1 The corrections to the non-standard forms and their explanations are as follows:

• a trees, with: Wrong forms. These are probably spelling mistakes rather than confusion between similar words of different meanings.

• b small: Wrong choice of word, no doubt due to an overlap in meaning.

• c very good news: Wrong form. The learner is not aware that news is one of a small set of words (like measles and species) that have singular meaning but plural form.

• d hard: The learner has overgeneralized the -ly adverb suffix: hard is both adjective and adverb.

• e She made films like ‘Gentlemen prefer blondes’: This is a case of the wrong words. The error probably derives from a mistranslation. The use of did for made is a common mistake where the learner’s own language may use only one verb for both sets of meanings.

• f a famous scientist: Notorious is the wrong word. The meaning is roughly the same as famous but it has negative connotations. Cientific is a case of the wrong form, both in terms of spelling and part of speech.

• g fed on: This is a case of the wrong form of the word, if we take a word’s form to include its associated prepositions. To feed insects and to feed on insects convey two distinct ideas.

• h quit: This is a case of the wrong word: you get rid of things you do not like, but you quit your job.

• i obliged/lessened (or, more formally, abated): wrong form of the word (in the case of obliged) and wrong word: supplies, resources, numbers dwindle, but rain tends to lessen, die out, abate, etc.

2 b homonyms; c antonyms; d polysemes – although there is a difference in meaning, they are related since they share the meaning ‘series of things that are linked in some way’; e co-hyponyms – kinds of furniture; f polysemes; g antonyms; h synonyms; i hyponymy: snake is the superordinate term for swamp adder; j polysemes.

3 The dictionary categorises the words as:

deceased: formal; defunct: formal; lifeless: [not marked]; to croak: old fashioned slang; to depart this life: polite word/phrase; to expire: literary; to pass away: polite word/phrase; to perish: [not marked]; to pop off: humorous.