Treatment of co-occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511544392.026

24 - Treatment of co-occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders

from Part III - Specific treatments

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 May 2010

Douglas M. Ziedonis ,

Ed. Day ,

Erin L. O'Hea ,

Jonathan Krejci ,

Jeffrey A. Berman and

David Smelson

Edited by

Peter Tyrer and

Kenneth R. Silk

Show author details

Douglas M. Ziedonis: Affiliation:
University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center Worcester, MA USA
Ed. Day: Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry Queen Elizabeth Psychiatric Hospital Edgbaston Birmingham UK
Erin L. O'Hea: Affiliation:
Department of Psychology La Salle University Philadelphia, PA USA
Jonathan Krejci: Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry Robert Wood Johnson Medical School VA Health Care System Lyons, NJ USA
Jeffrey A. Berman: Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry Robert Wood Johnson Medical School VA Health Care System Lyons New Jersey, NJ USA
David Smelson: Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry Robert Wood Johnson Medical School VA Health Care System Lyons, NJ USA
Peter Tyrer: Affiliation:
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Kenneth R. Silk: Affiliation:
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Book contents

Get access

Summary

Editor's note

The co-morbidity of a concurrent substance use disorder and a non-substance major psychiatric disorder is quite common. Yet there is very little data available to inform the clinician as to what treatment(s) might be best for this particular group of patients with this particular set of substance abuse plus non-substance psychiatric co-morbidity. In general, the limited research available, consensus recommendations and clinical experiences all suggest that integrated treatment, i.e. treatment by the same group of providers that addresses both the substance misuse and the other major mental illness is most effective. However, there are exceptions to this rule and providers must be flexible and offer a combination of services regarding what works best in treating the mental disorder plus what works best in the treatment of the specific substance abuse disorder. While on the surface this appears to be logical and pragmatic, this kind of reasoning does not always work. For example, there is some evidence that lithium is less effective in people with bipolar disorder complicated by substance abuse than it is in bipolar disorder alone. Furthermore, some pharmacological agents used to treat some psychiatric disorders have an increased liability for abuse and dependency, suggesting greater caution in using these interventions when substance abuse is a comorbid issue. The most efficacious treatment approach is probably integrated multi-modal treatment which involves the same group of caregivers providing treatment to both the mental illness and the substance misuse disorder.

Type: Chapter
Information: Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry , pp. 442 - 458

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544392.026 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abou-Saleh, M. T. (2004). Dual diagnosis: management within a psychosocial context. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 10, 352–60.Google Scholar

Albanese, M. J., Khantzian, E. J., Murphy, S. L.et al. (1994). Decreased substance use in chronically psychotic patients treated with clozapine. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(5), 780–1.Google Scholar

Albanese, M. J. (2001). Safety and efficacy of risperidone in substance abusers with psychosis. American Journal on Addictions, 10, 190–1.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Baker, A., Lewin, T., Reichler, H.et al. (2002). Motivational interviewing among psychiatric in-patients with substance use disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106, 233–40.Google Scholar

Bakker, A., Balkom, A. J. & Dyck, R. (2000). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15 (Suppl. 2). S25–30.Google Scholar

Ball, S. A. (1998). Manualized treatment for substance abusers with personality disorders: dual focus schema therapy. Addictive Behaviors, 23(6), 883–91.Google Scholar

Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and Its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic, 2nd edn. New York: Guilford Press.

Barrowclough, C., Haddock, G., Tarrier, N.et al. (2001). Randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing, cognitive behaviour therapy, and family intervention for patients with comorbid schizophrenia and substance use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(10), 1706–13.Google Scholar

Beck, A. T., Wright, F. D., Newman, C. F. & Liese, B. S. (1993). Cognitive Therapy of Substance Abuse. New York: Guilford Press.

