Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of Abbreviations
- Dedication
- Preface
- A Change in Posture
- Acid-Base
- Action Potentials
- Adrenal Cortex I
- Adrenal Cortex II – Clinical Disorders
- Adrenal Medulla
- Arterial Pressure
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- Carbon Dioxide Transport
- Cardiac Cycle
- Cardiac Output (CO)
- Cell Signalling
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Cerebral Blood Flow
- Colon
- Control of Ventilation
- Coronary Circulation
- Fetal Circulation
- Glomerular Filtration and Renal Clearance
- Immobilization
- Liver
- Mechanics of Breathing I – Ventilation
- Mechanics of Breathing II – Respiratory Cycle
- Mechanics of Breathing III – Compliance and Elastance
- Mechanics of Breathing IV – Airway Resistance
- Microcirculation I
- Microcirculation II
- Micturition
- Motor Control
- Muscle I – Skeletal and Smooth Muscle
- Muscle II – Cardiac Muscle
- Nutrition: Basic Concepts
- Pancreas I – Endocrine Functions
- Pancreas II – Exocrine Functions
- Potassium Balance
- Proximal Tubule and Loop of Henle
- Pulmonary Blood Flow
- Renal Blood Flow (RBF)
- Respiratory Function Tests
- Small Intestine
- Sodium Balance
- Sodium and Water Balance
- Starvation
- Stomach I
- Stomach II – Applied Physiology
- Swallowing
- Synapses I – The Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
- Synapses II – Muscarinic Pharmacology
- Synapses III – Nicotinic Pharmacology
- Thyroid Gland
- Valsalva Manoeuvre
- Venous Pressure
- Ventilation/Perfusion Relationships
Adrenal Cortex I
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 January 2010
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of Abbreviations
- Dedication
- Preface
- A Change in Posture
- Acid-Base
- Action Potentials
- Adrenal Cortex I
- Adrenal Cortex II – Clinical Disorders
- Adrenal Medulla
- Arterial Pressure
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- Carbon Dioxide Transport
- Cardiac Cycle
- Cardiac Output (CO)
- Cell Signalling
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Cerebral Blood Flow
- Colon
- Control of Ventilation
- Coronary Circulation
- Fetal Circulation
- Glomerular Filtration and Renal Clearance
- Immobilization
- Liver
- Mechanics of Breathing I – Ventilation
- Mechanics of Breathing II – Respiratory Cycle
- Mechanics of Breathing III – Compliance and Elastance
- Mechanics of Breathing IV – Airway Resistance
- Microcirculation I
- Microcirculation II
- Micturition
- Motor Control
- Muscle I – Skeletal and Smooth Muscle
- Muscle II – Cardiac Muscle
- Nutrition: Basic Concepts
- Pancreas I – Endocrine Functions
- Pancreas II – Exocrine Functions
- Potassium Balance
- Proximal Tubule and Loop of Henle
- Pulmonary Blood Flow
- Renal Blood Flow (RBF)
- Respiratory Function Tests
- Small Intestine
- Sodium Balance
- Sodium and Water Balance
- Starvation
- Stomach I
- Stomach II – Applied Physiology
- Swallowing
- Synapses I – The Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
- Synapses II – Muscarinic Pharmacology
- Synapses III – Nicotinic Pharmacology
- Thyroid Gland
- Valsalva Manoeuvre
- Venous Pressure
- Ventilation/Perfusion Relationships
Summary
1. What are the anatomic layers of the adrenal cortex, and which hormones do they produce?
Zona glomerulosa: the superficial layer. Mineralocorticoid production occurs here
Zona fasiculata: the middle layer
Zona reticularis: the deepest layer
The deepest two layers are for the production of glucocorticoids, androgens, and oestrogens. Progestogens are also produced, but they act mainly as precursors in the production of the other hormones
2. What is the basic composition of these hormones?
They are all steroid hormones, with a common cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring structure at the core of the molecule.
3. From which molecule are these hormones all derived?
The common source is dietary cholesterol. This is converted to another precursor, pregnenolone by enzymes of the cytochrome P450 system.
4. What are the main mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens and oestrogens produced?
Mineralocorticoid: Aldosterone
Glucocorticoid: Cortisol
Androgen: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Oestrogen: Oestradiol. Only a small amount of this is secreted
5. What are the physiological effects of aldosterone?
Sodium balance: stimulation of sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct of the kidney, sweat glands, salivary glands and gut
Potassium balance: through the active exchange with sodium ions at the membrane, leading to the loss of serum potassium
Acid-Base balance: H+ may also be exchanged with Na+, leading to loss of H+ from the plasma. Therefore, aldosterone excess may lead to a metabolic alkalosis
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- Applied Surgical Physiology Vivas , pp. 13 - 15Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2004