 U.S.C. §§ 151-69 (1988).Google Scholar
National Labor Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 157 (2012).Google Scholar
No. 1:16-CV-00102, 2018 WL 2118311, at 1-2 (M.D. Tenn. May 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Pub. L. No. 101-336, 104 Stat. 327 (codified at 42 U.S.C. §§ 12113 et seq. (2012)).Google Scholar
Pub. L. No. 110-233, 122 Stat. 881 (codified as amended at 29 U.S.C. §§ 216 et seq. (2012).Google Scholar
Pub. L. No. 80-101, ch. 120, § 101, 61 Stat. 136, 137-38 (1947) (codified at 29 U.S.C. § 152 (1988).Google Scholar
Pub. L. No. 88-352, § 703, 78 Stat. 241, 255 (1964) (codified at 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2 (2012)).Google Scholar
Pub. L. No. 89-554, 80 Stat. 416 (1966).Google Scholar
Pub. L. No. 90-202, 81 Stat. 602 (2012).Google Scholar
Restatement (Second) Of Agency § 2 (1958).Google Scholar
Restatement (Third) Of Agency § 7.07(3)(A) (2006).Google Scholar
Restatement Of Employment Law § 7.05(A) (2015).Google Scholar
RI Gen. Laws 1956 § 28-6.12-1 (2005).Google Scholar
S.B. 1267, 2011-2012 Reg. Sess. § 56.19(a) (Cal 2012).Google Scholar
S.B. 222, 2012-2013 Reg. Sess. (Cal. 2013).Google Scholar
S.B. 559, 2011 Leg., 2011-2012 Sess., (Cal. 2011) (enacted by Chapter 261).Google Scholar
Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 16.06 (West 2018).Google Scholar
U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964 § 7, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e (2012).Google Scholar
V.I. Code Ann. tit. 29, § 333(b)(1) (2019).Google Scholar
W. Va. Code § 21-3-20.Google Scholar
U.S. Patent Application No. 14/849,152, Pub. No. 2017/0068313 (published Mar. 9, 2017) (Int’l Bus. Mach. Corp., applicant).Google Scholar
U.S. Patent Application No. 14/998,746, Pub. No. 2016/0189174 (published June 30, 2016) (Stephan Heath, applicant).Google Scholar
U.S. Patent Application No. 15/134,797, Pub. No. 2017/0243453 (published Aug. 24, 2017) (Immersion Corp., applicant).Google Scholar
U.S. Patent Application No. 15/145,144, Pub. No. 2016/0247006 (published Aug. 25, 2016) (Intermec Tech. Corp., applicant); U.S. Patent Application No. 13/756,115, Pub. No. 2014/0214631 (published Jul. 31, 2014) (Intermec Tech. Corp., applicant).Google Scholar
U.S. Patent Application No. 15/605,313, Pub. No. 2018/0125738 (published May 10, 2018) (Carnegie Mellon Univ., applicant).Google Scholar
U.S. Patent No. 9,498,128 (issued Nov. 22, 2016).Google Scholar
U.S. Patent No. 9,881,276 (issued Jan. 30, 2018).Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Bibliography
  • Ifeoma Ajunwa
  • Book: The Quantified Worker
  • Online publication: 27 April 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316888681.019
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Bibliography
  • Ifeoma Ajunwa
  • Book: The Quantified Worker
  • Online publication: 27 April 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316888681.019
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Bibliography
  • Ifeoma Ajunwa
  • Book: The Quantified Worker
  • Online publication: 27 April 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316888681.019
Available formats
×