Bellack, A. S., Buchanan, R. W. & Gold, J. M. (2001). The American Psychiatric Association practice guidelines for schizophrenia: scientific base and relevance for behavior therapy. Behavior Therapy, 32(2), 283–308.Google Scholar

Bond, G. R., McDonel, E. C., Miller, L. D.et al. (1991). Assertive community treatment and reference groups: an evaluation of their effectiveness for young adults with serious mental illness and substance abuse problems. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 15(2), 31–43.Google Scholar

Bowden, C. L. (2001). Clinical correlates of therapeutic response in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 67(1–3), 257–65.Google Scholar

Bradizza, C. M. & Stasiewicz, P. R. (1997). Integrating substance abuse treatment for the seriously mentally ill into inpatient psychiatric treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 14(2), 103–11.Google Scholar

Brady, K. T. (2001). Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders. Psychiatric Annals, 31(5), 313–19.Google Scholar

Brady, K. T. & Clary, C. M. (2003). Affective and anxiety comorbidity in post-traumatic stress disorder treatment trials of sertraline. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 44(5), 360–9.Google Scholar

Brady, K. T., Sonne, S. C., Anton, R.et al. (1995). Valproate in the treatment of acute bipolar affective episodes complicated by substance abuse: a pilot study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 56(3), 118–21.Google Scholar

Brady, K. T., Dansky, B. S., Back, S. E.et al. (2001). Exposure therapy in the treatment of PTSD among cocaine-dependent individuals: preliminary findings. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 21(1), 47–54.Google Scholar

Brady, K. T., Myrick, H., Henderson, S.et al. (2002). The use of divalproex in alcohol relapse prevention: a pilot study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 67, 323–30.Google Scholar

Brecher, M., Wang, B. W., Wong, H.et al. (1988). Phencyclidine and violence: clinical and legal issues. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 8, 398–401.Google Scholar

Broadnick, P. S. & Schmitz, J. M. (1997). Cocaine craving: an evaluation across treatment phases. Journal of Substance Abuse, 10(1), 9–17.Google Scholar

Brown, E. S., Nejtek, B. A., Perantie, D. C.et al. (2002). Quetiapine in bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence. Bipolar Disorder, 4(6), 406–11.Google Scholar

Brunette, M. F., Drake, R. E., Woods, M.et al. (2001). A comparison of long-term and short-term residential treatment programs for dual diagnosis patients. Psychiatric Services, 52(4), 526–8.Google Scholar

Buckley, P. F. (1998). Novel antipsychotic medications and the treatment of comorbid substance abuse in schizophrenia. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 15, 113–16.Google Scholar

Buckley, P., Thompson, P., Way, L.et al. (1994a). Substance abuse among patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: characteristics and implications for clozapine therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 385–9.Google Scholar

Buckley, P., Thompson, P. A. & Way, L. (1944b). Meltzer, H. Y., Substance abuse and clozapine treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55 (Suppl. B), 114–16.Google Scholar

Budde, R. D. (1989). Cocaine abuse and violent death. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 15, 375–82.Google Scholar

Carey, K. B. (1995). Treatment of substance use disorders and schizophrenia. In Double Jeopardy: Chronic Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders, ed. Lehman, A. F. & Dixon, L. B., pp. 85–108. Langhorne, PA: Harwood Academic Publishers/Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.

Carol, G., Smelson, D. A., Losonczy, M. F.et al. (2001) A preliminary investigation of cocaine craving among persons with and without Schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 52(8), 1029–31.Google Scholar

Chilcoat, H. D. & Breslau, N. (1988). Posttraumatic stress disorder and drug disorders: testing causal pathways. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(10), 913–17.Google Scholar

Conley, R. R., Kelly, D. L. & Gale, E. A. (1998). Olanzapine response in treatment-refactory schizophrenic patients with a history of substance abuse. Schizophrenia Research, 33, 95–101.Google Scholar

Copello, A., Graham, H. & Birchwood, M. (2001). Evaluating substance misuse interventions in psychosis: the limitations of the RCT with ‘patient’ as the unit of analysis. Journal of Mental Health, 10(6), 585–7.Google Scholar

