During the period under discussion, there were three national censuses (1852, 1860, 1908). For official statistics, see Cuadernos (Montevideo, 1873–1874) and Anuarios estadísticos (Montevideo, 1884–); valuable statistical information is gathered together in Juan Rial, Estadísticas históricas del Uruguay 1850–1930 (Montevideo, 1980). Juan E. Pivel Devoto has published a substantial part of the correspondence sent to their respective chanceries by the ministers of France, Italy, Spain and Germany. See the Revista Histórica of the National Historical Museum, Montevideo, vols. 32–39 (1962–8). For the diplomatic and consular documents of the Kingdom of Italy, see also Juan A. Oddone, Una perspectiva europea del Uruguay: Los informes diplomáticos y consulares italianos, 1862–1914 (Montevideo, 1965). In addition to the large-circulation newspapers, the Revista de la Asociación Rural (from 1872) and the Revista de la Federación Rural (from 1915), which reflected agrarian interests, and El Industrial Uruguayo (1902–1912) and the Revista de la Unión Industrial Uruguaya (1899–1928), representing the industrial sector, are important sources. Other complementary sources (travellers, memoirs-writers and essayists) have been analysed in Carlos Real de Azúa, Viajeros y observadores extranjeros del Uruguay: Juicios e impresiones (1889–1964) (Montevideo, 1965), Antología del ensayo uruguayo contemporáneo, 2 vols. (Montevideo, 1964) and ‘Prosa del mirar y del vivir’, in Capítulo Oriental, 9 (Montevideo, 1968).

General works include Eduardo Acevedo, Anales históricos del Uruguay, 6 vols., 2nd ed. (Montevideo, 1933–6); Luis C. Benvenuto, Breve historia del Uruguay (Montevideo, 1969); Roque Faraone, El Uruguay en que vivimos (1900–1968) (Montevideo, 1970); Benjamín Nahum, La época batllista, 1905–1929 (Montevideo, 1975); M. Blanca Paris de Oddone et al., Cronología comparada de la historia del Uruguay, 1830–1945, 2nd ed.