Useful bibliographical works include Augusto Bird, Bibliografía puertorriqueña de fuentes para investigaciones sociales 1930–45 (Río Piedras, 1947) and J. Bulnes and E. González-Díaz (eds.), Bibliografía puertorriqueña de ciencias sociales (Río Piedras, 1977). The latter classifies, according to subject, books and articles written from 1931 to 1960, many of which deal with or refer to the period before 1930. See also Paquita Vivó (ed.), The Puerto Ricans: An Annotated Bibliography (New York, 1973) which comprises a very limited selection of entries, but contains useful commentaries. A. G. Quintero-Rivera (ed.), Lucha obrera: Antología de grandes documentos en la historia obrera puertorriqueña (San Juan, 1971), Eng. trans. Workers’ Struggle in Puerto Rico, a Documentary History (New York, 1976), a collection of documents on the labour movement mostly in the period 1870–1940, includes a detailed and annotated bibliography of the labour literature of the period. By the same author see Historia del analisis social en Puerto Rico, bibliografía temática (San Juan, P.R., 1990), mainly on intellectual history.

Gordon K. Lewis, Puerto Rico: Freedom and Power in the Caribbean (New York, 1963) is an important general survey of the history of Puerto Rico which evaluates the principal studies of the island since the end of Spanish rule (1898). On Puerto Rican intellectual history in the late nineteenth century, see also Gordon K. Lewis, Main Currents in Caribbean Thought: The Historical Evolution of Caribbean Society in its Ideological Aspects 1492–1900 (Baltimore, 1983) and, for the first decades of the twentieth century, Arcadio Díaz-Quiñones, El almuerzo en la hierba (San Juan, P.R., 1982) and ‘Tomás Blanco: Racismo, historia, esclavitud’ in T. Blanco, El prejuicio racial en Puerto Rico (San Juan, P.R., 1985).