Cottler, L. B., Compton, W. M. 3rd., Mager, D.et al. (1992). Posttraumatic stress disorder among substance users from the general population. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(5), 664–70.Google Scholar

Crumley, F. E. (1990). Substance abuse and adolescent suicidal behavior. Journal of the American Medical Association, 163, 3051–6.Google Scholar

Daley, D. C., Salloum, I. M. & Thase, M. E. (2003). Integrated treatment using a recovery-oriented approach. In Integrated Treatment for Mood and Substance Disorders, ed. Westmeyer, J. J., Weiss, R. D. & Ziedonis, D. M., pp. 68–89. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Dansky, B. S., Brady, K. T. & Saladin, M. E. (1998). Untreated symptoms of PTSD among cocaine-dependent individuals. Changes over time. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 15(6), 499–504.Google Scholar

Dean, A. J., Bell, J., Mascord, D. J., Gordon, P.et al. (2002). A randomised, controlled trial of fluoxetine in methadone maintenance patients with depressive symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 72(1), 85–90.Google Scholar

Department of Health (2002). Mental Health Policy Implementation Guide: Dual Diagnosis Good Practice Guide. London: Department of Health.

DiClemente, C. C., Schlundt, D. & Gemmell, L. (2004). Readiness and stages of change in addiction treatment. American Journal on Addictions, 13(2), 103–19.Google Scholar

Dorpat, T. L. (1974). Drug automatism, barbiturate poisoning and suicide behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31, 216–20.Google Scholar

Drake, R. E. & Mueser, K. T. (2000). Psychosocial approaches to dual diagnosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26(1), 105–18.Google Scholar

Drake, R. E., Yovetich, N. A., Bebout, R. R.et al. (1997). Integrated treatment for dually diagnosed homeless adults. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185(5), 298–305.Google Scholar

Drake, R. E., McHugo, G. J., Clark, R. E.et al. (1998a). Assertive community treatment for patients with co-occurring severe mental illness and substance use disorder: A clinical trial. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68, 201–15.Google Scholar

Drake, R. E., Mercer-McFadden, C., Mueser, K. T.et al. (1998b). Review of integrated mental health and substance abuse treatment for patients with dual disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24(4), 589–608.Google Scholar

Drake, R. E., Xie, H., McHugo, G. J.et al. (2000). The effects of clozapine on alcohol and drug use disorders among patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26(2), 441–9.Google Scholar

Drake, R. E., Essock, S. M. & Shaner, A. (2001). Implementing dual diagnosis services for clients with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 52(4), 469–76.Google Scholar

Fisher, M. S. & Bentley, K. J. (1996). Two group therapy models for clients with a dual diagnosis of substance abuse and personality disorder. Psychiatric Services, 47(11), 1244–50.Google Scholar

Fowler, I. L., Carr, V. J., Carr, N. T.et al. (1998). Patterns of current and lifetime substance use in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24, 443–55.Google Scholar

Geller, B., Cooper, T. B., Sun, K.et al. (1998). Double-blind and placebo-controlled study of lithium for adolescent bipolar disorders with secondary substance dependency. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(2), 171–8.Google Scholar

George, T. P. & Krystal, J. H. (2000). Comorbidity of psychiatric and substance abuse disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 13, 327–31.Google Scholar

Graham, H. L. (2004). Implementing integrated treatment for co-existing substance use and severe mental health problems in assertive outreach teams: training issues. Drug and Alcohol Review, 23, 463–70.Google Scholar

Graham, H. L., Maslin, J., Copello, A.et al. (2001). Drug and alcohol problems amongst individuals with severe mental health problems in an inner city area of the UK. Journal of Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 36, 448–55.Google Scholar

Graham, H. L., Copello, A., Birchwood, M.et al. (2003a). Cognitive-Behavioural Integrated Treatment (C-BIT): A Treatment Manual for Substance Misuse in People with Severe Mental Health Problems. Chichester: John Wiley.

Graham, H. L., Copello, A., Birchwood, M. J. et al. (2003b). The combined psychosis and substance use (COMPASS): an integrated shared-care approach. In Substance Misuse in Psychosis: Approaches to Treatment and Service Delivery, ed. Graham, H. L., Copello, A., Birchwood, M. J.et al., pp. 106–20. Chichester: John Wiley.

Graham, H. L., Copello, A., Birchwood, M. J. et al. (2003c). Cognitive-behavioural integrated treatment approach for psychosis and problem substance use. In Substance Misuse in Psychosis: Approaches to Treatment and Service Delivery, ed. Graham, H. L., Copello, A., Birchwood, M. J.et al., pp. 181–206. Chichester: John Wiley.

Graham, H. L., Copello, A., Birchwood, M. J.et al. (2006). A preliminary evaluation of integrated treatment for co-existing substance use and severe mental health problems: impact on teams and service users. Journal of Mental Health, 15(5), 577–91.Google Scholar

Green, A. I., Burgess, E. S., Dawson, R.et al. (2003). Alcohol and cannabis use in schizophrenia: effects of clozapine vs. risperidone. Schizophrenia Research, 60, 81–5.Google Scholar

Grice, D. E., Brady, K. T., Dustan, L. R.et al. (1995). Sexual and physical assault history and posttraumatic stress disorder in substance-dependent individuals. American Journal on Addictions, 4(4), 297–305.Google Scholar

Haddock, G., Barrowclough, C., Tarrier, N.et al. (2003). Cognitive-behavioural therapy and motivational intervention for schizophrenia and substance misuse: 18-month outcomes of a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 183(5), 418–26.Google Scholar

Havassy, B. E., Shropshire, M. S. & Quigley, L. A. (2000). Effects of substance dependence on outcomes of patients in a randomized trial of two case management models. Psychiatric Services, 51(5), 639–44.Google Scholar

Hawton, K. (1987). Assessment of suicide risk. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 145–53.Google Scholar

Hellerstein, D. J. & Meehan, B. (1987). Outpatient group therapy for schizophrenic substance abusers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 1337–9.Google Scholar

Hellerstein, D. J., Rosenthal, R. N. & Miner, C. R. (1995). A prospective study of integrated outpatient treatment for substance-abusing schizophrenic patients. American Journal on Addictions, 4, 33–42.Google Scholar

Hellerstein, D. J., Rosenthal, R. N. & Miner, C. R. (2001). Integrating services for schizophrenia and substance use. Psychiatric Quarterly, 72(4), 291–306.Google Scholar

Ho, A. P., Tsuang, J. W., Liberman, R. P.et al. (1999). Achieving effective treatment of patients with chronic psychotic illness and comorbid substance dependence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(11), 1765–70.Google Scholar

Jacobsen, L. K., Southwick, S. M. & Kosten, T. R. (2001). Substance use disorders in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of the literature. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1184–90.Google Scholar

Jeffrey, D. P., Ley, A., McLaren, S.et al. (2000). Psychosocial treatment programmes for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse (Cochrane Review). In The Cochrane Library. Chichester: John Wiley.

Jenike, M. A. (1997). Duration of antidepressant treatment. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 10(4), 247.Google Scholar

Jerrell, J. M. & Ridgely, M. S. (1995). Comparative effectiveness of three approaches to serving people with severe mental illness and substance use disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 183(9), 566–76.Google Scholar

Kavanagh, D. J., Mueser, K. T. & Baker, A. (2003a). Management of Comorbidity. In Comorbid Mental Disorders and Substance Use Disorders: Epidemiology, Prevention and Treatment, ed. Teesson, M. & Proudfoot, H.. Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia.

Kavanagh, D. J., Young, R., White, A. et al. (2003b). Start over and survive: a brief intervention for substance misuse in early psychosis. In Substance Misuse in Psychosis: Approaches to Treatment and Service Delivery, ed. Graham, H. L., Copello, A., Birchwood, M. D.et al. Chichester: John Wiley.

Kelly, D., Gale, E. & Conley, R. (2003). Clozapine treatment in patients with prior substance abuse. Canadian Journal Psychiatry, 48(2), 111–14.Google Scholar

Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E.et al. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(12), 1048–60.Google Scholar

Kessler, R. C., Nelson, C. B., McGonagle, K. A.et al. (1996). Comorbidity of DSM-III–R major depressive disorder in the general population: results from the US National Comorbidity Survey. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168(Suppl. 30), 17–30.Google Scholar

Kofoed, L., Friedman, M. J. & Peck, R. (1993). Alcoholism and drug abuse in patients with PTSD. Psychiatry Quarterly, 64(2), 151–71.Google Scholar

Kosten, T. R., Morgan, C. M., Falcione, J.et al. (1992). Pharmacotherapy for cocaine-abusing methadone-maintained patients using amantadine or desipramine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 894–8.Google Scholar

Kosten, T. R., Brady, K. T., George, T. P.et al. (2003). Risperidone for substance dependent psychotic patients. CPDD Scientific Meeting Abstracts.Google Scholar

Kranzler, H. R., Burleson, J. A., Korner, P.et al. (1995). Placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine as an adjunct to relapse prevention in alcoholics. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(3), 391–7.Google Scholar

Krausz, M., Haasen, C., Mass, R.et al. (1996). Harmful use of psychotropic substances by schizophrenics: coincidence, patterns of use and motivation. European Addiction Research, 2, 11–16.Google Scholar

Langevin, R., Paitich, D., Orchard, B.et al. (1982) The role of alcohol, drugs, suicide attempts and situational strains in homicide committed by offenders seen for psychiatric assessment: a controlled study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 66, 229–42.Google Scholar

Lee, M. L., Dickson, R. A., Campbell, M.et al. (1998). Clozapine and substance abuse in patients with schizophrenia. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 855–6.Google Scholar

Lehman, A. F., Herron, J. D., Schwartz, R. P.et al. (1993). Rehabilitation for adults with severe mental illness and substance use disorders. A clinical trial. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181(2), 86–90.Google Scholar

Leskin, G. A. & Sheikh, J. I. (2001). Lifetime trauma history and panic disorder: findings from the National Comorbidity Survey. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16(6), 599–603.Google Scholar

Linehan, M. M., Schmidt, H. 3rd., Dimeff, L. A.et al. (1999). Dialectical behavior therapy for patients with borderline personality disorder and drug-dependence. American Journal on Addictions, 8(4), 279–92.Google Scholar

Lingford-Hughes, A. R., Welch, S. & Nutt, D. J. (2004). Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance misuse, addiction and comorbidity: recommendations from the British Association of Pharmacology. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 18(3), 293–335.Google Scholar

Linnoila, M. I. (1989). Anxiety and alcoholism. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 50, 26–9.Google Scholar

Liskow, B. I. & Goodwin, D. (1987). Pharmacological treatment of alcohol intoxication withdrawal and dependence: a critical review. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 48, 356–70.Google Scholar

Littrell, K. H., Petty, R. G., Hilligoss, N. M.et al. (2001). Olanzapine treatment for patients with schizophrenia and substance abuse. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 21, 217–21.Google Scholar

Luisada, P. V. (1978). The phencyclidine psychosis: phenomenology and treatment. NIDA Research Monograph, 21, 241–53.Google Scholar

Mackenzie, A., Funderburk, F. R. & Allen, R. P. (1999). Sleep, anxiety, and depression in abstinent and drinking alcoholics. Substance Use Misuse, 34(3), 347–61.Google Scholar

Marcus, P. & Snyder, R. (1995). Reduction of comorbid substance abuse with clozapine. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 959.Google Scholar

Martino, S., Carroll, K. M., O'Malley, S. S.et al. (2000). Motivational interviewing with psychiatrically ill substance abusing patients. American Journal on Addictions, 9(1), 88–91.Google Scholar

Martino, S., Carroll, K., Kostas, D.et al. (2002). Dual diagnosis motivational interviewing: a modification of motivational interviewing for substance-abusing patients with psychotic disorders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 23(4), 297–308.Google Scholar

Maslin, J. (2003). Substance misuse in psychosis: contextual issues. In Substance Misuse in Psychosis: Approaches to Treatment and Service Delivery, ed. Graham, H. L., Copello, A., Birchwood, M. J.et al., pp. 3–23. Chichester, UK: John Wiley.

Mason, B. J., Kocsis, J. H., Ritvo, E. C.et al. (1996). A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of desipramine for primary alcohol dependence stratified on the presence or absence of major depression. Journal of the American Medical Association, 275(10), 761–7.Google Scholar

Maxwell, S. & Shinderman, M. S. (2000). Use of naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol use disorders in patients with concomitant major mental illness. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 19(3), 61–9.Google Scholar

McLellan, A. T. & Hunkeler, E. (1998). Patient satisfaction and outcomes in alcohol and drug abuse treatment. Psychiatric Services, 49(5), 573–5.Google Scholar

Meltzer, H. Y., Alphs, L., Green, A. I.et al. (2003). Clozapine treatment for suicidality in schizophrenia: International Suicide Prevention Trial (InterSePT). Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(1), 82–91.Google Scholar

Menezes, P. R., Johnson, S., Thornicroft, G.et al. (1996). Drug and alcohol problems among individuals with severe mental illnesses in south London. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 612–19.Google Scholar

Mercer-McFadden, C., Drake, R. E., Brown, N. B.et al. (1997). The community support program demonstrations of services for young adults with severe mental illness and substance use disorders, 1987–1991. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 20(3), 13–24.Google Scholar

Miller, W. R., Zweben, A., DiClemente, C. C.et al. (1995) Motivational Enhancement Therapy Manual. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services.

Minkoff, K. (1989). An integrated treatment model for dual diagnosis of psychosis and addiction. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 40(10), 1031–6.Google Scholar

Mueser, K. T. & Drake, R. E. (2003). Integrated dual disorder treatment in New Hampshire (USA). In Substance Misuse in Psychosis: Approaches to Treatment and Service Delivery, ed. Graham, H. L., Copello, A., Birchwood, M. J.et al. Chichester, UK: John Wiley.

Mueser, K. T., Nishith, P., Tracy, J. I.et al. (1995). Expectations and motives for substance use in schizophrenia. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21(3), 367–78.Google Scholar

Mueser, K. T., Yarnold, P. R., Rosenberg, S. D.et al. (2000). Substance use disorder in hospitalized severely mentally ill psychiatric patients: prevalence, correlates and subgroups. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26, 179–92.Google Scholar

Murphy, G. E. (1988). Suicide and substance abuse. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 593–4.Google Scholar

Nace, E. P. (1990). Substance abuse and personality disorder. Journal of Chemical Dependency Treatment, 3(2), 183–98.Google Scholar

Najavits, L. M., Weiss, R. D., Shaw, S. R.et al. (1998). Seeking safety: outcome of a new cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for women with posttraumatic stress disorder and substance dependence. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(3), 437–56.Google Scholar

Najavits, L. M., Runkel, R., Neuner, C.et al. (2003). Rates and symptoms of PTSD among cocaine-dependent patients. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64(5), 601–6.Google Scholar

National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2002). Guidance on the Use of Newer (Atypical) Antipsychotic Drugs for the Treatment of Schizophrenia. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence.

Noordsy, D. L. & Green, A. I. (2003). Pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia and co-occurring substance use disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 5, 340–6.Google Scholar

Nunes, E. V. & Quitkin, F. M. (1997). Treatment of depression in drug-dependent patients: effects on mood and drug use. In Treatment of Drug-Dependent Individuals with Comorbid Mental Disorders, ed. Onken, L. S., Blaine, J. D., Genser, S.et al., pp. 61–85. National Institute on Drug Abuse: Rockville, MD.

Nunes, E. V., McGrath, P. J., Quitkin, F. M.et al. (1995). Imipramine treatment of cocaine abuse: possible boundaries of efficacy. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 39(3), 185–95.Google Scholar

Nunes, E. V., Quitkin, F. M., Donovan, S. J.et al. (1998). Imipramine treatment of opiate-dependent patients with depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 153–160.Google Scholar

Nunes, E. V., McGrath, P. J., Wager, S.et al. (1990). Lithium treatment for cocaine abusers with bipolar spectrum disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147(5), 655–7.Google Scholar

Nunes, E. & Levin, F. R. (2004). Treatment of depression in patients with alcohol or other drug dependence: a meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 291, 1887–96.Google Scholar

O'Connell, R. A., Mayo, J. A. & Flatlow, L. (1991). Outcome of bipolar disorder on long-term treatment with lithium. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 123–9.Google Scholar

O'Hea, E. L., Dutton, G. & Boudreaux, E. D. (2002). Identifying and managing patients with panic disorder in the emergency. Emergency Psychiatry, 8, 21–6.Google Scholar

Petrakis, I., Carroll, K. M., Nich, C.et al. (1998). Fluoxetine treatment of depressive disorders in methadone-maintained opioid addicts. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 50, 221–6.Google Scholar

Regier, D. A., Farmer, M. E., Rae, D. S.et al. (1990). Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the epidemiologic catchment area (ECA) study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 264, 2511–18.Google Scholar

Roberts, L., Shaner, A. & Eckman, T. A. (1999). Overcoming Addictions: Skills Training for People With Schizophrenia. New York: W. W. Norton.

Ross, H. E., Glaser, F. B. & Germanson, T. (1988). The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with alcohol and other drug problems. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 1023–31.Google Scholar

Roy, A. (1998). Placebo-controlled study of sertaline in depressed recently abstinent alcoholics. Biological Psychiatry, 44(7), 633–7.Google Scholar

Sajatovic, M., Mullen, J. A. & Sweitzer, D. E. (2002). Efficacy of quetiapine and risperidone against depressive symptoms in outpatients with psychosis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63(12), 1156–63.Google Scholar

Salloum, I. M. & Thase, M. E. (2000). Impact of substance abuse on the course and treatment of bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 2, 269–80.Google Scholar

SAMHSA (2003). SAMHSA report to congress on the prevention and treatment of co-occurring substance abuse disorders and mental disorders. Washington DC: US Department of Health and Human Services.

Sattar, S. P., Grant, K., Bhatia, S.et al. (2003). Potential use of olanzapine in treatment of substance dependence disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 23(4), 413–15.Google Scholar

Shaner, A., Eckman, T., Roberts, L. J.et al. (2003). Feasibility of a skills training approach to reduce substance dependence among individuals with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 54(9), 1287–9.Google Scholar

Siris, S. G. (1990). Pharmacological treatment of substance-abusing schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16, 111–22.Google Scholar

Smelson, D. A., Roy, A., Roy, M.et al. (2001). Electroretinogram and cue-elicited craving in withdrawn cocaine-dependent patients: a replication. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 27(2), 391–7.Google Scholar

Smelson, D. A., Losonczy, M., Kaune, M.et al. (2002a). Risperidone decreases cue-elicited craving and relapses in withdrawn cocaine-dependent schizophrenics. Schizophrenia Research, 53, 160.Google Scholar

Smelson, D. A., Losonczy, M. F., Davis, C. W.et al. (2002b). Risperidone decreases craving and relapses in individuals with schizophrenia and cocaine dependence. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 47, 671–5.Google Scholar

Smelson, D. A., Davis, C., Eisenstein, N.et al. (2003). Neuropsychological functioning among individuals with schizophrenia and cocaine dependence. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 24, 75–9.Google Scholar

Smelson, D. A., Williams, J., Ziedonis, D.et al. (2004). A double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study of risperidone for decreasing cue-elicited craving in recently withdrawn cocaine dependent patients. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 27, 45–9.Google Scholar

Stein, M. D., Bishop, S., Lassor, J. A.et al. (2004). Sleep disturbances among methadone maintained patients. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 26(3), 175–80.Google Scholar

Swanson, A. J., Pantalon, M. V. & Cohen, K. R. (1999). Motivational interviewing and treatment adherence among psychiatric and dually diagnosed patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187(10), 630–5.Google Scholar

Teesson, M. & Proudfoot, H. (2003). Comorbid Mental Disorders and Substance Use Disorders: Epidemiology, Prevention and Treatment. Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia.

Timko, C. & Sempel, J. M. (2004). Short-term outcomes of matching dual diagnosis patients' symptom severity to treatment intensity. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 26, 209–18.Google Scholar

Triffleman, E., Carroll, K. & Kellogg, S. (1999). Substance dependence posttraumatic stress disorder therapy. An integrated cognitive-behavioral approach. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 17, 3–14.Google Scholar

Tsuang, J. W., Eckman, T. E., Shaner, A.et al. (1999). Clozapine for substance-abusing schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(7), 1119–20.Google Scholar

Tsuang, J. W., Eckman, T., Marder, S.et al. (2002). Can risperidone reduce cocaine use in substance abusing schizophrenic patients? Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 22, 629–30.Google Scholar

Ursano, R. J., Bell, C., Eth, S.et al. (2004).Work Group on ASD and PTSD. Steering Committee on Practice Guidelines. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(11 Suppl), 3–31.Google Scholar

Weiss, R. D., Greenfield, S. F., Najavits, L. M.et al. (1998). Medication compliance among patients with bipolar disorder and substance use disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 172–4.Google Scholar

Weiss, R. D., Griffin, M. L., Greenfield, S. F.et al. (2000). Group therapy for patients with bipolar disorder and substance dependence: results of a pilot study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(5), 361–7.Google Scholar

Weiss, R. D., Greenfield, S. F. & O'Leary, G. (2003). Relapse prevention for patients with bipolar and substance use disorders. In Substance Misuse in Psychosis: Approaches to Treatment and Service Delivery, ed. Graham, H. L., Copello, A., Birchwood, M. J.et al. Chichester: John Wiley.

Westermeyer, J., Yargic, I. & Thuras, P. (2004). Michigan assessment-screening test for alcohol and drugs (MAST/AD): evaluation in a clinical sample. American Journal on Addictions, 13(2), 151–62.Google Scholar

Ziedonis, D. M. & Stern, R. (2001). Dual recovery therapy for schizophrenia and substance abuse. Psychiatric Annals, 31(4), 255–64.Google Scholar

Ziedonis, D. & Williams, J. (2003) Management of smoking in people with psychiatric disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 16(3), 305–15.Google Scholar

Ziedonis, D., Richardson, T., Lee, E.et al. (1992). Adjunctive desipramine in the treatment of cocaine abusing schizophrenics. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 28(3), 309–14.Google Scholar

Ziedonis, D. M., Rayford, B. S., Bryant, K.et al. (1994). Psychiatric comorbidity in White and African-American cocaine addicts seeking substance abuse treatment. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 45, 43–9.Google Scholar

Ziedonis, D. M. & Fisher, W. (1996). Motivation based assessment and treatment of substance abuse in patients with schizophrenia. In The Hatherleigh Guide to Treating Substance Abuse (Part II), pp. 269–87. New York, NY: Hatherleigh Press.

Zimmerman, M., Sheeran, P., Chelminski, I.et al. (2004). Screening for psychiatric disorders in outpatients with DSM-IV substance use disorders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 26(3), 181–8.Google Scholar

Zimmet, S. V., Strous, R. D., Burgess, E. S.et al. (2000). Effects of Clozapine on substance use in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: a retrospective survey. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20, 94–8.Google Scholar

Book contents

24 - Treatment of co-occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders

Summary

Access options

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive